This is a preview of AWWA M11-2004. Click here to purchase ......Errata to AWWA Manual M11 Steel...

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Errata to

AWWA Manual M11 Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation, 4th ed.

(December 2013)

Chapter 1

1. On page 1, paragraph 2, line 6 under History, the metric conversion should read 15,000 psi (103.42 MPa).

2. On page 7, paragraph 2, lines 6 and 7 under Stress and Strain, “min” should read “μin.”

3. On page 8, paragraph 2, lines 2 and 4, respectively, the metric conversions should read 30,000,000 psi (207 TPa) and 30 psi (207 kPa).

4. On page 10, paragraph 1, line 2, the metric conversion should read 30 psi (207 kPa).

5. On page 10, paragraph 1, line 4, “5,000 min/in.” should read “5,000 μin./in.”



8. On page 11, paragraph 5, lines 6 and 10, under Analysis Based on Strain, “1,750 min/in.” should read “1,750 μin./in.”

9. On page 11, paragraph 7, line 2, under Analysis Based on Strain, “5,000 min/in.” should read “5,000 μin./in.”

10. On page 18, Eq 1-1 should read n 2 (cos2

1 (sin2

Chapter 6

11. On page 62, Table 6-1, column 1, Type of Soil, replace “Coarse-grained soils with little or no fines (SP, SM, GP, GW)” with “Coarse-grained soils with little or no fines (SP, SW, GP, GW).”

12. On page 67, line 5, replace (P = 0.7(4)(28,152) = 7,883 kg/m2) with (P = 0.07(4)(28,152) = 7,883 kg/m2).

©pe—A Guide for Design and Installatione for Design and I

(December 2013)(December 2013)

aph 2, line 6 under History, the metric conversion should ph 2, line 6 under History, the metric conversion should

aph 2, lines 6 and 7 under Stress and Strain, “min” shouldaph 2, lines 6 and 7 under Stress and Strain, “min” should

aph 2, lines 2 and 4, respectively, the metric conversions saph 2, lines 2 and 4, respectively, the metric conversions s30 psi (207 kPa).30 psi (207 kPa).

raph 1, line 2, the metric conversion should read 30 psi (20aph 1, line 2, the metric conversion should read 30 psi (2

raph 1, line 4, “5,000 min/in.” should read “5,000h 1, line 4, “5,000 min/in.” should read “5,000 μμin./in.” in./i

raph 2, line 6, “5,000 min/in.” should read “5,000 line 6, “5,000 min/in.” should read “5,000 μμin./in.”

raph 2, line 8, “300,000 min/in.” should read “300,000“300,000 min/in.” should read μin.



Chapter 6 (continued)

13. On page 67, line 12, replace Wc r/1,000 = 34r with Wc r/1,000 = 28.7r.

14. On page 67, line 18, replace “3 ft (0.914 mm) cover” with “3 ft (0.914 m) cover.”

Chapter 7

15. On page 73, the example problem should read k = 0.02 – 0.00012(120 – 90) = 0.0164

Scs = 0.0164 × 40,000 log e ( 21 ) = 28,300 psi (0.3125)2 0.3125 Sls = –3,000 psi (7-5) Se = 1,000 [28.32 2) – (–3.0 × 28.3)]½ = 29,900 psi 29,900 < 30,000

16. On page 85, Table 7-2, for x = 0.05L, replace –0.0715(wL2/12) with –0.715(wL2/12).

Chapter 9

17. On page 122, last line of paragraph 3 under Elbows and Miter End Cuts should read “…the deflection per miter weld shall be limited to 30°. The radius of the elbow shall be….”

