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ACT RESEARCH REPORT CHANGES IN THE VOCATIONAL PLANS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS ORDERLY OR RANDOM? JOHN L. HOLLAND DOUGLAS R. WHITNEY , r No. 25 25 V^April, 1968J U £ American College Testing Program P» 0» Box 168, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Transcript
Page 1: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

ACT RESEARCH REPORT

CHANGES IN THE VOCATIONAL PLANS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS ORDERLY OR RANDOM?

JOHN L. HOLLAND DOUGLAS R. WHITNEY

, r

No. 25

25V^April, 1968J

U£ American College Testing Program

P» 0» Box 168, Iowa City, Iowa 52240

Page 2: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

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Page 3: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

S u m m a r y

T h i s e x t e n s i o n of an e a r l i e r s tudy i n v e s t i g a t e d the h y p o t h e s i s

t h a t o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s fol low o r d e r l y o r l a w fu l p a t t e r n s and can be

p r e d i c t e d f r o m in i t ia l c h o i c e s . By a p p l y in g H o l l a n d ' s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

s c h e m e to s t u d e n t s ' s u c c e s s i v e o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s , w e l e a r n e d th a t

the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r o v i d e s a p r a c t i c a l d e f in i t i o n of o c c u p a t i o n a l r e l a t e d ­

n e s s . W e found tha t the u s e of a t h r e e - d i g i t V o c a t i o n a l P r e f e r e n c e

I n v e n t o r y (VPI) code and th i s d e f in i t i o n of r e l a t e d n e s s r e s u l t e d in

i m p r o v e d p r e d i c t i o n s o v e r t h o s e m a d e u s in g on ly the h i g h e s t V P I

s c a l e . O c c u p a t i o n a l c h a n g e " m a p s " a r e p r e s e n t e d to a s s i s t in the

u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the c o n c e p t s and f in d in g s .

Page 4: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying
Page 5: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

C h a n g e s in the V o c a t i o n a l P l a n s of C o l l e g e S tu d e n t s :

O r d e r l y o r R a n d o m ?

John L. H o l l a n d a n d D o u g la s R. W h i tn e y

A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t i n g P r o g r a m

N e a r l y e v e r y o n e - - p a r e n t s , c o u n s e l o r s , r e s e a r c h e r s , and e d u c a t o r s - -

b e l i e v e s t h a t the v o c a t i o n a l a m b i t i o n s of c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s a r e b o th u n s t a b l e

and d i s o r d e r l y ; th a t is , s t u d e n t s o f ten c h a n g e t h e i r m i n d s , and t h e i r

s u c c e s s i v e o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s f r e q u e n t l y a p p e a r u n r e l a t e d . P e r h a p s

the c h i e f o u t c o m e of t h e s e b e l i e f s , a t l e a s t f o r r e s e a r c h e r s , h a s b e e n

the s e a r c h f o r m o r e s t a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the s tu d e n t w h i c h cou ld be

u s e d to f o r e c a s t h i s o c c u p a t i o n a l f u t u r e . R e s e a r c h e r s an d t h e i r s p o n s o r s

h a v e i n v e s t e d h e a v i l y in the d e v e l o p m e n t of b e t t e r i n t e r e s t i n v e n t o r i e s ,

and in th e d e v e l o p m e n t of p r e d i c t i v e m e t h o d s th a t u s e l a r g e an d d i v e r s e

a m o u n t s of s t u d e n t i n f o r m a t i o n - - n o t a b l y the d i s c r i m i n a t e f u n c t i o n a n d the

m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n t e c h n i q u e s .

T h e p r e s e n t s tu d y a t t e m p t s to i n t e r p r e t an d p r e d i c t a s t u d e n t ' s

s u c c e s s i v e o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s by s t i l l a n o t h e r m e t h o d - - t h e u s e of a

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e and i t s c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d t h e o r y . H o l l a n d ' s

p s y c h o l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e (H ol land , 1966b) w a s a p p l i e d to the

s u c c e s s i v e o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s of c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s to l e a r n if s t u d e n t

c h a n g e s in o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e a r e o r d e r l y o r i n t e r p r e t a b l e in t e r m s of

a t h e o r y of p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s , a n d if a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e so o r g a n i z e s

a s t u d e n t ' s o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s t h a t e f f i c i e n t p r e d i c t i o n s b e c o m e p o s s i b l e .

Page 6: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

- 2 -

M e th o d

S tu d e n t S a m p l e

T h e d a t a f o r the p r e s e n t s tu d y c a m e f r o m A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e

S u r v e y s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r by R i c h a r d s , H o l la n d , and L u t z (1967).

C o l l e g e f r e s h m e n w e r e tw ic e p o l l e d f o r t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l a s p i r a t i o n s ,

the s e c o n d i n s t a n c e f o l lo w in g the f i r s t a b o u t 8 o r 12 m o n t h s l a t e r .

S tu d e n t s c a m e f r o m two c o l l e g e s a m p l e s . T he f r e s h m e n in

the f a l l s a m p l e of s ix c o l l e g e s w e r e p o l l e d in S e p t e m b e r of 1964 and

in M ay of 1 9 6 5 - - a n 8 - m o n t h i n t e r v a l . T h e s p r i n g s a m p l e of c o l l e g e

f r e s h m e n w e r e p o l l e d in M a y of 1964 an d a g a i n in M a y of 1965, w h e n

they w e r e s o p h o m o r e s - - a 1 2 - m o n t h i n t e r v a l . T h e s p r i n g s a m p l e

i n c lu d e d 28 c o l l e g e s . B o th s a m p l e s c o n t a i n e d s t u d e n t s w i th a g r e a t

r a n g e of s c h o l a s t i c p o t e n t i a l , v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s , and s o c i o e c o n o m i c

s t a t u s . T a b l e 1 s h o w s the s a m p l e s of c o l l e g e s and s t u d e n t s .

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S c h e m e

F o r a l l the fo l low ing a n a l y s e s , s t u d e n t v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s w e r e

c a t e g o r i z e d a c c o r d i n g to the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e d e v e l o p e d e a r l i e r :

s i x c a t e g o r i e s f o r m e n - - R e a l i s t ic , I n t e l l e c t u a l , S o c ia l , C o n v e n t io n a l ,

E n t e r p r i s i n g , and A r t i s t i c - - a n d s e v e n c a t e g o r i e s f o r w o m e n - - I n t e l l e c t u a l ,

S o c i a l - I n t e l l e c t u a l , S o c i a l - C o n v e n t i o n a l , S o c i a l - E n t e r p r is ing, S o c i a l -

A r t i s t i c , C o n v e n t i o n a l , and A r t i s t i c (H ol land , 1966b). T a b l e s 2 and 3

i n d i c a t e the a s s i g n m e n t of v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s to v o c a t i o n a l c l a s s e s f o r

m e n and w o m e n . S t u d e n t s s e l e c t e d t h e i r c a r e e r c h o i c e s f r o m a co d ed

l i s t of 99 c a r e e r s . S in c e a l l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w e r e p e r f o r m e d by a c o m ­

p u t e r , w e a s s u m e d th a t th e y w e r e p e r f o r m e d w i t h p e r f e c t r e l i a b i l i t y .

Page 7: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

- 3 -

T a b l e 1

The S a m p l e s of S t u d e n t s and C o l l e g e s

C o l l e g e M a l e F e m a l e

S p r i n g S a m p l eU n i v e r s i t y of A l a b a m a 186 201A r k a n s a s P o l y t e c h n i c C o l l e g e 72 52C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e C o l l e g e a t H a y w a r d 62 74C o l o r a d o S t a t e C o l l e g e 31 107S o u t h e r n C o n n e c t i c u t S t a t e C o l l e g e 89 273W e s l e y a n U n i v e r s i t y ( C o n n e c t i c u t ) 86B l o o m T o w n s h i p C o m m u n i t y C o l l e g e ( I l l in o is ) 38 20L y o n s T o w n s h i p J u n i o r C o l l e g e ( I l l in o is ) 29 32S o u t h e r n I l l i n o i s U n i v e r s i t y 48 29In d ia n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y 126 164B u r l i n g t o n C o m m u n i t y C o l l e g e (Iowa) 79 31K a n s a s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y 322 216U n i v e r s i t y of K e n tu c k y 139 1 54W e s t b r o o k J u n i o r C o l l e g e (M aine ) 103W i l l i a m J e w e l l C o l l e g e ( M i s s o u r i ) 74 66P l y m o u t h S t a t e C o l l e g e (New H a m p s h i r e ) 38 86G l a s s b o r o S t a t e C o l l e g e {New J e r s e y ) 121 393New M e x i c o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y 52 19J a m e s t o w n C o m m u n i t y C o l l e g e (New Y ork ) 21 43U n i v e r s i t y of N o r t h D a k o ta 89 123S o u t h e a s t e r n S t a t e C o l l e g e ( O k la h o m a ) 97 6lM o u n t M e r c y C o l l e g e ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) - - 104S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) 54 46B l a c k H i l l s S t a t e C o l l e g e (South D a k o ta ) 60 38U n i v e r s i t y of T e n n e s s e e 205 184B a y l o r U n i v e r s i t y ( T e x a s ) 64 101Snow C o l l e g e (U tah) 18 31F a i r m o n t S t a t e C o l l e g e ( W e s t V i r g i n i a ) 93 85

T o ta l 2293 2836

F a l l S a m p l e

C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e C o l l e g e a t H a y w a r d 69 102C h ic o S ta t e C o l l e g e ( C a l i f o r n i a ) 109 173A m h e r s t C o l l e g e ( M a s s a c h u s e t t s ) 238U n i v e r s i t y of M a s s a c h u s e t t s 759 875B a l d w i n - W a l l a c e C o l l e g e (Ohio) 221 265C u y a h o g a C o m m u n i t y C o l l e g e (O h io ) 180 1 56

T o t a l 1576 1571 '

Page 8: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

T ab le 2

A P s y c h o l o g i c a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S c h e m e f o r V o c a t i o n s(Men)

V o c a t io n V P IC ode V o c a t i o n

V P ICode

R e a l i s t i c c l a s s I n t e l l e c t u a l c l a s s ( c o n ' t . )I n d u s t r i a l a r t s educ RIS B io lo g y ISRT r a d e & i n d u s t r i a l e d u c RIS N a t u r a l s c i e n c e e d u c ISRF o r e s t r y RIS M a t h e m a t i c s e d u c ISR

C iv i l e n g i n e e r i n g R IE O t h e r h e a l t h f i e l d s ISAF a r m i n g R IE M e d i c i n e ISAM e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g R IEI n d u s t r i a l e n g i n e e r i n g R IE D e n t i s t r y IER

A r c h i t e c t u r e RIA P h a r m a c yP h y s i o l o g y

IESIES

G e o g r a p h y R IS EP h y s i c a l t h e r a p y IAS

A g r i c u l t u r a l s c i e n c e R E I A n t h r o p o l o g y IAS

I n t e l l e c t u a l c l a s s S o c i a l c l a s sO c e a n o g r a p h y IRS ■ P h y s i c a l e d u c , r e c r e ­V e t e r i n a r y s c i e n c e IRS a t i o n & h e a l t h S R IB i o c h e m i s t r y IRS E d u c of e x c e p t i o n a lB o ta n y IRS c h i l d r e n S R IZ o o lo g y IRS

E l e m e n t a r y e d u c a t i o n SIEA e r o n a u t i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g IR E E x p e r i m e n t a l & g e n e r a lC h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g IR E p s y c h o l o g y S IEE l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g IRE S o c i a l w o r k SIEE n g i n e e r i n g , g e n e r a l &

o t h e r IRE H i s t o r y e d u c a t i o n S E IM i l i t a r y s e r v i c e IRE E d u c a t i o n a l p s y c h o l o g y

