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ÄSCE 27-00

American Society of Civil Engineers

Standard Practice for DirectDesign of Precast Concrete

Pipe for Jacking in TrenchlessConstruction

This document uses both Système Internationa! (Si) units and customary units.

Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell Drive

Reston, Virginia 20191-4400

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ABSTRACTThis publication, Standard Practice for Direct Design of Pre-cast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trench/ess Construction,(ASCE 27-98), is applicable to precast concrete pipe of cir-cular shape for jacking in trenchless construction of projectsintended for the conveyance of sewage, industrial waste,storm water, and drainage. The standard covers the directdesign method, manufacturing specification, jacking operationguidelines, and jacking force guidelines. The direct designmethod is based on research and testing over several de-cades to develop more rational design procedures for the di-rect design of buried concrete pipe based on engineeringprinciples followed for the direct design of other reinforcedconcrete members and structures. The direct design methodprovides coefficients based on soil-pipe interaction, which en-able the determination of pressure distributions on buriedconcrete pipe installations. The limits state design procedurespecified for the design of pipe is consistent with the proce-dures outline in Section 17 of the AASHTO Standard Speci-fication for Highway Bridges. The jacking forces and designprocedures are consistent with industry practice. The com-mentary provides supporting background data.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

American Society of Civil Engineers.Standard practice for direct design of precast concrete

pipe for jacking in trenchless construction / AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers.

p. cm.— (ASCE Standard)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0496-8

1. Pipe, Concrete—Design and construction.2, Precast concrete. 3. Trenchless construction.I. Title.

TA447 .A52 2000621.8'672—dc21 00-033177

Photocopies. Authorization to photocopy material for internalor personal use under circumstances not falling within the fairuse provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE tolibraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clear-ance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, pro-vided that the base fee of $8.00 per article plus $-50 per pageis paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive. Danvers, MA01923. The identification for ASCE Books is 0-7844-0496-8/00/S8.00 + $.50 per page. Requests for special permissionor bulk copying should be addressed to Permissions & Copy-right Dept., ASCE.

Copyright © 2000 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 00-033177ISBN 0-7844-0496-8Manufactured in the United States of America.

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STANDARDS

In April 1980, the Board of Direction approvedASCE Rules for Standards Committees to govern thewriting and maintenance of standards developed bythe Society. All such standards are developed by aconsensus standards process managed by the Man-agement Group F (MGF), Codes and Standards. Theconsensus process includes balloting by the balancedstandards committee made up of Society membersand nonmembers, balloting by the membership ofASCE as a whole, and balloting by the public. Allstandards are updated or reaffirmed by the same pro-cess at intervals not exceeding 5 years.

The following Standards have been issued.

ANSI/ASCE 1-82 N-725 Guideline for Design andAnalysis of Nuclear Safety Related EarthStructures

ANSI/ASCE 2-91 Measurement of Oxygen Transferin Clean Water

ANSI/ASCE 3-91 Standard for the Structural Designof Composite Slabs and ANSI/ASCE 9-91 Stan-dard Practice for the Construction and Inspectionof Composite Slabs

ASCE 4-98 Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nu-clear Structures

Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures(ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99) andSpecifications for Masonry Structures (ACI530.1-99/ASCE 6-99/TMS 602-99)

ASCE 7-98 Minimum Design Loads for Buildingsand Other Structures

ANSI/ASCE 8-90 Standard Specification for theDesign of Cold-Forrned Stainless Steel StructuralMembers

ANSI/ASCE 9-91 listed with ASCE 3-91ASCE 10-97 Design of Latticed Steel Transmission

StructuresSEI/ASCE 11-99 Guideline for Structural Condition

Assessment of Existing Buildings

ANSI/ASCE 12-91 Guideline for the Design ofUrban Subsurface Drainage

ASCE 13-93 Standard Guidelines for Installation ofUrban Subsurface Drainage

ASCE 14-93 Standard Guidelines for Operation andMaintenance of Urban Subsurface Drainage

ASCE 15-98 Standard Practice for Direct Design ofBuried Precast Concrete Pipe Using StandardInstallations (SIDD)