18. On page 133, first sentence of paragraph 3 should read “Usually the blowoff will be below ground.”

Chapter 13

19. 2 (N/m2)

20. On page 200, Table 13-4, for 24-in. Pipe OD, 250 psi, Tie Bolt Diameter, in., should read “1 ⅛.”

21. On page 200, Table 13-4, line 2 of NOTE, replace “undo” with “undue.”

22. On page 203, Table 13-5, for 1 ⅜-in. dia., replace "A" metric with (222.25).

23. On page 203, Table 13-5, for 1 ⅝-in. dia., replace "A" metric with (273.05).

24. On page 205, Figure 13-20, Note 4, replace “The minimum wall thickness...” with “The minimum weld thickness….”

©( ))

(0.3125)2 0.3125 0.3125 ))

Sls = –3,000 psi= –3,000 psi

,000 [28.38.322 2) – (–3.0 × 28.3)]½ = 29,900 psi0 psi

292 ,900 < 30,0000,0009

7-2, for7-2, for x = 0.05LL, replace –0.0715(, replac wLL( 22/12) with –0.715(/12) with –0.715(wLwL(( 22/1/

line of paragraph 3 under Elbows and Miter End Cuts sholine of paragraph 3 under Elbows and Miter End Cuts shoper miter weld shall be limited to 30°. The radius of the elbper miter weld shall be limited to 30°. The radius of the elb

sentence of paragraph 3 should read entence of paragraph 3 should read woff will be below ground.”will be below ground.”

22 (N/m (N/m2)



Science and Technology

AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technologicalknowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance publichealth and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities.

Steel Pipe—

A Guide for Design

and Installation

AWWA MANUAL M11

Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

©©©©©©d Installationlation

MANUAL M11MANUAL M11

Editiondition



hours of work by your fellow water professionals.

Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports

ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution,

either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders

AWWA’s mission to support the water community.

This AWWA content is the product of thousands of

MANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICES—M11, Fourth Edition

Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation

Copyright © 1964, 1985, 1989, 2004 American Water Works Association

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system,except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permissionof the publisher.

Project Manager and Technical Editor: Melissa ChristensenCopy Editor: Mart KelleProduction Editor: Carol Stearns

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Steel Pipe : A Guide for Design and Installation.-- 4th ed.p. cm. -- (AWWA manual ; M11)

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-58321-274-41. Water pipes--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Pipe,

Steel--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals etc. I. American Water WorksAssociation. II. Series.

TD491.A49 S74628.1'5--dc22

2004043748

Printed in the United States of America

American Water Works Association6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235-3098

ISBN 1-58321-274-4 Printed on recycled paper


©©©©©©©©©©TER SUPPLY PRACTICES—M11, Fourth EditionPLY PRACTIC

—A Guide for Design and InstallationGuide for Design and Installation

4, 1985, 1989, 2004 American Water Works Association, 1985, 1989, 2004 American Water Works Associat

d. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in anyd. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in anyor mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or ror mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or r

m of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the wrim of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the wri

and Technical Editor: Melissa Christensennd Technical Editor: Melt KelleKelle

r: Carol StearnsCarol St©gress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCataloging

ide for Design and Installation.-- 4th ed.gn and InstallatiWWA manual ; M11)M11)ographical references and index.s and index.-274-4



iii

Contents

List of Figures, vii

List of Tables, xi

Foreword, xiii

Acknowledgments, xv

Chapter 1 History, Uses, and Physical Characteristics of Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

History, 1Uses, 2Chemistry, Casting, and Heat Treatment, 3Physical Characteristics, 6Ductility and Yield Strength, 6Stress and Strain, 7Strain in Design, 9Analysis Based on Strain, 11Ductility in Design, 12Effects of Cold Working on Strength and Ductility, 13Brittle Fracture Considerations in Structural Design, 13Good Practice, 17Evaluation of Stresses in Spiral-Welded Pipe, 18References, 18

Chapter 2 Manufacture and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Manufacture, 21Testing, 24References, 25

Chapter 3 Hydraulics of Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Formulas, 27Calculations, 31Economical Diameter of Pipe, 42Distribution Systems, 43Air Entrainment and Release, 43Good Practice, 43References, 43