H i s t o r yS E IS E I

G eo logy , g e o p h y s i c s IRAA s t r o n o m y , a s t r o p h y s i c s IRA E d u c a t i o n , g e n e r a l &C h e m i s t r y IRA o t h e r s p e c i a l t i e s S E AP h y s i c s IRA C o u n s e l i n g & g u i d a n c e S E AE n g i n e e r i n g s c i e n c e IRA I n d u s t r i a l & p e r s o n n e l

p s y c h o l o g y SEAM a t h e m a t i c s , s t a t i s t i c s IRC F o r e i g n s e r v i c e S E AM e t a l l u r g i c a l e n g i n e e r IR C E

S o c io lo g y SEIAM e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g y IRSA

O t h e r b i o l o g i c a l s c i f i e ld ISR

Page 9: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

V o c a t io nV P I

Code

Tab le 2 (con ' t . )

V o ca t io nV P I

Code

S o c i a l c l a s s ( c o n ' t . )G e n e r a l s o c i a l s c i e n c e s SAI T h e o l o g y , r e l i g i o n SAIC l i n i c a l p s y c h o l o g y SAI

F o r e i g n l a n g u a g e educ SAE

C o n v e n t i o n a l c l a s sB u s i n e s s e d u c a t i o n CSE

A c c o u n t i n g C E R

F i n a n c e C E I

E n t e r p r i s i n g c l a s sP u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ESC

P o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e ESA

P u r c h a s i n g E C RS a l e s E C R

E c o n o m i c s E C IO t h e r b u s i n e s s & c o m ­

m e r c i a l E C I

M a n a g e m e n t E C SM a r k e t i n g E C S

Law EAS

P u b l i c r e l a t i o n s E A C

A r t i s t i c c l a s sL i t e r a t u r e AISA r t AIS

S p e e c h ASIG e n e r a l h u m a n i t i e s ASIP h i l o s o p h y ASIE n g l i s h , c r e a t i v e w r i t A SI A r t e d u c a t i o n A SIM u s i c e d u c a t i o n ASI

A r t i s t i c c l a s s (c o n ' t )M u s i c ASED r a m a A SEE n g l i s h e d u c a t io n A SE

J o u r n a l i s m , r a d i o - t v ,c o m m u n i c a t i o n A ES

O t h e r f ine & a p p l i e d a r t A E I

N o te . U n d e r l i n i n g i n d i c a t e s t i e d a v e r a g e V P I s c a l e s c o r e s .

Page 10: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

-6 -

T a b le 3

A P s y c h o l o g i c a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S c h e m e f o r V o c a t i o n s(W o m e n )

V o c a t io n V PICode

V o c a t i o n V P ICode

R e a l i s t i c c l a s s S o c i a l c l a s s ( c o n ' t . )None P o l i t i c a l s c i , g o v ' t ,

i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s SAII n t e l l e c t u a l c l a s s T h e o l o g y , r e l i g i o n SAI

M a t h e m a t i c s , s t a t i s t i c s ISC P h y s i c a l t h e r a p y S A I

M e d i c i n e ISA S p e e c h S A EV e t e r i n a r y m e d i c i n e ISA E l e m e n t a r y e d u c a t i o n S A EO t h e r b i o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e ISA F o r e i g n l a n g u a g e e d u c S A EB io lo g y ISA E n g l i s h e d u c a t i o n S A EB io - c h e m i s t r y ISA E d u c , g e n e r a l & o t h e rZ o o logy ISA s p e c i a l t i e s S A EN a t u r a l s c i e n c e e d u c ISA H i s t o r y e d u c a t i o n S A EC h e m i s t r y ISA P h y s i c a l e d u c , r e c r e ­

a t i o n & h e a l t h S A EP h y s i c s IAR E d u c a t i o n of e x c e p t i o n a l

c h i l d r e n S A EA g r i c u l t u r a l s c i e n c e IAS H o m e e c o n o m i c s e d u c S A EA r c h i t e c t u r e IAS C o u n s e l i n g & g u id a n c e S A E

S o c io lo g y S A ES o c i a l c l a s s H i s t o r y SAE

P h a r m a c y SLA P u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , a d v e r ­M e d i c a l t e c h n o lo g y SIA t i s i n g S A EM a t h e m a t i c s e d u c a t i o n SIA Law S A E

S o c i a l w o r k , g r o u p w o r k S A EC l e r i c a l w o r k , o f f ice S C E H o m e e c o n o m i c s S A EB u s i n e s s e d u c a t i o n S C E H o u s e w i f e S A E

S e c r e t a r i a l s c i e n c e SCA C o n v e n t i o n a l c l a s sA c c o u n t i n g CSE

M a n a g e m e n t , b u s i n e s sa d m i n i s t r a t i o n SEA E n t e r p r i s i n g c l a s s

S a l e s SEA N oneP u r c h a s i n g SEAE d u c a t i o n a l p s y c h o l o g y S E A A r t i s t i c c l a s s

A r t A SID e n t i s t r y SAI A r t e d u c a t i o n A SIN u r s i n g SAI L i t e r a t u r e A SIO t h e r h e a l t h f i e l d s SAI E n g l i s h , c r e a t i v e w r i t A SIC l i n i c a l p s y c h o l o g y SAI M u s i c A SIE x p e r i m e n t a l & g e n e r a l

p s y c h o l o g y SAI

Page 11: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

T ab le 3 (con ' t . )

V o c a t io n V P ICode

A r t i s t i c c l a s s (con ' t . )

M u s i c e d u c a t io n A SED r a m a A SEO t h e r f in e & a p p l i e d

a r t s ASEM o d e r n f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e ASEJ o u r n a l i s m , r a d i o - t v ,

c o m m u n i c a t i o n A SEF o r e i g n s e r v i c e A SEL i b r a r y s c i , a r c h i v a l

s c i e n c e A SE

If w e c l a s s i f y p e o p l e by s i m i l a r v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s , w e a r e a l s o

c l a s s i f y i n g s i m i l a r p e r s o n a l i t i e s . A c c o r d i n g l y , the p r e s e n t s c h e m e s

a r r a n g e v o c a t i o n s in t e r m s of p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s and s u b t y p e s .

T h e i n s t r u m e n t u s e d in d e v e l o p i n g the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w a s the

V o c a t i o n a l P r e f e r e n c e I n v e n t o r y (VPI) (H ol land , 1967). U s i n g th is

i n v e n t o r y p r o v i d e d a p s y c h o l o g i c a l r a t i o n a l e f o r the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of

the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a s th e s c a l e s a s s e s s the m a j o r c o n s t r u c t s in a

t h e o r y of v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e and p e r s o n a l i t y (H o l land , 1966a). B o th the

i n v e n t o r y a n d the t h e o r y h a v e u n d e r g o n e i n v e s t i g a t i o n so t h a t the m e a n ­

ings a t t r i b u t e d to s c a l e s c o r e s and , c o n s e q u e n t l y , the p r e s e n t c l a s s i f i e s

t i on s c h e m e h a v e s o m e v a l i d i t y (H ol land , 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967).

To a p p ly the l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s f o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , w e u s e d the

a v e r a g e i n t e r e s t i n v e n t o r y p r o f i l e s of s t u d e n t s a s p i r i n g to s p e c i f i c

Page 12: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

v o c a t i o n s . To i l l u s t r a t e , the p r o f i l e f o r m e d by the R e a l i s t i c , I n t e l ­

l e c t u a l , S o c ia l , C o n v e n t io n a l , E n t e r p r i s i n g , and A r t i s t i c s c a l e s of the

V P I f o r a s a m p l e of p r o s p e c t i v e p h y s i c i s t s d e f i n e d b o th the m a j o r

c l a s s to w h i c h p h y s i c i s t s b e l o n g e d ( the s c a l e w i th the h i g h e s t m e a n

s c o r e ) , and the v a r i o u s s u b c l a s s e s to w h i c h p h y s i c i s t s b e l o n g e d ( the

s c a l e s w i th the s e c o n d and t h i r d h i g h e s t m e a n s c o r e s ) . Such a

p r o c e d u r e r e s u l t s in g r o u p s and s u b g r o u p s w i t h an i n c r e a s i n g d e g r e e

of h o m o g e n e i t y a s w e p r o c e e d f r o m one to t h r e e a v e r a g e s c a l e s c o r e s

a s a b a s i s f o r th e f o r m a t i o n of c l a s s e s a n d s u b c l a s s e s . C o n s e q u e n t l y ,

w e w e r e a b l e to i n t e r p r e t the a p p l i c a t i o n of the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n to a p r o b l e m

w i t h m o r e r e l i a b i l i t y and v a l i d i t y th a n w e m i g h t h a v e o t h e r w i s e .

T h i s s i m p l e p r o c e d u r e , th e n , c o m p l i e s w i t h the r u l e s f o r l o g i c a l

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n : All v o c a t i o n s a r e c l a s s i f i e d in to one of s i x m a j o r c l a s s e s ;

e a c h v o c a t i o n is c l a s s i f i e d on ly in a s i n g l e s u b c l a s s . T h e p r i n c i p l e f o r

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is a l w a y s the s a m e e m p i r i c a l p r o c e d u r e - - t h e u s e of a v e r a g e

s c o r e s f o r s i x i n t e r e s t s c a l e s .

In the fo l l o w in g a n a l y s e s , the m e n in th e f a l l an d s p r i n g s a m p l e s

w e r e c o m b i n e d ; l i k e w i s e , the w o m e n in bo th s a m p l e s w e r e c o m b i n e d .

A l th o u g h t h e s e a d d i t i o n s a r e n o t c r i c k e t b e c a u s e the s a m p l e s a r e n o t

c o m p a r a b l e in e v e r y r e s p e c t ( i n c lu d in g a d i f f e r e n c e in t i m e i n t e r v a l s

b e t w e e n s u r v e y s ) , c o m b i n i n g the s a m p l e s to i n c r e a s e the s t a b i l i t y of the

f i n d i n g s s e e m e d m o r e d e s i r a b l e tha n s e p a r a t e a n a l y s e s w i t h only o n e -

h a l f a s m a n y s t u d e n t s . N e e d l e s s to say , t h i s s tu d y r e q u i r e s r e p e t i t i o n

by o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s u s in g e x t r e m e l y l a r g e s t u d e n t g r o u p s an d l o n g e r t i m e

i n t e r v a l s .

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-9 -

Re s a l t s

T h e f i r s t s t e p w a s the c o n s t r u c t i o n of s e p a r a t e t a b l e s f o r

m e n and w o m e n to show how a s t u d e n t ' s f i r s t o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e w a s

r e l a t e d to h i s s e c o n d c h o i c e 8 o r 12 m o n t h s l a t e r . T h e s e l a r g e

t a b l e s (84 by 84 o c c u p a t i o n s f o r m e n and 62 by 62 f o r w o m e n ) a r e no t

show n. A l l of the r e m a i n i n g a n a l y s e s o r t a b l e s w e r e , h o w e v e r , o b t a in e d

by e x t r a c t i n g , s u m m a r i z i n g , o r r e a r r a n g i n g the i n f o r m a t i o n in t h e s e

o r i g i n a l t a b l e s .

T a b l e s 4 and 5 f o r m e n and w o m e n a r e s u m m a r i e s of the r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip s found b e t w e e n a s t u d e n t ' s f i r s t and s e c o n d o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s .