ASCE 16-95 Standard for Load and ResistanceFactor Design (LRFD) of Engineered WoodConstruction

ASCE 17-96 Air-Supported StructuresASCE 18-96 Standard Guidelines for In-Process

Oxygen Transfer TestingASCE 19-96 Structural Applications of Steel Cables

for BuildingsASCE 20-96 Standard Guidelines for the Design and

Installation of Pile FoundationsASCE 21-96 Automated People Mover Standards—

Part 1ASCE 21-98 Automated People Mover Standards-

Part 2SEI/ASCE 23-97 Specification for Structural Steel

Beams with Web OpeningsSEI/ASCE 24-98 Flood Resistant Design and

ConstructionASCE 25-97 Earthquake-Actuated Automatic Gas

Shut-Off DevicesASCE 26-97 Standard Practice for Design of Buried

Precast Concrete Box SectionsASCE 27-00 Standard Practice for Direct Design of

Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in TrenchlessConstruction

ASCE 28-00 Standard Practice for Direct Design ofPrecast Concrete Box Sections for Jacking inTrenchless Construction

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FOREWORD

The material presented in this publication has on the part of the American Society of Civil Engi-been prepared in accordance with recognized engi- neers, or of any other person named herein, that thisneering principles. This Standard and Commentary information is suitable for any general or particularshould not be used without first securing competent use or promises freedom from infringement of anyadvice with respect to their suitability for any given patent or patents. Anyone making use of this infor-application. The publication of the material contained mation assumes all liability from such use.herein is not intended as a representation or warranty

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE) acknowledges the work of the Direct Designof Buried Concrete Pipe Standards Committee of theManagement Group F, Codes and Standards. Thisgroup comprises individuals from many backgroundsincluding: consulting engineering, research, construc-tion industry, education, government, design and

private practice.The Standard was prepared through the consen-

sus standards process by balloting in compliance withprocedures of ASCE's Management Group F. Codesand Standards. Those individuals who serve on theStandards Committee are:

Richard P. B aide winJosiah W. BeakleyMike BealeyMatthew J. BinderJoseph A. BohinskyThomas K. BreitfussLeo BrooksDennis L. BunkeEric A. CarletonOliver Delery, Jr.Jeffrey I. EnyartR. Hartley FieldFouad H. FouadFrank J. HcgerJames J. HillIraj I. Kaspar

Kenneth K. KienowLeonard L. KleinJohn M. Kurd/ielJohn O. LaneKelley LloydJ. Wayne MacLeanMichael C. McVayKenneth F. MillerWallace J. MundenMichael MurphyMasanori Nagami, ChairCharles R. NelsonJohn L. NiklausDavid NishimuraJames A. NystromGerald R. Price

Mark W. SchumacherErnest T. SeligDaniel N. ShortBalaram K. SinghRobert F. SpiekcrmanLee E. Stockton, Vice ChairRichard A. SwensonCharles M. TaylorAlbert T. TungAdrianus VanKampen, SecretaryJack C. WilliamsJames L. WithiamShi g YonamineaJoseph P. Zicaro

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CONTENTS

PART I. GENERAL1.0 Scope J2.0 Applicable Documents 23.0 Definitions 24.0 Notations 25.0 Summary of Practice 5

PART II. DIRECT DESIGN METHOD FOR JACKED PRECAST CONCRETEPIPE INSTALLATIONS

6.0 General 67.0 General Design Requirements 68.0 Design Requirements By Owner 69.0 Design Requirements By Jacking Contractor 710.0 Design Requirements By Pipe Manufacturer 711.0 Materials 812.0 Transverse Loads 813.0 Pressure Distribution for Transverse Loads 1014.0 Stress Analysis for Effects of Transverse Loads 1515.0 Transverse Reinforcement 1516.0 Design for Axial Forces from Jacking 2017.0 Nonreinforced Concrete Pipe 2318.0 Pipe Designation 23

APPENDIX A: MANUFACTURING SPECIFICATION FOR PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE FORJACKING IN TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION

Al.O Scope 24A2.0 Reference Documents 24A3.0 Terminology 24A4.0 Permissible Varialions 24A5.0 Marking 25