Chapter 4 Determination of Pipe Wall Thickness . . . . . . . . . 45

Internal Pressure, 45Allowable Tension Stress in Steel, 46Corrosion Allowance, 48External Fluid Pressure—Uniform and Radial, 48Minimum Wall Thickness, 50Good Practice, 50References, 50


©, 1

try, Casting, and Heat Treatment, 3ng, and Heat Treatment, 3al Characteristics, 6acteristicsy and Yield Strength, 6d Yield S

and Strain, 7Strain,n Design, 9Designs Based on Strain, 11Based on Strain, 11y in Design, 12y in Design, 12of Cold Working on Strength and Ductility, 13of Cold Working on SFracture Considerations in Structural Design, 13Fracture Consideratractice, 17ractiction of Stresses in Spiral-Welded Pipe, 18tion of Stresses in Spiral-Welded Pipe,

nces, 18ces, 18

Manufacture and Testingnufacture and Testing . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

acture, 21re, 21, 24

nces, 25

ydraulics of Pipelinesof Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

as, 27



iv

Chapter 5 Water Hammer and Pressure Surge . . . . . . . . . 51

Basic Relationships, 51Checklist for Pumping Mains, 54General Studies for Water Hammer Control, 55Allowance for Water Hammer, 56Pressure Rise Calculations, 56References, 56

Chapter 6 External Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Load Determination, 59Deflection Determination, 60Buckling, 63Extreme External Loading Conditions, 65Computer Programs, 68References, 68

Chapter 7 Supports for Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Saddle Supports, 69Pipe Deflection as Beam, 73Methods of Calculation, 75Gradient of Supported Pipelines to Prevent Pocketing, 76Span Lengths and Stresses, 76Ring Girders, 79Ring-Girder Construction for Low-Pressure Pipe, 100Installation of Ring Girder Spans, 101References, 109

Chapter 8 Pipe Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Bell-and-Spigot Joint With Rubber Gasket, 111Welded Joints, 112Bolted Sleeve-Type Couplings, 113Flanges, 113Grooved-and-Shouldered Couplings, 115Expansion and Contraction—General, 116Ground Friction and Line Tension, 117Good Practice, 118References, 119

Chapter 9 Fittings and Appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Designation of Fittings, 121Elbows and Miter End Cuts, 122Reducers, 130Bolt Hole Position, 130Design of Wye Branches, Laterals, Tees, and Crosses, 130Testing of Fittings, 131Unbalanced Thrust Forces, 131Frictional Resistance Between Soil and Pipe, 131Anchor Rings, 131Nozzle Outlets, 131


nces, 68

upports for Piper Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

Supports, 69ts, 69flection as Beam, 73on as Beas of Calculation, 75Calcula

nt of Supported Pipelines to Prevent Pocketing, 76of Supported Pipelines to Prevent Pocketing, 76engths and Stresses, 76ngths and Stresses, 76rders, 79rders, irder Construction for Low-Pressure Pipe, 100rder Construction foation of Ring Girder Spans, 101tion of Ring Girder nces, 109ces, 1

ipe Jointspe Jo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d-Spigot Joint With Rubber Gasket, 111-Spigot Joint With Rubber Gasket, 111Joints, 112oints, 1

Sleeve-Type Couplings, 113eve-Type Couplings, 113s, 1133d-and-Shouldered Couplings, 115Shouldereion and Contraction—General, 116Contraction—Friction and Line Tension, 117d Line Tension, 117

ractice, 118119



v

Connection to Other Pipe Material, 132Flanged Connections, 132Valve Connections, 132Blowoff Connections, 132Manholes, 133Insulating Joints, 133Air-Release Valves and Air/Vacuum Valves, 133Casing Spacers, 134Good Practice, 135References, 136

Chapter 10 Principles of Corrosion and Corrosion Control . . . . . 137

General Theory, 137Internal Corrosion of Steel Pipe, 146Atmospheric Corrosion, 147Methods of Corrosion Control, 147Cathodic Protection, 147References, 149