T h e o c c u p a t i o n s in the m a r g i n s of t h e s e t a b l e s a r e a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g

to the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e d e v e l o p e d e a r l i e r . N o te th a t e a c h m a j o r

g r o u p o r c l a s s u s u a l l y h a s s e v e r a l s u b g r o u p s . The n u m b e r s in the

d i a g o n a l a r e th e n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s w h o s e f i r s t and s e c o n d o c c u p a t i o n a l

c h o i c e s b e l o n g to the s a m e s u b g r o u p on bo th o c c a s i o n s . On the a v e r a g e ,

50% of the m e n and 60% of the w o m e n s e l e c t e d the s a m e o c c u p a t i o n on

bo th o c c a s i o n s . H o w e v e r , t h e s e a v e r a g e s c o n c e a l the g r e a t r a n g e of

d i f f e r e n c e s in s t a b i l i t y a m o n g o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s . F o r m e n w h o s e

i n i t i a l c h o i c e w a s t h e o lo g y (N = 37), 78% a l s o s e l e c t e d i t 8 o r 12 m o n t h s

l a t e r . In c o n t r a s t , e n g i n e e r i n g s c i e n c e (N = 26) is p r e f e r r e d bo th t i m e s

by on ly 12% of i t s i n i t i a l a s p i r a n t s . In d iv id u a l o c c u p a t i o n s show a s i m i l a r

v a r i a t i o n f o r w o m e n . E l e m e n t a r y e d u c a t i o n (N = 1, 154) is p r e f e r r e d

b o th t i m e s by 83% of the w o m e n c h o o s i n g i t i n i t i a l l y , bu t b io logy (N = 29)

is p r e f e r r e d by on ly 14% of i t s i n i t i a l a s p i r a n t s . T h e m e a n i n g of th i s

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-1 0 -

v a r i a t i o n in s t a b i l i t y f r o m one o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e to the n e x t is u n c l e a r .

To s o m e e x t e n t , s t a b i l i t y g o e s w i th the p o p u l a r i t y of an o c c u p a t i o n a l

c h o i c e . At the s a m e t i m e , h i g h e r s t a b i l i t y a p p e a r s to be a s s o c i a t e d

w i th t h o s e o c c u p a t i o n s c o n s i d e r e d to be m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r e a c h sex ;

t h a t i s , f e m i n i n e o c c u p a t i o n s f o r w o m e n an d m a s c u l i n e o c c u p a t i o n s f o r

m e n a p p e a r to hav e m o r e s t a b i l i t y a m o n g a s p i r a n t s . B u t t h e r e a r e

m a n y e x c e p t i o n s to b o th of t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s .

By s tu d y in g one o c c u p a t i o n a l s u b g r o u p a t a t i m e , the r e a d e r c a n

s e e how s t u d e n t s who s t a r t c o l l e g e in a s p e c i a l s u b g r o u p fan ou t to

r e l a t e d an d u n r e l a t e d s u b g r o u p s a f t e r 8 o r 12 m o n t h s of c o l l e g e . F o r

i n s t a n c e , the IR E s in T a b l e 4 in c lu d e s t u d e n t s w h o s e f i r s t c h o i c e s a r e

c l a s s i f i e d a s I n t e l l e c t u a l - R e a l i s t i c - E n t e r p r i s i n g o c c u p a t i o n s - - m i l i t a r y

s c i e n c e , a e r o n a u t i c a l , c h e m i c a l , e l e c t r i c a l , and g e n e r a l e n g i n e e r i n g .

T h e o r i g i n a l g r o u p of I R E s w a s c o m p o s e d of 362 s t u d e n t s . T a b l e 4

s h o w s th a t 213 of the 362 I R E s - g a v e the s a m e v o c a t i o n a l p r e f e r e n c e o r

one of the o t h e r 4 p o s s i b l e c h o i c e s in the s a m e s u b g r o u p ( IRE) 8 o r 12

m o n t h s l a t e r . T h e o t h e r n u m b e r s in the IRE row r e v e a l the new

c h o i c e s . T h e y a r e : 49 R I E s ( f a r m i n g , c iv i l , m e c h a n i c a l , and i n d u s t r i a l

e n g i n e e r i n g ) , 15 IRA s ( c h e m i s t r y , p h y s i c s , geo logy , a s t r o n o m y , g e o ­

p h y s i c s , a s t r o p h y s i c s , and e n g i n e e r i n g s c i e n c e ) , and s m a l l e r n u m b e r s

of s t u d e n t s w i th o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s .

T o f a c i l i t a t e the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n >of T a b l e s 4 and 5, w e p r e p a r e d

d i a g r a m s f o r the p o p u l a r , i n i t i a l v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s to i l l u s t r a t e the

t y p i c a l c h o i c e s m a d e w hen s t u d e n t s c h a n g e f r o m t h e i r i n i t i a l to o t h e r

Page 15: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

T a b l e 4

T h e R e l a t i o n of a C o l l e g e S t u d e n t ' s F i r s t V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e _____ to H is V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e 8 - 1 2 M o n th s L a t e r (Men)______

1 s t _____ ' ___________________________________ S e c o n d V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic eVC RIS R IE R E I IRS IR E IRA ISR ISA IER S R I SIE S E I S E A SAI C E R ESA E C R E C S EAS A SI A S E A E S

RIS 63 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1R IE 2 179 11 2 22 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 13 1R E I 11 29 1 1 1 3 1 3

IRS 4 2 5 72 1 3 15 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1IRE 6 49 2 213 15 6 6 4 4 1 2 5 4 10 2 1 2 3IRA 1 9 1 6 17 91 7 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 5 1ISR 6 4 1 9 5 8 103 7 3 9 9 3 2 5 4 1 2 2ISA 1 2 4 4 4 177 3 1 2 2 5 9 2 3 1 4 4 3 2 1IER 1 1 1 2 2 4 51 2 1 2 1 1 8 1

S R I 3 1 4 1 87 1 2 3 1 5 1 1 1SIE 1 1 1 1 1 9 52 5 10 4 4 3 2 1S E I 1 4 6 13 99 10 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 2S E A 1 1 1 5 3 22 4 5 1 7 1SAI 1 1 3 1 2 37 1 1 3 2

CE R 1 2 2 2 1 73 3 18 4 1

ESA 1 2 1 1 2 4 7 1 1 24 1 3 12 1 1E C R 1 1 2 1 1 13 12 2E C S 6 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 10 21 102 7 2EAS 5 3 5 4 1 3 7 2 6 109 2 2

ASI 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 44 17 4ASE 1 1 2 6 2 4 2 1 6 35A E S 1 2 1 1 3 1 21

N o te . - - S t u d e n t s w ho w e r e " u n d e c i d e d " (N = 545), g a v e u n c l a s s i f i a b l e r e s p o n s e s (N = 152), o r s u b g r o u p s w i t h Ns l e s s t h a n 50 (N - 454) w e r e o m i t t e d to r e d u c e the s i z e of t h i s t a b l e .

Page 16: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

T ab le 5

T h e R e l a t i o n of a C o l l e g e S t u d e n t ' s F i r s t V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic e to H is V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic e 8 - 1 2 M o n th s L a t e r (W om en)

1s tVC

S e c o n d V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic eISC ISA IAR IAS SIA S C E SCA S E A SAI S A E CSE A S I A SE UNC ? N

ISC 28 1 14 1 2 1 5 2 1 9 64ISA 4 109 14 1 2 3 24 52 8 5 3 1 1 236LAR 1 4 5IAS 5 1 1 2 2 2 1 3

SIA 10 18 121 4 2 1 8 50 1 2 1 6 3 227S C E 46 20 10 2 1 79SCA 18 79 2 11 1 2 3 7 123S E A 1 3 1 28 2 27 1 1 2 4 70SAI 1 2 6 3 8 3 258 73 1 3 14 2 12 386SAE 2 13 8 4 17 33 41 2036 4 29 54 27 89 2357

CSE 2 1 4 1 4 15 27

ASI 1 2 3 2 2 30 107 22 7 15 191ASE 3 1 1 1 6 47 13 107 7 19 205

UNC 2 2 1 2 1 2 25 3 2 17 5 62

? 3 6 8 5 5 4 21 75 2 .7 15 13 52 21 6

N 49 157 5 5 175 92 142 78 367 244 5 30 176 224 90 226 42 61

N o t e . - - " U N C " = u n c l a s s i f i a b l e r e s p o n s e ; "? " = u n d e c i d e d .

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-13 -

o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s . E x a m i n i n g the t a b l e s in the a p p e n d i x w i l l

p r o v i d e a v iv id a c c o u n t of p a t t e r n s of c h a n g e in o c c u p a t i o n a l p r e f e r e n c e s .

In g e n e r a l , T a b l e s 4 an d 5 s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t th a t s t u d e n t s t e n d

to r e m a i n in the s a m e m a j o r o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s e v e n if t h e y c h a n g e

t h e i r p r e f e r e n c e . And if s t u d e n t s m o v e to a n o t h e r m a j o r c l a s s , they

p r e f e r a r e l a t e d m a j o r c l a s s . F o r i n s t a n c e , m a l e s t u d e n t s w i th R e a l ­

i s t i c c h o i c e s , if they c h a n g e , c h a n g e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y to I n t e l l e c t u a l

c h o i c e s ; I n t e l l e c t u a l c h o i c e s f r e q u e n t l y b e c o m e R e a l i s t i c c h o i c e s ; S o c i a l

c h o i c e s b e c o m e E n t e r p r i s i n g c h o i c e s , e t c . In a d d i t io n , s o m e k inds

of c h a n g e s a r e r a r e o r do n o t o c c u r a t a l l . F o r e x a m p l e , m a l e

s t u d e n t s w i t h i n i t i a l A r t i s t i c c h o i c e s n e v e r s e l e c t a C o n v e n t i o n a l o c c u ­

p a t i o n a s a s e c o n d c h o ic e ; s t u d e n t s w i t h S o c i a l c h o i c e s r a r e l y s e l e c t

C o n v e n t i o n a l o r R e a l i s t i c c h o i c e s , e t c .

To e x a m i n e w h e t h e r o r no t a s t u d e n t ' s v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s a r e

r e l a t e d and to w h a t d e g r e e the y a r e r e l a t e d , s p e c i a l s u m m a r y T a b l e s

6 an d 7 w e r e p r e p a r e d f o r m e n an d w o m e n . T h e s e t a b l e s w e r e p r e ­

p a r e d by r e o r g a n i z i n g and s u m m a r i z i n g the i n f o r m a t i o n in the o r i g i n a l

s u m m a r y t a b l e s .

T h e r e s u l t s f o r m e n in T a b l e 6 show th a t 50% s e l e c t the s a m e

o c c u p a t i o n on b o th o c c a s i o n s , 4% s e l e c t an o c c u p a t i o n in the s a m e

s u b g r o u p , 6% s e l e c t an o c c u p a t i o n in a c l o s e l y r e l a t e d s u b g r o u p , and

9% s e l e c t a r e m o t e l y r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n in the s a m e m a j o r c l a s s .

A l t o g e t h e r , a b o u t 69% of th e m e n ' s s u c c e s s i v e c h o i c e s a r e in the s a m e

m a j o r c l a s s . A n o t h e r 10% h a v e s e c o n d c h o i c e s b e lo n g in g to a " c l o s e l y

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-14-

Table 6

L a w f u l n e s s of a C o l l e g e S t u d e n t ' s S u c c e s s i v e V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e s (Men)

S e c o n d V o c a t i o n a l C ho ice

1 s t R e l a t e d U n r e l a t e dVC S a m e m a j o r c l a s s M aj c l a s s M a i c l a s s Unc Und N

SO S S G CR R c r r U

RIS 58 5 5 3 5 3 11 2 8 100R IE 161 18 7 11 33 6 30 6 21 293RIA 22 * 6 0 4 1 3 0 2 38R ISE 0 * 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 4R E I 29 0 12 T * 5 7 5 3 61

IRS 67 5 6 20 6 5 12 1 11 133IRE 188 25 17 16 59 2 36 4 15 362IRAIRC+

83 8 27 12 11 1 22 7 15 186

I R C E 39 0 11 10 2 0 15 0 11 88IRSA 3 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 8ISR 89 14 7 37 9 14 34 7 28 239ISA 176 1 4 16 2 18 24 2 18 261IER 51 1 9 -T* 11 11 1 4 88IES 10 0 0 6 a

'P 4 3 0 1 24IAS 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 9

S R I 87 0 0 7 * 4 19 1 6 124SIE 50 2 0 31 1 2 14 2 7 109S E I 77 22 10 22 5 9 16 4 21 186SEA 19 3 3 12 5 8 6 3 6 65SEIA 1 # 1 2 0 0 4 1 0 9SAI 36 1 0 7 3 2 4 1 4 58SAE 6 1 3 0 0 3 1 2 16

CSE 4 * 0 0 a 0 3 1 1 9CER 73 6 1 24 6 12 1 11 134C E I 17 a .