APPENDIX B: GUIDELINES FOR JACKING OPERATIONSBl.O General 25B2.0 Jacking Pit 25B3.0 Shields 26B4.0 Joints 26B5.0 Excavation 26B6.0 Jacking 26B7.0 Intermediate Jacking Stations 27B8.0 Lubrication and Coatings 27B9.0 Reception Pit 27

APPENDIX C: GUIDELINES FOR ESTIMATING REQUIRED JACKING FORCECl.O General 27C2.0 Jacking Resistance 27C3.0 Lubrication 28C4.0 Jacking Operation 28

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PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE FOR JACKING IN TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION

APPENDIX D: SI UNITS FOR NOTATION AND EQUATIONS 28

COMMENTARY 39

INDEX 49

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Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast ConcretePipe for Jacking in Trenchless ConstructionPART I. GENERAL

1.0 SCOPE

1.1 This Practice covers design and recommended in-stallation procedures for precast concrete pipe forjacking in trenchless construction intended for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm waterand drainage and for utilities and access ways.

1.2 TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION

Trenchless construction is a method of installingpipe without excavating an open trench.

1.2.1 JackingJacking is a trenchless construction technique in

which prefabricated pipes are installed by pushing(jacking) them longitudinally into position, usuallyfrom a pit. The spoil material is removed either man-ually or mechanically through the pipe beinginstalled.

1.2.2 MicrotunnelingMicrotunneling is a method of installing pipe by

trenchless construction techniques behind a remotelycontrolled, sterrable, guided, articulated boring ma-chine which is connected to and followed by the pipewhich is being installed by jacking. Excess spoil ma-terial is removed mechanically through the pipe beinginstalled.

1.3 The exterior surface of the pipe shall not containprojections such as enlarged bells, unless special pro-visions are made.

1.4 The successful performance of concrete pipe in-stalled using jacking techniques requires proper de-sign by the engineer for loading conditions duringand after installation. It requires skillful placement bythe installing contractor utilizing methods whichmaintain jacking loads to acceptable levels and whichmaintain acceptable levels of variance from estab-lished line and grade. It requires precise fabricationof the pipe by the manufacturer to the standards andtolerance levels specified.

1.5 Part II of this Standard Practice presents a directdesign method for jacked pipe installations. This de-

sign and analysis method considers the interactionbetween the pipe and surrounding soil and/or groutenvelope in determining longitudinal loads developedduring jacking, as well as transverse pressure distri-butions, and circumferential moment, thrust and shearin the pipe wall. A procedure for calculating the re-quired reinforcement in the pipe wall is included.

1.6 Appendix A of this Standard Practice presentsmanufacturing requirements for precast concrete pipeintended for use in trenchless construction installedby jacking methods.

1.7 Appendix B of this Standard Practice presentsguidelines for jacking operations.

1.8 Appendix C of this Standard Practice presentsguidelines for estimating required jacking force.

1.9 This Standard Practice may be used as a refer-ence by the owner and the owner's engineer in pre-paring project specifications.

1.10 The design procedures given in this StandardPractice are intended for use by engineers who arefamiliar with the installation, pipe characteristics thataffect the structural behavior of jacked concrete pipeinstallations, and the significance of the installationrequirements. Before applying the design proceduresgiven in Parts II and III, the engineer should reviewthe guidance and requirements given in other sectionsof this Standard Practice and its accompanyingCommentary.

1.11 The values of dimensions and quantities are ex-pressed in inch-pound (English) units, which are tobe regarded as standard. Where English unit valuesare converted to SI unit values, they are presented inparentheses or a section following the English units.For clarity, Appendix D repeats the notation and con-tains the full translation of equations to SI units. Theuse of SI units is in accord with ASTM PracticeE 380. SI units expressed in parentheses and in Ap-pendix D are supplied for information only and arenot a part of this Standard Practice.

Note 1: Some of the applicable standards referencedmay have a double designation (Axxx/AxxxM) orseparate inch-pound (English) and SI (metric) uniteditions. Only the inch-pound unit edition of a stan-dard is listed in this Practice.

1

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