Chapter 11 Protective Coatings and Linings . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Requirements for Good Pipeline Coatings and Linings, 151Selection of the Proper Coating and Lining, 151Recommended Coatings and Linings, 153Epoxy-Based Polymer Concrete Coatings, 156Coating Application, 156Good Practice, 156References, 157

Chapter 12 Transportation, Installation, and Testing . . . . . . . 159

Transportation and Handling of Coated Steel Pipe, 159Trenching, 160Installation of Pipe, 163Anchors and Thrust Blocks, 168Field Coating of Joints, 171Pipe-Zone Bedding and Backfill, 171Hydrostatic Field Test, 171References, 173

Chapter 13 Supplementary Design Data and Details . . . . . . . . 175

Layout of Pipelines, 175Calculation of Angle of Fabricated Pipe Bend, 176Reinforcement of Fittings, 176Collar Plate Design, 180Wrapper-Plate Design, 182Crotch-Plate (Wye-Branch) Design, 183Nomograph Use in Wye-Branch Design, 185Thrust Restraint, 191Anchor Rings, 1997Joint Harnesses, 197Special and Valve Connections and Other Appurtenances, 202


©heric Corrosion, 147s of Corrosion Control, 147ontrol, 147ic Protection, 147n, 147

nces, 149

Protective Coatings and Liningsective Coatings and Linin . . . . . . . .. .

ements for Good Pipeline Coatings and Linings, 151ents for Good Pipeline Coatings and Linings, 151n of the Proper Coating and Lining, 151of the Proper Coating and Lining, 151

mended Coatings and Linings, 153ended Coatings and LBased Polymer Concrete Coatings, 156Based Polymer Concrete Coatings, 156g Application, 156g Application, 156ractice, 156ractic

nces, 157ces, 1

Transportation, Installation, and TestingTransportation, Installation, and Testin . . . .. .

ortation and Handling of Coated Steel Pipe, 159tation and Handling of Coated Steel Pipng, 160, 160

ation of Pipe, 163n of Pipes and Thrust Blocks, 168Thrust Boating of Joints, 171f Joints, 17ne Bedding and Backfill, 171g and Backfill, 171tatic Field Test, 171t, 171

nces 173



vi

Freezing in Pipelines, 202Design of Circumferential Fillet Welds, 218Submarine Pipelines, 220References, 222

Appendix A Table of Working Pressures for Allowable Unit Stresses, 223

Index, 233

List of AWWA Manuals, 239


©This is a preview of "AWWA M11-2004". Click here to purchase the full version from the ANSI store.


vii

Figures

1-1 Steel pipe in filtration plant gallery, 2

1-2 Stress–strain curve for steel, 8

1-3 True stress–strain for steel, 8

1-4 Stress–strain curves for carbon steel, 9

1-5 Plastic and elastic strains, 9

1-6 Actual and apparent stresses, 10

1-7 Determination of actual stress, 10

1-8 Experimental determination of strain characteristics, 12

1-9 Effects of strain hardening, 14

1-10 Effects of strain aging, 14

1-11 Transition curves obtained from Charpy V-notch impact tests, 17

1-12 Spiral pipe weld seams, 18

2-1 Schematic representation of the sequence of operations performed by a typical machine for making electric-resistance-welded tubes from steel strip, 22

2-2 Cross section through weld point, 22

2-3 Electric resistance welding using high-frequency welding current, 22

2-4 Electric resistance welding by induction using high-frequency welding current, 22

2-5 Sequence of operations in a typical double submerged arc weld process, 23

2-6 Schematic diagram of process for making spiral-seam pipe, 24

2-7 Schematic diagram for making plate pipe, 24

3-1 Solution of the Hazen-Williams formula, 28

3-2 Solution of Scobey flow formula for Ks = 0.36, 30

3-3 Solution of Manning flow formula for n = 0.011, 32

3-4 Moody diagram for friction in pipe, 40

3-5 Resistance coefficients of valves and fittings for fluid flows, 41

4-1 Relation of various heads or pressures for selection of design pressure (gravity flow), 46