T * 1 0 11 7 2 0 3 41

ESC 2 T * 3 4 2 1 0 2 1 15ESA 24 v U

■nr* 2 18 11 3 10 0 12 80E C R 10 3 13 0 2 1 7 1 2 39E C I 6 2 10 2 3 0 7 0 4 34ECS 90 12 27 11 11 0 24 5 21 201EAS 109 * 3 21 2 2 21 0 10 168E A C 2 * 1 4 0 0 4 0 4 15

Page 19: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

- 1 5 -

T a b l e 6 c o n ' t .

1 s t VC SO S S G CR R c r r U U nc Und N

AIS 14 1 0 3 0 1 4 1 2 26A SI 43 1 17 7 4 6 10 2 5 95A SE 34 1 6 0 2 15 4 2 8 72A E S 21 * 0 4 1 1 4 0 5 36A E I 0 % 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 4

T o t a l 1704 124 196 315 218 140 394 63 276 3430

%/N 50 4 6 9 6 4 11 2 8 100

*A n i m p o s s i b l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n b e c a u s e no s u c h c o m b i n a t i o n is i n ­c l u d e d in the c u r r e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e . T h e a d d i t i o n of m o r e o c c u p a t i o n s w o u ld r e m e d y th i s d e f e c t .

N o te . T h e h e a d i n g s in T a b l e 6 a r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s fo l l o w s : "SO" =

s t u d e n t s who p r e f e r the s a m e o c c u p a t i o n in the f i r s t and s e c o n d s u r v e y s .

"SSG " = s t u d e n t s w h o s e v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s f a l l on bo th o c c a s i o n s in the s a m e

o c c u p a t i o n a l s u b g r o u p s u c h a s ISA and ISA. " C R " = s t u d e n t s w h o s e c h o i c e s

b e l o n g to " c l o s e l y r e l a t e d " s u b g r o u p s in the s a m e m a j o r o c c u p a t i o n a l

c l a s s ; t h a t i s , a s t u d e n t ' s f i r s t an d s e c o n d c h o i c e s b e lo n g to s u b g r o u p s

h a v i n g the f i r s t two l e t t e r s of t h e i r c o d e s in c o m m o n s u c h a s LAR and IAS.

" R " = s t u d e n t s w h o s e o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s h a v e th e s a m e i n i t i a l l e t t e r

c o d e s u c h a s SIA a n d SEA . " c r " = s t u d e n t s w h o s e c h o i c e s b e lo n g to c l o s e l y

r e l a t e d m a j o r o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s e s s u c h a s SIA and ISE. T h e f i r s t two

l e t t e r s of a s t u d e n t ' s c o d e d o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s a r e s i m p l y r e v e r s e d . " r "

= a l l o t h e r s w h o s e i n i t i a l l e t t e r co d e is the s a m e a s the r e l a t e d m a j o r c l a s s .

F i n a l l y , "U " = s t u d e n t s w h o s e f i r s t and s e c o n d v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s f a i l to

m e e t a n y of the above c r i t e r i a of " r e l a t e d n e s s , " and a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s " u n r e l a t e d .

" U n c " = s t u d e n t s w h o s e s e c o n d c h o i c e s w e r e u n c l a s s if a b l e . "U n d " =

s t u d e n t s w h o s e s e c o n d r e s p o n s e w a s " u n d e c i d e d . "

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-1 6 -

r e l a t e d " o r " r e l a t e d " s u b g r o u p In a r e l a t e d m a j o r c l a s s . P u t a n o t h e r

w ay , 79% of the m e n i n d i c a t e s u c c e s s i v e v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s t h a t

a p p e a r r e l a t e d o r l a w fu l r a t h e r tha n r a n d o m . F i n a l l y , on ly 11%

a p p e a r u n r e l a t e d , and a n o t h e r 10% a r e u n c l a s s i f i a b l e o r u n d e c i d e d

upon the s e c o n d s u r v e y . F o r e x p l i c i t d e f in i t i o n s of the c a t e g o r i e s

u s e d to a s s e s s the r e l a t e d n e s s of a s t u d e n t ' s f i r s t and s e c o n d c h o i c e s ,

s e e the long fo o tn o te f o r T a b l e 6.

T h e r e s u l t s f o r w o m e n in T a b l e 7 p a r a l l e l t h o s e f o r m e n .

A b o u t 60% of the w o m e n s e l e c t the s a m e o c c u p a t i o n on bo th o c c a s i o n s ,

14% s e l e c t an o c c u p a t i o n in the s a m e s u b g r o u p , 5% s e l e c t an o c c u p a t i o n

in a c l o s e l y r e l a t e d s u b g r o u p , and 5% s e l e c t a r e m o t e l y r e l a t e d o c c u ­

p a t io n in the s a m e m a j o r c l a s s . A l t o g e t h e r , 84% of the w o m e n ' s

s u c c e s s i v e o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s b e lo n g to the s a m e m a j o r o c c u p a t i o n a l

c l a s s . A n o t h e r 9% s e l e c t e d " c l o s e l y r e l a t e d " o r " r e l a t e d ” o c c u p a t i o n s

in a r e l a t e d m a j o r g ro u p . And only 1% h a v e c l e a r l y u n r e l a t e d f i r s t

and s e c o n d c h o i c e s .

A s a l a s t s tep , a s e p a r a t e a n a l y s i s w a s m a d e u s in g only s t u d e n t s

w ho gave d i f f e r e n t c h o i c e s on bo th o c c a s i o n s . By e x c l u d in g the l a r g e

p r o p o r t i o n s of m e n and w o m e n who did n o t c h a n g e t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l

c h o i c e s (50 and 60 p e r c e n t ) , the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w a s p u t to a m o r e

s e v e r e t e s t . F o r e a c h i n i t i a l c h o i c e , an e x p e c t e d f r e q u e n c y f o r c h o o s in g

the s a m e m a j o r c l a s s o r the r e l a t e d m a j o r c l a s s w a s c a l c u l a t e d . T h e s e

a n a l y s e s u s in g a s ig n t e s t (not shown) r e v e a l e d th a t the o b s e r v e d f r e ­

q u e n c i e s ( s a m e o r r e l a t e d m a j o r c l a s s ) e x c e e d e d the e x p e c t e d f r e q u e n c i e s

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-1 7 -

Tab le 7

L a w f u l n e s s of a C o l l e g e S t u d e n t ' s S u c c e s s i v e V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e s (W omen)

1 s tVC

S e c o n d V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic e

S a m e m a j o r c l a s sR e l a t e d U n r e l a t e d

M a j c l a s s M a j c l a s s Unc Und NSO SSG CR R c r r U

I S C 28 1 0 14 9 3 0 9 64I S A 81 28 4 0 14 82 13 3 11 236I A R 4 0 1 * 0 0 0 0 5I A S 5 0 0 0 * 4 2 2 0 13

S I A 121 0 * 65 28 0 4 6 3 227S C E 41 5 20 10 2 0 1 0 79S C A 79 18 13 1 * 2 3 7 123S E A 20 8 * 34 * •A.

■ri* 2 2 4 70S A I 240 18 73 20 17 -i* 4 2 12 386S A E 1569 467 41 62 83 19 27 89 2357

C S E 15 «JU*T* * 4 5 3 0 0 27

A S I 89 18 22 32 7 1 7 15 191A S E 94 13 13 * 53 3 3 7 19 205

T o t a l 2386 557 192 205 248 110 56 60 169 3983

% /N 60 14 5 5 6 3 1 1 4 99

a t a r a t e w e l l b e y o n d the c h a n c e l e v e l (P<1 . 000001) f o r bo th s e x e s . We

c o n c l u d e th e n th a t the u s e of th i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n c r e a s e s o u r p r e d i c t i v e

e f f i c i e n c y b e y o n d the l e v e l p r o v i d e d by s i m p l y a s s u m i n g t h a t the

m a j o r i t y of s t u d e n t s w i l l m a i n t a i n t h e i r i n i t i a l v o c a t i o n a l c h o ic e .

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-18-

D i s c u s s ion

A l th o u g h the r e s u l t s a r e s t r o n g e v i d e n c e f o r the i d e a t h a t

v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s of c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s a r e bo th l a w fu l and p r e d i c t a b l e ,

t h e r e is a n e e d f o r m u c h m o r e r e s e a r c h . O t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s n e e d

to a p p ly the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e u s e d h e r e to o t h e r s tu d e n t g r o u p s

f o r l o n g e r i n t e r v a l s of t i m e - - e s p e c i a l l y the p e r i o d f r o m f r e s h m a n to

s e n i o r y e a r - - t o l e a r n if the f in d in g s hold f o r l o n g e r p e r i o d s of t i m e .

B e c a u s e the r e s u l t s h inge on a p a r t i c u l a r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w i th s p e c i f i c

d e f in i t i o n s of o c c u p a t i o n a l " r e l a t e d n e s s , " they r e q u i r e c r i t i c a l s c r u t i n y

by o t h e r s . T h e m a i n c l a s s e s m a y o r m a y n o t be too b r o a d l y d e f in e d

f o r p r a c t i c a l v a l u e in v o c a t i o n a l c o u n s e l i n g . S i m i l a r l y , the d e f i n i t i o n s

of " o c c u p a t i o n a l r e l a t e d n e s s " m a y be too l e n i e n t to be he lp fu l . T h e s e

and o t h e r q u e s t i o n s can only be r e s o l v e d by t r y i n g out the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

to s e e how w e l l it w o r k s f o r d i f f e r e n t p u r p o s e s .

D e s p i t e t h e s e r e s e r v a t i o n s , the f i n d i n g s a p p e a r c o n g r u e n t w i th

s e v e r a l r e l a t e d s t u d i e s . In t h r e e e a r l i e r l o n g i tu d in a l s t u d i e s f o r one , two,

and f o u r - y e a r i n t e r v a l s , H o l la n d (1962, 1963, 1964) found th a t the

m a j o r i t y of s t u d e n t s gave o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s b e lo n g in g to the s a m e

o r r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s . In a r e c e n t l o n g i tu d in a l s tudy of c o l l e g e

s t u d e n t s , A s t in (in p r e s s ) c o n c l u d e s th a t " p a t t e r n s of c h a n g e in c a r e e r

c h o ic e . . . a r e no t r a n d o m . In g e n e r a l , t h o s e s t u d e n t s who c h a n g e t h e i r

p l a n s t e n d to c h a n g e to f i e l d s th a t a r e r e l a t e d to t h e i r i n i t i a l c h o i c e . "

I t sh o u ld be p o in t e d ou t , h o w e v e r , tha t A s t i n found l e s s " r e l a t e d n e s s "

b e t w e e n a s t u d e n t ' s o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e a s a f r e s h m a n an d a s a s e n i o r

Page 23: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

-19-

t h a n w e found in the p r e s e n t s tudy . In a m o r e r e m o t e l y r e l a t e d s tudy,

R o e (1966) c l a s s i f i e d the jo b c h a n g e s f o r a s a m p l e of 804 m e n and found

th a t 68% r e m a i n e d in the s a m e o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s d u r i n g t h e i r c a r e e r s .

A l th o u g h R o e ' s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d i f f e r s f r o m H o l l a n d ' s , R o e ’s r e s u l t s

r e i n f o r c e the h y p o t h e s i s tha t the s u c c e s s i v e o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s of

s t u d e n t s and o l d e r a d u l t s a r e l a w fu l an d p r e d i c t a b l e . W i th sk i l l fu l

r e v i s i o n s of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e s and m o r e w o r k , a c l e a r k n o w le d g e

of a p e r s o n ' s o c c u p a t i o n a l a m b i t i o n s and w o r k h i s t o r y a p p e a r s w i th in

o u r r e a c h .