4-2 Relation of various heads or pressures for selection of design pressure (pumped flow), 46

5-1 Surge wave velocity chart for water, 53

6-1 Position of area, 67

7-1 Details of concrete saddle, 70

7-2 Saddle supports for 78-in. pipe, 70


©imental determination of strain characteristics, 12ation of strain character

s of strain hardening, 14hardening, 14

s of strain aging, 14ain aging,

ition curves obtained from Charpy V-notch impact tests, 1n curves obtained from Charpy V-notch impact test

pipe weld seams, 18ipe weld seams, 18

matic representation of the sequence of operations performeatic representation of the sequence of operations performne for making electric-resistance-welded tubes from steel ne for making electric-resistance-welded tubes from steel

section through weld point, 22section through wel

ic resistance welding usinic resistance weldin g high-frequency welding currenurren

ic resistance welding by inc resistance welding duction using high-frequency wing high-frequency wnt, 22, 22

nce of operations in a typical double submerged arc weld pe of operations in a typical double submerged arc wel

matic diagram of process for making spiral-seam pipe, 24diagram of process for making spiral-seam pipe,

matic diagram for making plate pipe, 24gram for ma

on of the Hazen-Williams formula, 28zen-Williams formula, 28

on of Scobey flow formula for Kmula for K = 0 36 30= 0 3



viii

7-3 Ring girders provide support for 54-in. diameter pipe, 71

7-4 Expansion joints between stiffener rings, 71

7-5 Anchor block, 71

7-6 Stiffener ring coefficients, 78

7-7 Equivalent stress diagram—Hencky–Mises theory, 80

7-8 Bending stress in pipe shell with ring restraint, 81

7-9 Stiffener ring coefficients, equal and opposite couples, 81

7-10 Stiffener ring stresses for partially filled pipe, 81

7-11 Stiffener ring coefficients, radial load supported by two reactions, 81

7-12 Stiffener ring coefficients—transverse earthquake, 81

7-13 Combination of solutions, 82

7-14 Stresses, moments, and plate thickness, 84

7-15 Detail of assumed ring section, 94

7-16 Long-span steel pipe for low pressures, 101

7-17 111-in. pipe on ring girders, 102

8-1 Welded and rubber-gasketed field joints, 112

8-2 Bolted sleeve-type couplings, 114

8-3 Grooved coupling, 116

8-4 Shouldered coupling, 116

8-5 Typical expansion joint with limit rods, 117

8-6 Typical expansion joint configurations, 118

9-1 Recommended dimensions for water pipe fittings (except elbows), 122

9-2 Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows, 123

9-3 Tangent-type outlet (AWWA C208), 125

9-4 Computation method and formulas for compound pipe elbows, 127

9-5 Sample pipeline profile illustrating air valve locations, 135

10-1 Galvanic cell—dissimilar metals, 138

10-2 Galvanic cell—dissimilar electrolytes, 140

10-3 Galvanic cell on embedded pipe without protective coating, 140

10-4 Galvanic cell—pitting action, 140

10-5 Corrosion caused by dissimilar metals in contact on buried pipe, 140

10-6 Corrosion caused by dissimilar metals, 141

10-7 Corrosion caused by cinders, 141

10-8 Corrosion caused by dissimilarity of surface conditions, 141

10-9 Corrosion caused by dissimilar soils, 142

10-10 Corrosion caused by mixture of different soils, 142


©nation of solutions, 82ns, 82

es, moments, and plate thickness, 84ts, and plate thickness, 84

of assumed ring section, 94umed ring

span steel pipe for low pressures, 101n steel pipe for low pressures, 101

. pipe on ring girders, 102pipe on ring girders, 102

d and rubber-gasketed field joints, 112d and rubber-gasketed field joints, 112

sleeve-type couplings, 114sleeve-type couplin

ed coupling, 116ed coupling, 116

dered coupling, 116dered coupling, 116

al expansion joint with limit rods, 117 expansion joint with limit rods, 117

al expansion joint configurations, 118expansion joint configurations, 118

mmended dimensions for water pipe fittings (except elbowsnded dimensions for water pipe fittings (except elb

mmended dimensions for water pipe elbows, 123ed dimensions for water pipe elbows, 123

nt-type outlet (AWWA C208), 125tlet (AWWA C208), 125

utation method and formulas for compound pipe elbows, 1nd formulas for compoun



ix

10-11 Corrosion caused by differential aeration of soil, 142

10-12 Stray-current corrosion caused by electrified railway systems, 143

10-13 Control of stray-current corrosion, 144

10-14 Corrosion rate in various soils, 145

10-15 Cathodic protection—galvanic anode type, 148

10-16 Cathodic protection—rectifier type, 148

10-17 Bonding jumpers installed on sleeve-type coupling, 149

10-18 Bonding wire for bell-and-spigot rubber-gasketed joint, 149

12-1 Densified pipe zone bedding and backfill, 162

12-2 Special subgrade densification, 162

12-3 Bolt torque sequence, 166

13-1 Example of adequately detailed pipe special, 177

13-2 Plan and profile of bend in pipe on centerline of pipe, 177

13-3 Reinforcement of openings in welded steel pipe, 179

13-4 One-plate wye, 184

13-5 Three-plate wye, 184

13-6 Two-plate wye, 184

13-7 Nomograph for selecting reinforcement plate depths of equal-diameter pipes, 186

13-8 N factor curves, 187

13-9 Q factor curves, 187

13-10 Selection of top depth, 188

13-11 Wye branch plan and layout, 189

13-12 Thrust at branch or tee, thrust at bulkhead or dead end, 192

13-13 Resultant thrust at pipe elbow, 192

13-14 Typical thrust blocking of a horizontal bend, 192

13-15 Thrust blocking of vertical bends, 193

13-16 Force diagram, 195

13-17 Lap welded joint, single-butt weld joint, 196

13-18 Harnessed joint detail, 196

13-19 Anchor ring, 197

13-20 Harness lug detail, 205

13-21 Reinforcing pad for tapped opening, 206

13-22 Nipple with cap, 206

13-23 Flanged connection for screw-joint pipe, 206

13-24 Wall connection using coupling, 206


©orque sequence, 166166

ple of adequately detailed pipe special, 177quately detailed pipe special, 177

nd profile of bend in pipe on centerline of pipe, 177ofile of bend in pipe on centerline of pipe, 177

rcement of openings in welded steel pipe, 179ment of openings in welded steel p

late wye, 184te wye,

-plate wye, 184plate w

late wye, 184late w

graph for selecting reinforcement plate depths of equal-diagraph for selecting reinforcement plate depths of equal-dia186186

or curves, 187r curv

or curves, 187curves

ion of top depth, 188of top depth, 188

ranch plan and layout, 189plan and

t at branch or tee, thrust at bulkhead or dead end, 192h or tee, thrust at bulkhead or dead en

ant thrust at pipe elbow, 192pe elbow, 192



x

13-25 Extra-heavy half coupling welded to pipe as threaded outlet, 206

13-26 Thredolets, 206

13-27 Casing and removable two-piece roof, 209

13-28 Section of casing giving access to gate valve gearing, 210

13-29 Access manhole, 210

13-30 Blowoff with riser for attaching pump section, 211

13-31 Blowoff connection, 211

13-32 Manifold layout of relief valves and pressure regulators, 211

13-33 Tapping main under pressure, 212

13-34 Maximum frost penetration and maximum freezing index, 212

13-35 Heat balance in exposed pipelines, 214

13-36 Fillet nomenclature, 218

13-37 Submarine pipeline—assembly and launching, 221

13-38 Submarine pipeline—positioning by barge, 221

13-39 Submarine pipeline—floating string positioning, 222


©balance in exposed pipelines, 214d pipelines, 214

nomenclature, 218ure, 218

arine pipeline—assembly and launching, 221ipeline—assembly and launching, 221

arine pipeline—positioning by barge, 221e pipeline—positioning by barge,

arine pipeline—floating string positioning, 222ine pipeline—floating string positioning



xi

Tables

1-1 Effects of alloying elements, 3

1-2 Maximum strain in pipe wall developed in practice, 12

3-1 Multiplying factors corresponding to various values of C in Hazen-Williams formula, 28