A s s u m i n g th a t o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e i n f o r c e the r e s u l t s , s e v e r a l

p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s a p p e a r p l a u s i b l e and d e s i r a b l e . O c c u p a t i o n a l m a p s ,

l i k e F i g u r e s 1 and 2, bu t in g r e a t e r d e t a i l , cou ld be p r e p a r e d to show

s t u d e n t s who w i s h to c h a n g e f i e l d s s o m e of the c o m m o n a l t e r n a t i v e s

t a k e n by o t h e r s t u d e n t s . S u c h m a p s m i g h t be e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l b e c a u s e

they w o u ld r e d u c e the a m b i g u i t y and d i f f i c u l ty of the s e a r c h fo r s u i t a b l e

a l t e r n a t i v e s . O c c u p a t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s in c o u n s e l i n g c o u ld a l s o be a r r a n g e d

in t e r m s of the p r e s e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e and in t e r m s of the

p o p u l a r s t u d e n t c h a n g e s in o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e . O c c u p a t i o n a l m a p s

c o u ld be u s e d in f r e s h m e n o r i e n t a t i o n p r o g r a m s and in c a r e e r o r i e n t a t i o n

c o u r s e s to p r o v i d e a h e lp fu l u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the o c c u p a t i o n a l w o r l d and

to s u g g e s t a l t e r n a t i v e s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to a s t u d e n t ' s i n i t i a l c h o ic e .

A l th o u g h s u c h u s e s of t h i s r e s e a r c h a r e r e m o t e a t p r e s e n t , the y a r e

p r o m i s i n g f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o g r a m s and new s t u d i e s .

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-2 0 -

R e f e r e n c e s

A s t i n , A. W. , & P a n o s , R. J . T h e e d u c a t i o n a l and v o c a t i o n a l d e v e l o p ­m e n t of A m e r i c a n c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s . A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n , in p r e s s .

H o l land , J. L. S o m e e x p l o r a t i o n s of a t h e o r y of v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e : I. O n e - and t w o - y e a r l o n g i tu d in a l s t u d i e s . P s y c h o l o g i c a l M o n o g r a p h s , 1962, 76, 2 6 (Whole No. 545).

H o l land , J . L. S o m e e x p l o r a t i o n s of a t h e o r y of v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e and a c h i e v e m e n t : II. A f o u r - y e a r p r e d i c t i o n s tu dy . P s y c h o l o g i c a l R e p o r t s , 1963, 12, 5 4 5 -5 9 4 .

H o l la n d , J . L. E x p l o r a t i o n s of a t h e o r y of v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e : V. A o n e - y e a r p r e d i c t i o n s t u d y . M o r a v i a , New Y o r k : C h r o n i c a l G u id a n c e P r o f e s s i o n a l S e r v i c e , 1964.

H ol land , J . L. T h e p s y c h o l o g y of v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e : A t h e o r y of p e r s o n ­a l i t y ty p e s and e n v i r o n m e n t a l m o d e l s . W a l t h a m , M a s s . : B l a i s d e l l ,1 966a .

H o l land , J . L. A p s y c h o l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e fo r v o c a t i o n s and m a j o r f i e l d s . J o u r n a l of C o u n s e l i n g P s y c h o l o g y , 1966b, 13, 278 -288.

H ol land , J. L. M a n u a l f o r the V o c a t i o n a l P r e f e r e n c e I n v e n t o r y (6th r e v . ) P a l o Alto : C a l i f o r n i a C o n s u l t i n g P s y c h o l o g i s t s P r e s s , 1967.

R i c h a r d s , J. M. , J r . , H o l land , J. L-. , L u tz , S. W. T h e p r e d i c t i o n of s tu d e n t a c c o m p l i s h m e n t in c o l l e g e . J o u r n a l of E d u c a t i o n a l P s y c h o l o g y , 1967, 58, 3 4 3 -3 5 5 .

R oe , A. , H u b b a r d , W. D. , H u tc h i n s o n , T. , B a t e m a n , T. S t u d i e s of o c c u p a t i o n a l h i s t o r y . P a r t I: J ob c h a n g e s and the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of o c c u p a t i o n s . J o u r n a l of C o u n s e l i n g P s y c h o l o g y , 1966, 13,3 8 7 -3 9 3 .

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-2 1 -

A P P E N D I X

Page 26: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying
Page 27: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

P a t t e r n s of O c c u p a t i o n a l C h a n g e

In the fo l low ing d i a g r a m s , the l i n e s i n d i c a t e how a s t u d e n t ' s

i n i t i a l o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e is fo l lo w e d by th e s a m e o r r e l a t e d

o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s a b o u t 8 to 12 m o n t h s l a t e r .

Page 28: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

I II

I

Page 29: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

1. M en

I n t e l l e c t u a l - R e a l i s t i c - E n t e r p r i s i n g (IN T - R E A L - E N T )(N = 362)

M i l i t a r y s e r v i c e , a e r o n a u t i c a l , c h e m i c a l , e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a l e n g i n e e r i n g

I N T - R E A L - E N T59%(N = 213)

R E A L - I N T - E N T 14%(N = 49)

f a r m i n g , c iv i l , m e c h . &r in d u s . e n g i n e e r i n g

I N T - R E A L - a r t E N T - c o n - s o c4% 3%(N = 15) (N = 10)

c h e m i s t r y , p h y s i c s m a n a g e m e n t , g eo lo g y , a s t r o n o m y , m a r k e t i n g g e o p h y s i c s , a s t r o ­p h y s i c s , eng in . s c i e n c e

O t h e r2 1 %

(N = 75)

E n t e r p r i s i n g - C o n v e n t i o n a l - S o c i a l (EN T - C O N - S O C ) (N = 201)

M a n a g e m e n t , m a r k e t i n g

E N T - C O N - S O C51%(N = 102)

E N T - C O N - r e a l1 0 %(N - 21)

p u r c h a s i n g , s a l e s

C O N - E N T - r e a l5%(N - 10)

a c c o u n t i n g

E N T - a r t - S O C3%(N = 7)

law

O th e r30%

(N = 61)

-23

-

Page 30: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

F i g u r e 1 c o n ' t .

R e a l i s t i c - I n t e l l e c t u a l - S o c i a l (REA L - INT -SOC)(N - 100)

I n d u s t r i a l a r t s e d u c a t i o n , f o r e s t r y , t r a d e & i n d u s t r i a l e d u c a t i o n

R E A L - I N T - S O C 63%

(N = 63)

R E A L - I N T - e n t R E A L - e n t - I N T5% 3%

(N - 5) (N = 3)f a r m i n g , m e c h . , a g r i c . s c i e n c e i n d u s . , c iv i l e n g i n e e r i n g

I N T - R E A L . S O C3%

(N = 3) o c e a n o g r a p h y , v e t . s c i e n c e ,

SOC - e n t - a r t 3%

(N - 3) c o u n s e l i n g k gu id . , i n d u s . & p e r s o n n e l

b i o c h e m . , b o ta n y , p s y c h . , f o r e i g nzoo logy s e r v . , g e n e r a l

& o t h e r ed. s p e c .R e a l i s t i c - I n t e l l e c t u a l - E n t e r p r i s ing ( R E A L - I N T - E N T )

(N = 293)F a r m i n g , c iv i l e n g i n e e r i n g , i n d u s t r i a l e n g i n e e r i n g , m e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g

R E A L - I N T - E N T 61%

(N - 179)

I N T - R E A L - E N T8 %

(N - 22) m i l i t a r y s e r v . ,

E N T - c o n - s o c 4%

(N = 13) m a n a g e m e n t ,

a e r o n a u t i c a l , c h e m . , m a r k e t i n g e l e c t r i c a l , g e n e r a l

o t h e r eng in .

R E A L - E N T - I N T4%

(N = 11) a g r i c u l t u r a l s c i e n c e

O t h e r23%

(N = 68)

I n t e l l e c t u a l -R e a l is t i c - S o c i a l (INT - R E A L -S O C )(N = 133)

O c e a n o g r a p h y , v e t e r i n a r y s c i e n c e , b o ta n y , b i o c h e m i s t r y , zoo logy

I N T - R E A L - S O C54%

(N = 72)

I N T - S O C - R E A L11%

(N - 15) b io l o g y , m a t h . ed. n a t . s c i e n c e educ . o t h e r b i o l o g i c a l s c i . f i e l d s

R E A L - e n t - I N T4%

(N - 5) a g r i c u l t u r a l s c i e n c e

R E A L - I N T - SOC 3%

(N - 4) i n d u s t r i a l a r t s e d u c . , fo r e s t r y ,t r a d e & in d u s . educ .

O t h e r28%

(N = 37)

O t h e r23%

(N = 23)

-24

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F i g u r e 1 c o n ' t .

S o c i a l - R e a l i s t i c - I n t e l l e c t u a l ( S O C - R E A L - I N T )(N = 124)

P h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n , r e c r e a t i o n & h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n of e x c e p t i o n a l c h i l d r e n

S O C - R E A L - I N T70%

(N = 87)

e n t - c o n - S O C4%

(N - 5) m a n a g e m e n t , m a r k e t i n g

I N T - S O C - R E A L R E A L - I N T - S O C3% 2%

(N = 4) (N = 3)m a t h educ . , n a t . f o r e s t r y , t r a d e &

I N T - a r t - S O C2 %

(N = 3) p h y s i c a l t h e r a p y ,

s c i . e d u c . , b io logy , i n d u s . ed u c . , i n d u s . a n t h r o p o l o g y o t h e r b io lo g . f i e l d s a r t s e d u c a t i o n

S o c i a l - I n t e l l e c t u a l - E n t e r p r i s i n g (SOC - I N T - E N T )(N = 109)

S o c i a l w o r k , e l e m e n t a r y e d u c a t i o n , e x p e r i m e n t a l & g e n e r a l p s y c h o l o g y

S O C - I N T - E N T 48%

(N = 52)

S O C - E N T - a r t9%

(N - 10) e d u c . , g e n e r a l & o t h e r s p e c . , c o u n -

SOC - r e a l - INT 8 %

(N = 9)p h y s . ed u c . , h e a l t h & r e c . , e d u c . of

s e l i n g & gu id . , i n d u s . e x c e p t . c h i l d r e n & p e r s o n n e l p s y c h , f o r e i g n s e r v .

S O C - E N T - I N T5%

(N = 5) h i s t o r y , h i s t o r y ed u c . , ed u c . p s y c h .

O t h e r30%

(N = 33)

S o c i a l - E n t e r p r i s i n g - I n t e l l e c t u a l ( S O C - E N T - I N T )(N = 186)

H i s t o r y , h i s t o r y e d u c a t i o n , e d u c a t i o n p s y c h o l o g y

S O C - E N T - I N T53%

(N - 99)

S O C - I N T - E N T 7%

(N = 13) e l e m . ed u c . , exp . &gen. p s y c h . , s o c i a l w o r k

S O C - E N T - a r t5%

(N = 10) gen . & o t h e r e d u c . , c o u n s e l i n g & g u i d . , i n d u s . ^ p e r s o n n e l p s y c h . , f o r e i g n s e r v i c e

SOC - r e a l - I N T 3%

(N = 6) p h y s . e d u c . , r e c . & h e a l t h , ed u c . of e x c e p t , c h i l d r e n

O t h e r31%

(N = 58)

O th e r 18%

(N = 22)

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F i g u r e 1 c o n ' t .

I n t e l l e c t u a l - R e a l i s t i c - A r t i s t i c (INT - R E A L - A R T)(N - 186)

G e o lo g y , g e o p h y s i c s , , a s t r o n o m y , a s t r o p h y s i c s , c h e m i s t r y , p h y s i c s , e n g i n e e r i n g s c i e n c e

I N T - R E A L - A R T49%

(N = 91)

INT - R E A L - en t 9%

(N = 17)

R E A L - I N T - e n t5%

(N = 9)m i l i t a r y s e r v . , f a r m i n g , m e c h . ,c h e m . , e l e c . , a e r o . , i n d u s . , c iv i l g e n e r a l &: o t h e r e n g i n e e r i n ge n g i n e e r i n g

I N T - s o c - R E A L O t h e r4% 33%

(N - 7) (N = 62)m a t h e d u c . , na t . s c i . ed u c . , b io logy , o t h e r b i o l o g i c a l f i e l d s

I n t e l l e c t u a l - S o c i a l -R e a l i s t i c ( I N T - S O C - R E A L )(N - 239)

M a t h e m a t i c s e d u c a t i o n , n a t u r a l s c i e n c e e d u c a t i o n , b io lo g y , o t h e r b i o l o g i c a l f i e l d s

I N T - S O C - R E A L43%

(N = 103)

I N T - R E A L - S O C 4%

(N - 9)o c e a n o g r a p h y , bo ta ny , zoo logy , b i o c h e m . , ve t . s c i e n c e

I n t e l l e c t u a l - S o c i a l - A r t i s t i c (INT - S O C - A R T )(N = 261)

M e d i c i n e , o t h e r h e a l t h f i e l d s

I N T - R E A L - c o n4%

(N = 10) m a t h , s t a t . , m e t a l l u r g i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g

S O C - R E A L - I N T 4%

(N = 9)p h y s . ed u c . , r e c . &t h e a l t h , e d u c . of e x c e p t , c h i l d r e n

SOC - INT - en t 4%

(N - 9) e l e m . e d u c . , exp.& g e n e r a l p s y c h . , s o c i a l w o r k

I N T - S O C - A R T 68%

(N = 177)

S O C - A R T - I N T S O C - e n t - A R T3% 2%

(N - 9) (N - 5)th e o lo g y , r e l i g i o n , g e n e r a l & o t h e r c l i n i c , p s y c h . , gen . e d u c . , c o u n s e l i n g s o c i a l s c i e n c e & guid . , i n d u s . &

p e r s o n n e l p s y c h . , f o r e i g n s e r v .

I N T - S O C - r e a l2 %

(N = 4) m a t h e d u c . , n a t .

O t h e r41%

(N = 99)

I N T - r e a l - A R T O t h e r2% 24%

(N = 4 ) (N = 62)g eo lo g y , g e o p h y s i c s ,

s c i . ed u c . , b io lo g y , a s t r o n o m y , c h e m . , o t h e r bio . f i e l d s p h y s i c s , a s t r o p h y s i c s ,

e n g i n e e r i n g sc i .

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Page 33: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

F i g u r e 1 c o n ' t .

C o n v e n t i o n a l - E n t e r p r i s i n g - R e a l i s t i c ( C O N - E N T - R E A L ) (N = 134)

A c c o u n t i n g

C O N - E N T - R E A L54%

(N = 73)

E N T - C O N - s o c13%

(N = 18) m a n a g e m e n t , m a r k e t i n g

C O N - E N T - i n t4%

(N = 6) f i n a n c e

E N T - a r t - s o c 3%

(N = 4) law

O t h e r25%

(N = 33)

E n t e r p r i s i n g - A r t i s t i c - S o c i a l (EN T - A R T - S O C ) (N = 168)

Law

E N T - A R T - S O C65%

(N = 109)

E N T - S O C - A R T4%

(N = 7) p o l i t . s c i e n c e

E N T - c o n - S O C4%

(N = 6) m a n a g e m e n t , m a r k e t i n g

S O C - E N T - i n t3%

(N - 5) h i s t o r y , h i s t o r y educ . , ed. p s y c h .

in t - r e a l - E N T 3%

(N = 5) a e r o n a u t i c a l , c h e m . , e l e c . , gen . & o t h e r e n g i n e e r , m i l i t a r y s e r v .

O t h e r2 1 %

(N = 36)

A r t i s t i c - S o c i a l - I n t e l l e c t u a l ( A R T - S O C - INT)(N = 95)

S p e e c h , g e n e r a l h u m a n i t i e s , p h i l o s o p h y , E n g l i s h , c r e a t i v e w r i t i n g , a r t e d u c a t i o n , m u s i c e d u c a t i o n

A R T - S O C - I N T46%

(N = 44)

A R T - S O C - e n t18%

(N = 17) m u s i c , d r a m a , E n g . e d u c a t i o n

A R T - e n t - S O C4%

(N = 4) j o u r n a l i s m , r a d i o TV, c o m m u n i c a ­t i o n s

S O C - A R T - I N T3%

(N = 3) t h e o lo g y , r e l i g i o n , c l i n i c , p s y c h . , gen. s o c i a l s c i e n c e s

SOC - r e a l - E N T 3%

(N = 3) p h y s . e d u c . , h e a l t h &z r e c . , e d u c . of e x c e p t , c h i l d r e n

O t h e r 2 5%

(N = 24)

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Page 34: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

2. W o m en

S o c i a l - A r t i s t i c - E n t e r p r i s i n g (SOC - A R T - E N T )(N = 2357)

S p e e c h , e l e m e n t a r y &: s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n , c o u n s e l i n g & g u i d a n c e , s o c io l o g y , h i s t o r y , p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , a d v e r t i s i n g , la w , h o m e e c o n o m i c s , h o u s e w i f e , s o c i a l w o r k

S O C - A R T - E N T86%

(N = 2036)

A R T - S O C - E N T2 %

(N = 54) d r a m a , f o r . s e r v . , m u s i c ed. , m o d . f o r e i g n la n g . , o t h e r f in e &appl. a r t s , j o u r n a l i s m , r a d i o -

S O C - A R T - i n t2 %

(N = 41) d e n t i s t r y , n u r s . , o t h e r h e a l t h , c l i n ­i c a l , exp . &rgen. p s y c h . , p h y s . t h e r . t h e o lo g y , r e l i g i o n ,

TV, c o m m u n i c a t i o n s po l i . s c i . , g o v e r n . ,i n t e r n a t i o n a lr e l a t i o n s

S O C - E N T - A R T O t h e r1% 8 %

(N = 33) (N = 193)m a n a g e m e n t , s a l e s , p u r c h a s i n g , b u s . a d m i n . , ed u c . p s y c h .

S o c i a l - I n t e l l e c t u a l - A r t i s t i c (S O C - IN T - A R T )(N = 227)

P h a r m a c y , m e d i c a l t e c h n o lo g y , m a t h e m a t i c s e d u c a t i o n

S O C - I N T - A R T 53%

(N = 121)

S O C - A R T - e n t 2 2 %

(N = 50) h o m e e co n . , h sw f . , s p e e c h , l aw , s o c i ­o logy , h i s t o r y , coun .Stguid. , a d v e r t i s i n g , o t h e r b io . s c i . , p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , n a t . s c i . e d u c . s o c i a l w o r k , e l e m .& s e c o n d a r y educ .

I N T - S O C - A R T8 %

(N - 18) m e d i c i n e , v e t . med . , b i o c h e m . , b io lo g y , c h e m . , zoo logy ,

IN T - S O C - con 4%

(N = 10) m a t h e m a t i c s , s t a t i s t i c s

O th e r12%

(N = 28)

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Page 35: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

F i g u r e 2 c o n ' t .

S o c i a l - A r t i s t i c - I n t e l l e c t u a l ( S O C - A R T - I N T )(N = 386)

D e n t i s t r y , n u r s i n g , o t h e r h e a l t h f i e l d s , c l i n i c a l , g e n e r a l , & e x p e r i m e n t a l p s y c h o l o g y , p h y s i c a l t h e r a p y , t h e o lo g y , r e l i g i o n , g o v e r n m e n t , p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e , i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s

S O C - A R T - I N T67%

(N = 258)

A R T - S O C - e n t4%

(N = 14) d r a m a , f o r . s e r v . m u s i c ed. , m o d .

SOC - A R T - e n t 19%

(N = 73) h o m e e co n . , h sw f . , s p e e c h , l a w , s o c i ­o logy , h i s t o r y , coun . f o r e i g n l a n g . , oth. &guid. , a d v e r t i s i n g , f i n e & a p p l . a r t s , p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , s o c . j o u r n a l i s m , r a d i o ­w o r k , e l e m . & sec . TV, c o m m u n i c a t i o n s e d u c a t i o n

S O C - c o n - A R T2 %

(N = 8)s e c r e t a r i a l s c i e n c e

O t h e r9%

(N = 33)

A r t i s t i c - S o c i a l - I n t e l l e c t u a l ( A R T - S O C - I N T )(N = 191)

A r t , m u s i c , a r t e d u c a t i o n , l i t e r a t u r e , E n g l i s h , c r e a t i v e w r i t i n g

A R T - S O C - I N T56%

(N - 107)

S O C - A R T - e n t1 6 %

(N = 30) h o m e e c o n . , h sw f . s p e e c h , l a w , s o c i -

A R T - S O C - e n t12%

(N = 22) d r a m a , f o r . s e r v . m u s i c ed. , m o d .

S O C - c o n - A R T2 %

(N = 3) s e c r e t a r i a l s c i e n c e

o logy , h i s t o r y , coun . f o r e i g n l a n g . , oth. &guid. , a d v e r t i s i n g , f ine & ap p l . a r t s , p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , so c . j o u r n a l i s m , r a d i o ­w o r k , e l e m . & sec , TV, c o m m u n i c a t i o n s e d u c a t i o n

O th e r15%

(N = 29)

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Page 36: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

F i g u r e 2 c o n ' t .

I n t e l l e c t u a l - S o c i a l - A r t i s t i c ( I N T - S O C - A R T )(N = 236)

M e d i c i n e , v e t e r i n a r y m e d i c i n e , b io lo g y , b i o c h e m i s t r y , zoo logy , o t h e r b i o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e s , c h e m i s t r y , n a t u r a l s c i e n c e e d u c a t i o n

O t h e r16%

(N = 37)

IN T -S O C - A R T 46%

(N = 109)

S O C - A R T - e n t2 2 %

(N = 52) h o m e e c o n . , hswf. s p e e c h , l aw , s o c i ­o logy , h i s t o r y , coun . &gen. p s y c h . , p h y s . k g u id . , a d v e r t i s i n g , t h e r . , t h e o lo g y , p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , s o c . r e l i g i o n , po l i . s c i . , w o r k , e l e m . & s e c . g o v e r n . , i n t e r n a t . e d u c a t i o n r e l a t i o n s

S O C - A R T - I N T S O C - I N T - A R T10% 6 %

(N = 24) (N = 14)d e n t i s t r y , n u r s . , o th . p h a r m a c y , m e d . h e a l t h , c l i n i c a l , exp. t e c h n o lo g y , m a t h .

e d u c a t i o n

S o c i a l - C o n v e n t i o n a l - A r t i s t i c ( S O C - C O N - A R T ) (N = 123)

S e c r e t a r i a l s c i e n c e

S O C - C O N - A R T64%

(N = 79)

S O C - C O N - e n t15%

(N = 18) c l e r i c a l w o r k , o f f i c e w o r k , b u s i ­n e s s e d u c a t i o n

S O C - A R T - e n t 9%

(N = 11) h o m e e co n . , h sw f . , s p e e c h , l aw , s o c i ­o logy , h i s t o r y , coun . &guid. , a d v e r t i s i n g , p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , soc . w o r k , e l e m . & sec . e d u c a t i o n

S O C - A R T - i n t O t h e r2 % 1 1 %

(N = 2 ) (N = 13)d e n t i s t r y , n u r s . , oth. h e a l t h , c l i n i c a l , exp.&gen. p s y c h . , p h y s . t h e r . , t h e o lo g y , r e l i g i o n , po l i . s c i . , g o v e r n . , i n t e r n a t . r e l a t i o n s

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F i g u r e 2 c o n ' t .