3-2 Multiplying factors for friction coefficient values—Base Ks = 0.36, 30

3-3 Multiplying factors for friction coefficient values—Base n = 0.011, 32

3-4 Slope conversions, 34

3-5 Flow equivalents, 35

3-6 Pressure ( psi) for heads ( ft), 36

3-6M Pressure (kPa) for heads (cm), 36

3-7 Head ( ft) for pressures ( psi), 37

3-7M Head (cm) for pressures (kPa), 37

3-8 Pressures (kPa) for heads ft (m), 38

3-9 Pressure equivalents, 38

4-1 Grades of steel used in AWWA C200 as basis for working pressures in Table A-1, 47

5-1 Velocity of pressure wave for steel pipe, 53

6-1 Values of modulus of soil reaction, E′ (psi) based on depth of cover, type of soil, and relative compaction, 62

6-2 Unified soil classification, 62

6-3 Live-load effect, 63

6-4 Influence coefficients for rectangular areas, 66

7-1 Practical safe spans for simply supported pipe in 120° contact saddles, 74

7-2 Summary of moment calculations, 85

7-3 Stresses at support ring, 90

7-4 Summary of stresses for half-full condition, 100

7-5 Trigonometric data, 100

7-6 Values of moment of inertia and section modulus of steel pipe, 103

10-1 Galvanic series of metals and alloys, 139

10-2 Soils grouped in order of corrosive action on steel, 146

10-3 Relationship of soil corrosion to soil resistivity, 146

12-1 Comparison of standard density tests, 163

12-2 Torque requirements for AWWA C207 Class D ring flange bolts, 169


©equivalents, 35

ure ( psi) for heads (heads ( ftft), 36), 36

ure (kPaa) for heads () for head cm), 36

( ft) for pressures (for press psi), 3737

(cmm) for pressures () for pressures (kPakPa), 37), 37

ures (res (kPakP ) for heads eads ftft ((m), 38

ure equivalents, 38ure equivalents, 38

s of steel used in AWWA C200 as basis for working pressus of steel used in AWWA C200 as basis for working pressuA-1, 47A-1, 4

ty of pressure wave for steel pipe, 53y of pressure wave f

s of modulus of soil reaction, of modulus of soil reacti E′ (psi) based on depth of covesi) based on depth of covlative compaction, 62tive compaction, 62

d soil classification, 62l classifi

oad effect, 63ct, 63

nce coefficients for rectangular areas, 66nts for rectangular areas, 66

cal safe spans for simply supported pipe in 120° contact samply supported pip



xii

12-3 Torque requirements for steel pipe flange bolts and studs, 170

13-1 Example of pipe-laying schedule, 178

13-2 Recommended reinforcement type, 179

13-3 Dimensions and bearing loads for anchor rings in concrete—maximum pipe pressure of 150 psi and 250 psi, 198

13-4 Tie bolt schedule for harnessed joints, 199

13-5 Dimensions of joint harness tie bolts and lugs for rubber-gasketed joints, 203

13-5A Maximum allowable load per tie bolt, 204

13-6 Plate dimensions and drill sizes for reinforced tapped openings, 207

13-7 Maximum size of threaded openings for given size pipe with reinforcing pads, 207