A r t i s t i c - S o c i a l - E n t e r p r i s i n g ( A R T - S O C - E N T )(N = 205)

M u s i c e d u c a t i o n , d r a m a , o t h e r f in e & a p p l i e d a r t s , m o d e r n f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e , j o u r n a l i s m , r a d i o - T V , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , f o r e i g n s e r v i c e

A R T - S O C - E N T52%

(N = 107)

S O C - A R T - E N T23%

(N = 47) h o m e eco n . , h s w f . , s p e e c h , l aw , s o c i -

A R T - S O C - i n t6 %

(N = 13) a r t , a r t e d u c a t i o n , m u s i c , l i t e r a t u r e ,

o logy , h i s t o r y , coun. E n g l i s h , c r e a t i v e&guid. . a d v e r t i s i n g , w r i t i n gp u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , s o c .w o r k , e l e m . & s ec .e d u c a t i o n

SOC - A R T - i n t 3%

(N = 6) d e n t i s t r y , n u r s . , oth. h e a l t h , c l i n i c a l , exp . &gen. p s y c h . , p h y s . t h e r . , t h e o lo g y , r e l i g i o n , p o l i . s c i . , g o v e r n . , i n t e r n a t . r e l a t i o n s

O t h e r16%

(N = 32)

-31

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Page 39: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

P o s t s c r i p t

A f t e r t h i s a r t i c l e w a s c o m p l e t e d , two a d d i t i o n a l q u e s t i o n s a r o s e :

(a) If R o e ' s o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a c o m p a r a b l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , w e r e

a p p l i e d to th e s a m e d a t a , how w e l l w o u ld h e r s c h e m e o r d e r the d a t a ? And,

(b) if th e H o l l a n d and R o e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w e r e a p p l i e d on ly to s t u d e n t s who

c h a n g e d t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e , w o u ld t h e s e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s s t i l l p r e d i c t

th e c h a n g e s b e y o n d c h a n c e e x p e c t a n c y ? B e c a u s e 50% of th e m e n an d 60%

of th e w o m e n d id no t c h a n g e t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e , a h ig h p e r c e n t a g e

of a c c u r a c y c a n be o b t a i n e d w i th o u t the u s e of a n y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e by

s i m p l y u s i n g th e i n i t i a l c h o i c e as the p r e d i c t e d c h o i c e .

R o e ' s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

T h e a p p l i c a t i o n of R o e ' s s y s t e m to the d a t a r e p o r t e d e a r l i e r p r o d u c e d

T a b l e s A and B f o r m e n and w o m e n .

T o c o m p a r e th e r e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y of the H o l l a n d and R o e s c h e m e s ,

T a b l e s C and D w e r e p r e p a r e d f o r m e n and w o m e n . T h e s e t a b l e s show how

m a n y s t u d e n t s g a v e th e s a m e o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e on b o th o c c a s i o n s (SO),

how m a n y s t u d e n t s gave d i f f e r e n t c h o i c e s b e lo n g in g to the s a m e m a j o r o c c u ­

p a t i o n a l c l a s s (R), and how m a n y s t u d e n t s g a v e c h o i c e s b e lo n g in g to r e l a t e d

m a j o r c l a s s e s ( r ) . (By R o e ' s d e f in i t i o n r e l a t e d c l a s s e s a r e the tw o a d j a c e n t

c l a s s e s so t h a t III and V a r e r e l a t e d to IV; II and VIII a r e r e l a t e d to I, e t c . )

U n r e l a t e d v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s a r e a l l o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s e x c e p t b e in g u n d e ­

c i d e d u p o n f o l l o w - u p . T h e s u m m a r y p e r c e n t a g e s a t th e b o t t o m of T a b l e s C

an d D m a k e i t c l e a r t h a t th e R o e s c h e m e o r d e r s the d a t a w i th a p p r o x i m a t e l y

Page 40: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

t h e s a m e d e g r e e of e f f i c i e n c y a s the H o l l a n d s c h e m e ( c o m p a r e T a b l e s C a n d

D w i th T a b l e s 6 a n d 7).

C h a n g e r s O n ly

T h e a p p l i c a t i o n of th e H o l l a n d and R o e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s to o n ly t h o s e

s t u d e n t s w ho c h a n g e d t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d in th e

fo l low ing w ay . F o r b o th c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s an d f o r e v e r y i n i t i a l v o c a t i o n a l

c h o i c e the fo l l o w in g c o m p u t a t i o n s w e r e p e r f o r m e d : t h e n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s

who c h a n g e d t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e , the n u m b e r of p o s s i b l e r e l a t e d o c ­

c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s f o r s t u d e n t s w i t h a g iv e n i n i t i a l c h o i c e in e a c h m a j o r c l a s s

(k - 1), t h e e x p e c t e d p e r c e n t a g e of r e l a t e d c h o i c e s ( the p o s s i b l e n u m b e r of

s a m e - c l a s s r e l a t e d c h o i c e s d iv i d e d by th e t o t a l n u m b e r of c h o i c e s in the

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e ) , th e a c t u a l n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s m a k i n g s a m e - c l a s s

r e l a t e d c h o i c e s , th e p e r c e n t a g e of s t u d e n t s w h o s e s e c o n d c h o i c e w a s r e ­

l a t e d to t h e i r f i r s t c h o i c e ( a c t u a l r e l a t e d N o v e r c h a n g e N), the n u m b e r of

o c c u p a t i o n s in the r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s , t h e e x p e c t e d p e r c e n t a g e of

s t u d e n t s w i t h r e l a t e d c h o i c e s ( the n u m b e r of o c c u p a t i o n s in the r e l a t e d c l a s s

d iv i d e d by th e n u m b e r of p o s s i b l e c h o i c e s in th e e n t i r e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) , the

n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s m a k i n g r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e s in the r e l a t e d o c ­

c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s ( o r c l a s s e s in t h e c a s e of the R o e s c h e m e ) , th e p e r c e n t a g e

of s t u d e n t s w i th d i f f e r e n t c l a s s r e l a t e d c h o i c e s , and th e t o t a l e x p e c t e d and

a c t u a l f r e q u e n c i e s f o r t h e s a m e an d r e l a t e d c l a s s . T a b l e E i l l u s t r a t e s t h e s e

c o m p u t a t i o n s f o r a s i n g l e c l a s s in H o l l a n d ' s s c h e m e . S e p a r a t e t a b l e s f o r

b o th s e x e s and b o th c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w e r e p r e p a r e d bu t a r e n o t p r e s e n t e d b e ­

c a u s e of t h e i r g r e a t s i z e .

Page 41: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

W h e n th e s i g n t e s t w a s a p p l i e d to t h e s e f o u r c o m p l e t e t a b l e s f o r m e n

and w o m e n u s i n g b o th c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , t h e y r e v e a l e d t h a t b o th c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

o r g a n i z e the d a t a f o r c h a n g e r s w e l l b e y o n d a c h a n c e l e v e l ; t h a t is , t h e a c t u a l

p e r c e n t a g e s u s u a l l y e x c e e d th e e x p e c t e d p e r c e n t a g e s . M o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y , the

o b t a i n e d p e r c e n t a g e s e x c e e d t h e e x p e c t e d p e r c e n t a g e s f o r the " S a m e M a j o r

C l a s s " w e l l b e y o n d th e . 005 l e v e l f o r b o th c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t h o ld s

f o r the to t a l e x p e c t e d and to t a l o b t a i n e d f r e q u e n c i e s , bu t the r e s u l t s f o r

" r e l a t e d m a j o r c l a s s " a r e no t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r e i t h e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m ,

a l t h o u g h t h e s e i n s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s c o n t r i b u t e p o s i t i v e l y , in the c a s e of

H o l l a n d ' s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , to the t o t a l o b t a in e d f r e q u e n c y . T a b l e F p r o v i d e s

a s i m p l e s t a t e m e n t of th e r e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y of the tw o c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w hen

a p p l i e d to c h a n g e r s . In t h i s i n s t a n c e , T a b l e F s u g g e s t s t h a t H o l l a n d ' s s c h e m e

is a m o r e e f f i c i e n t p r e d i c t i v e s c h e m e t h a n R o e ' s .

We c o n c l u d e th e n , t h a t f o r p r e d i c t i o n p u r p o s e s , e i t h e r s c h e m e is b e t t e r

t h a n no c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . H o l l a n d ' s a p p e a r s m o r e e f f i c i e n t , s u b j e c t to one

q u a l i f i c a t i o n . S ince H o l l a n d ' s s c h e m e w a s d e v e l o p e d f o r the p r e s e n t s a m p l e

of c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s , i t m a y e n jo y s o m e a d v a n t a g e . O n ly m a n y c o m p a r a t i v e

t e s t s of t h e s e s y s t e m s w i th d i f f e r e n t p o p u l a t i o n s f o r s e v e r a l p u r p o s e s w i l l

m a k e t h e i r u s e f u l n e s s an d r e l a t i v e v a l u e s e x p l i c i t .

Page 42: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

T o t

191

41

447

6 54

81

942

971

174

370

3871

T h e R e l a t i o n of a C o l l e g e S t u d e n t s ' F i r s t V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e to H is V o c a t i o n a l

C h o ic e 8 - 1 2 M o n th s L a t e r U s i n g R o e ' s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S c h e m e

T a b le A

( M en)

S e c o n d V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic e

II III IV V VI VII VIII U n d e c i d e d

1 11 6 2 13 26 1 12

10 18 2 0 1 3 1 6

31 297 3 1 11 46 3 48

2 33 456 8 45 34 10 50

0 3 1 50 13 5 0 9

5 56 21 22 616 85 13 94

11 49 15 3 45 664 16 112

4 2 6 0 9 25 111 13

11 53 19 5 42 73 11 143

75 522 529 91 795 961 166 487

Page 43: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

T a b l e B

T h e R e l a t i o n of a C o l l e g e S t u d e n t s ' F i r s t V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e to H is V o c a t i o n a l

C h o ic e 8 - 1 2 M o n th s L a t e r U s i n g R o e ' s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S c h e m e

(W o m e n )

S e c o n d V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic e

1 s t VC I II III IV V VI VII VIII U n d e c i d e d T o t a l

I 271 1 11 1 0 34 85 12 27 442

II 1 8 6 0 0 2 2 1 3 23

III 9 7 163 0 0 10 40 2 16 247

IV 2 0 1 4 0 0 1 3 3 14

V 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2

VI 74 2 34 5 1 535 1 50 13 51 865

VII 116 11 33 3 0 81 1866 30 121 2261

VIII 14 1 7 0 0 6 53 161 30 272

U n d e c i d e d 29 2 19 1 0 ■ 39 98 13 88 289

T o ta l 516 32 275 14 1 707 2296 235 339 441 5

Page 44: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

T ab le C

L a w f u l n e s s of a C o l l e g e S t u d e n t ' s S u c c e s s i v e V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e s

U s i n g R o e ' s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S c h e m e

(Men)

S e c o n d V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic e

I n i t i a l VC SO R r U n r e l a t e d U n d e c i d e d N

I 1 10 9 2 58 12 191

II 10 0 18 7 6 41

III 191 106 34 68 48 447

IV 333 123 41 107 50 654

V 50 0 14 8 9 81

VI 472 144 107 125 94 942

VII 457 207 61 134 112 971

VIII 87 24 29 21 13 174

T o t a l N 1710 613 306 528 344 3501

P e r c e n tN 49 18 09 15 10 100

N ote . T o t a l N is l e s s t h o s e w ho s t a r t e d a s " U n d e c i d e d " N = 370.

Page 45: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

L a w f u l n e s s of a C o l l e g e S t u d e n t ' s S u c c e s s i v e V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e s

U s i n g R o e ' s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S c h e m e

(W o m e n )

T ab le D

S e c o n d V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic e

I n i t i a l VC SO R r U n r e l a t e d Unde c id ed N

I 247 24 13 131 27 442

II 6 2 7 5 3 23

III 121 42 7 61 16 247

IV 4 0 1 6 3 14

V 0 0 0 2 0 2

VI 428 107 151 128 51 865

VII 1483 383 111 163 121 2261

VII 121 40 67 14 30 272

T o t a l N 2410 598 357 510 251 4126

P e r c e n tN 58 14 09 12 06 100

N ote . T o t a l N is l e s s t h o s e w ho s t a r t e d a s " U n d e c i d e d " N = 289.

Page 46: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

T a b l e E

T h e P r e d i c t i o n of C h a n g e f r o m H o l l a n d ' s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r S t u d e n t s Who C h a n g e d T h e i r V o c a t i o n a l C h o ic e O v e r a 8 - 1 2 M o n th I n t e r v a l

(Men)

S a m e c l a s s R e l a t e d c l a s s T o ta l

R e a l i s t i cv o c a t i o n s

T o ta l N

T o t a l N

l e s s u n c l a s s

C h a n g eN

No. of r e l a t e d o c c u p .

k-1

A c t u a lE x p e c t e d , ,r e l a t e d

% nr e l a t e d

A c t u a lr e l a t e d

%

No. of r e l a t e d o c c u p .

k

E x p e c t e d%

r e l a t e d

A c t u a lr e l a t e d

N

A c t u a lr e l a t e d

%

A c t u a lE x p e c t e d

% %

I n d u s t r i a l a r t s e d u c a t i o n 32 29 10 9 1 1 .1 7 70. 0 29 35. 8 1 10. 0 46 . 9 80. 0

T r a d e & i n d u s ­t r i a l ed 13 12 6 9 1 1 .1 4 66. 7 29 35. 8 0 0. 0 46. 9 66. 7

F o r e s t r y 55 49 16 9 1 1 .1 2 12. 5 29 35. 8 7 43. 8 46 . 9 56. 3

C iv i l eng 124 114 47 9 11 .1 23 48 . 9 29 35. 8 13 27. 6 46 . 9 76. 5

F a r m i n g 26 23 6 9 1 1 .1 5 83. 3 29 35. 8 1 16. 7 4 6 . 9 1 0 0 . 0

M e c h eng 121 109 43 9 11 .1 6 14. 0 29 35. 8 22 51. 2 46. 9 65. 2

Indus eng 22 20 9 9 11 .1 2 22. 2 29 35. 8 3 33. 3 46 . 9 55. 5

A r c h i t e c t u r e 38 36 14 9 11 .1 6 42 . 8 29 35. 8 5 35. 0 46. 9 77. 8

G e o g r a p h y 4 2 2 9 1 1 .1 0 0. 0 29 35. 8 1 50. 0 46. 9 50. 0

A g r i c s c i 61 53 24 9 11 .1 12 50. 0 10 12. 3 5 20. 8 23. 4 70. 8

N o te , k is the n u m b e r of o c c u p a t i o n s in a m a j o r c l a s s . T h e n u m b e r of r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s (and, h e n c e , the e x p e c t e d % r e l a t e d ) f o r " S a m e c l a s s " is i d e n t i c a l f o r a l l o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h i n a m a j o r c l a s s . S in c e the " R e l a t e d c l a s s " f o r e a c h o c c u p a t i o n is d e t e r m i n e d by the s e c o n d h i g h e s t V P I c o d e , the n u m b e r of d i f f e r e n t c l a s s r e l a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s (and r e s u l t i n g e x p e c t e d % r e l a t e d ) d i f f e r s f o r o c c u p a t i o n s w i th i n the s a m e m a j o r c l a s s . A r c h i t e c t u r e (RIA) an d A g r i c u l t u r e s c i e n c e (REI) i l l u s t r a t e t h i s d i f f e r e n c e .

Page 47: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

T h e A v e r a g e G a in B ey o n d C h a n c e f o r the

H o l la nd and Roe C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S y s t e m s

( " S a m e " P l u s " R e l a t e d " C l a s s e s )

H o l la n d Roe% %

Table F

M en

W o m e n

29. 6

21. 3

13. 8

10 . 8

Page 48: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

A C T R e s e a r c h R e p o r t s

T h i s r e p o r t is the t w e n t y - f i f t h in a s e r i e s p u b l i s h e d by the R e s e a r c h an d D e v e l o p m e n t D i v i s i o n of the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t i n g P r o g r a m . The r e s e a r c h r e p o r t s h a v e b e e n d e p o s i t e d w i th th e A m e r ­i c a n D o c u m e n t a t i o n I n s t i t u t e , A D I A u x i l i a r y P u b l i c a t i o n s P r o j e c t , P h o t o d u p l i c a t i o n S e r v i c e , L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s , W a s h in g t o n , D. C. 20540 . (ADI D o c u m e n t n u m b e r s a n d p r i c e s a r e g iv e n b e lo w . ) P h o t o ­c o p i e s an d 35 m m . m i c r o f i l m s a r e a v a i l a b l e a t c o s t f r o m ADI; o r d e r by A D I D o c u m e n t n u m b e r . A d v a n c e p a y m e n t is r e q u i r e d . M ak e c h e c k s o r m o n e y o r d e r s p a y a b l e to: C h ie f , P h o t o d u p l i c a t i o n S e r v i c e ,L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s . P r i n t e d c o p i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f r o m th e R e s e a r c h an d D e v e l o p m e n t D iv i s io n , A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t i n g P r o g r a m .

R e p o r t s p r e c e d e d by an a s t e r i s k (*) in the l i s t b e l o w a r e a v a i l ­a b l e on ly f r o m ADI.

*No. 1 A D e s c r i p t i o n of A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e F r e s h m e n , by C. A be ,J . L. H o l l a n d , S. W. L u t z , & J . M. R i c h a r d s , J r .(ADI D oc . 8554; pho to , $ 8 . 7 5 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 3 . 0 0 )

*No. 2 A c a d e m i c and N o n a c a d e m i c A c c o m p l i s h m e n t : C o r r e l a t e d o rU n c o r r e l a t e d ? by J . L . H o l la n d , &■ J . M. R i c h a r d s , J r .(ADI D oc . 8555; pho to , $ 3 . 7 5 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 0 0

*N o. 3 A D e s c r i p t i o n of C o l l e g e F r e s h m e n : I. S tu d e n t s w i th D i f f e r ­e n t C h o i c e s of M a j o r F i e l d , by C. A be , k. J . L . H o l l a n d (ADI D oc . 8556; pho to , $ 7 . 5 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 7 5)

*No. 4 A D e s c r i p t i o n of C o l l e g e F r e s h m e n : II. S t u d e n t s w i th D i f f e r - e n t V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e s , by C. A be , J . L . H o l l a n d (ADI D oc . 8557; pho to , $ 7 . 5 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 7 5 )

*N o. 5 A D e s c r i p t i o n of J u n i o r C o l l e g e s , by J. M. R i c h a r d s , J r .L . M. R an d , & L . P . R a n d(ADI D oc . 8558; pho to , $ 3 . 7 5; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 0 0 )

*N o. 6 C o m p a r a t i v e P r e d i c t i v e V a l i d i t i e s of the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g eT e s t s a n d Two O t h e r S c h o l a s t i c A p t i t u d e T e s t s , b y L. M u n d a y (ADI D oc . 8559; pho to , $ 2 . 5 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 1 . 7 5 )

No. 7 T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p B e t w e e n C o l l e g e G r a d e s an d A d u l t A c h i e v e -m e n t : A R e v i e w of th e L i t e r a t u r e , by D. P . H oy t (ADI D oc . 8632; pho to , $ 7 . 5 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 7 5 )

N o . 8 A F a c t o r A n a l y s i s of S tu d e n t ’’E x p l a n a t i o n s ! ' of T h e i r C h o i c eof a C o l l e g e , by J . M. R i c h a r d s , J r . J . L . H o l l a n d (ADI D oc . 8633; pho to , $ 3 . 7 5 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 0 0 )

Page 49: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

A C T R e s e a r c h R e p o r t s ( c o n ' t . )

N o . 9 R e g i o n a l D i f f e r e n c e s in J u n i o r C o l l e g e s , by J . M. R i c h a r d s , J r . , L . P . R and , & L. M. R a n d(A DI Doc. 8743; pho to , $ 2 . 5 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 1 . 7 5 )

N o. 10 A c a d e m i c D e s c r i p t i o n an d P r e d i c t i o n in J u n i o r C o l l e g e s, by D. P . Hoyt, & L». M u n d a y(ADI D oc . 8856; pho to , $ 3 . 7 5 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 0 0 )

No. 11 T h e A s s e s s m e n t of S tu d e n t A c c o m p l i s h m e n t in C o l l e g e , by J . M. R i c h a r d s , J r . , J . L . H o l l a n d , & S. W. L u t z (ADI D oc . 8955; pho to , $ 3 . 7 5 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 0 0 )

No. 12 A c a d e m i c an d N o n a c a d e m i c A c c o m p l i s h m e n t in a R e p r e s e n t a t i v e S a m p l e t a k e n f r o m a P o p u l a t i o n of 612, 0 0 , by J. L. H o l la nd ,& J. M. R i c h a r d s , J r .(ADI D oc . 8992: pho to , $ 3 . 7 5 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 0 0 )

No. 13 T he P r e d i c t i o n of S tu d e n t A c c o m p l i s h m e n t in C o l l e g e , by J . M. R i c h a r d s , J r . , J . L , H o l l a n d , S. W. L u tz (ADI D oc . 9020; pho to , $ 5 . 0 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 2 5 )

./ f'lNo. 14 C h a n g e s in S e l f - R a t i n g s and;7Life G o a l s A m o n g S tu d e n t s a t

C o l l e g e s w i th D i f f e r e n t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , by R . W. S k a g e r ,J . L . H o l l a n d , L . A . B r a s k a m p(ADI D oc . 9069; pho to , $ 3 . 7 5 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 0 0 )

No. 15 C a n C o m p u t e r s W r i t e C o l l e g e A d m i s s i o n s T e s t s ? by J . M. R i c h a r d s , J r .(ADI D oc . 9174; pho to , $ 2 . 5 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 1 . 7 5 )

N o. 16 C h a n g e s in S e l f - R a t i n g s a n d L i fe G o a l s a s R e l a t e d to S tu d e n tA c c o m p l i s h m e n t in C o l l e g e , by R. W. S k a g e r , & L. A. B r a s k a m p (A DI D oc . 9214; pho to , $ 2 . 5 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 1 . 7 5 )

N o . 17 F a m i l y I n c o m e an d the C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of C o l l e g e - B o u n dS t u d e n t s , by L . L . B a i r d(ADI D oc . 9378; pho to , $ 3 . 7 5 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 0 0 )

No. 18 P r e d i c t i n g a S t u d e n t ' s V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e , by J . L H o l l a n d ,S. W. L u tz

(ADI D oc . 9433; pho to , $ 2 . 5 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 1 . 7 5 )

N o . 19 T h e E d u c a t i o n a l G o a l s of C o l l e g e - B o u n d Youth , by L . L .B a i r d(ADI D oc . 9472: pho to , $ 5 . 0 0 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 2 5 )

N o . 20 Who G oes W h e r e to J u n i o r C o l l e g e ? by J. M. R i c h a r d s , J r . ,L . A. B r a s k a m p

(ADI D oc . 9571; pho to , $ 3 . 7 5; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 0 0 )

Page 50: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

A C T R e s e a r c h R e p o r t s ( c o n ' t . )

No. 21 P r e d i c t i n g S tu d e n t A c c o m p l i s h m e n t in C o l l e g e f r o m the A C T A s s e s s m e n t , by J . M. R i c h a r d s , J r . , &: S. W. L u t z (ADI Doc. 9594; pho to , $ 6 . 2 5 ; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 . 5 0 )

No. 22 T he U n d e c i d e d S tu d e n t : How D i f f e r e n t Is H e ? by L . L ,B a i r d(ADI D oc . 9812; pho to , $ 3 . 7 5; m i c r o f i l m , $ 2 , 0 0 )

No. 23 T h e E f f e c t s of S e l e c t i n g C o l l e g e S tu d e n t s by V a r i o u s K in d s ofH igh School A c h i e v e m e n t , by L . L . B a i r d &; J . M. R i c h a r d s , J r . (ADI D oc . No. not ye t a v a i l a b l e )

No. 24 Do T h e y Do W h a t T h e y Say T h e y W i l l D o ? by S. W, L u t z (ADI D o c . No. n o t y e t a v a i l a b l e )

Page 51: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying
Page 52: €¦ · This extension of an earlier study investigated the hypothesis that occupational choices follow orderly or lawful patterns and can be predicted from initial choices. By applying

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