13-8 Dimensions of extra-heavy half-couplings, 208

13-9 Dimensions figures thredolets, 208

13-10 Heat balance factors, 215

13-11 Values of D and v, 216

13-12 Conduction heat-transfer values, 216

13-13 Emissivity factors, 217

13-14 Wind velocity factors, 217

A-1 Working pressures for allowable unit stresses, 224


©nsions of extra-heavy half-couplings, 208-heavy half-couplings, 208

nsions figures thredolets, 208ures thredole

balance factors, 215ce factors

s of DD and and v, 216

uction heat-transfer values, 216tion heat-transfer values

ivity factors, 217vity factors, 217

velocity factors, 217velocity factors, 217

ng pressures for allowable unit stresses, 224ng pressures for allo



xiii

Foreword

This manual was first authorized in 1943. In 1949, committee 8310D appointed oneof its members, Russel E. Barnard, to act as editor in chief in charge of collecting andcompiling the available data on steel pipe. The first draft of the report was completedby January 1957; the draft was reviewed by the committee and other authorities onsteel pipe. The first edition of this manual was issued in 1964 with the title Steel Pipe-Design and Installation.

The second edition of this manual was approved in June 1984 and published in1985 with the title Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation.

The third edition of the manual was approved in June 1988 and published in 1989. This fourth edition of the manual was approved March 2003. Major revisions to the

third edition included in this edition are (1) the manual was metricized and editedthroughout; (2) a discussion of Chemistry, Casting and Heat Treatment (Sec. 1.3) anda discussion of stress evaluation in spiral-welded pipe (Sec. 1.12) were added tochapter 1; (3) Table 4-1 was revised to reflect new steel grades and Charpy testrequirements for pipe with wall thicknesses greater than 1⁄ 2 in. (12.7 mm); (4) calcula-tions for external fluid pressure (Sec. 4.4) was revised to include consideration of pipestiffness added by the cement–mortar coating and lining; (5) in Table 6-1, values of E′used for calculation of pipe deflection were revised to reflect increasing soil stiffnesswith increasing depth of cover; (6) in chapter 7, the discussion of ring girder designwas revised, and a design example was added; (7) chapter 9, Fittings and Appurte-nances, was revised to reflect the provisions of AWWA C208-96; (8) a new section oninstallation of flanged joints was added to chapter 12; and (9) thrust-restraint designcalculations in chapter 13 were revised.

This manual provides a review of experience and design theory regarding steel pipeused for conveying water, with appropriate references cited. Application of the princi-ples and procedures discussed in this manual must be based on responsible judgment.


©included in this edition are (1) the manual was metricizdition are (1) the ma2) a discussion of Chemistry, Casting and Heat Treatmentn of Chemistry, Casting and Heaof stress evaluation in spiral-welded pipe (Sec. 1.12) wevaluation in spiral-welded pipe (SecTable 4-1 was revised to reflect new steel grades and4-1 was revised to reflect new steel grad

for pipe with wall thicknesses greater than ipe with wall thicknesses gre 1⁄1 22⁄ in. (12.7 mm in. (12.nal fluid pressure (Sec. 4.4) was revised to include considefluid pressure (Sec. 4.4) was revised to include consd by the cement–mortar coating and lining; (5) in Table 6-by the cement–mortar coating and lining; (5) in Table lation of pipe deflection wereation of pipe deflection revised to reflect increasinged to reflect increasin

ng depth of cover; (6) in chapteg depth of cover; (6) r 7, the discussion of ring he discussion of ringand a design example was added; (7) chapter 9, Fittings and a design example was added; (7) chapter 9, Fittings evised to reflect the provisions of AWWA C208-96; (8) a nevised to reflect the provisions of AWWA C208-96; (8) a nf flanged joints was added to chapter 12; and (9) thrust-reflanged joints was added to chapter 12; and (9) thrust-ren chapter 13 were revised.n chapter 13 were reval provides a review of experienl provides a review of ce and design theory regardd design theory regareying water, with appropriate reing water, with appropr ferences cited. Applicationerences cited. Applicatiodures discussed in this manual must be based on responsires discussed in this manual must be based on respon



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xv

Acknowledgments

This revision of Manual M11 was made by the following members of the SteelWater Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC). The SteelWater Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committeee Task Group on updatingthe manual M11 had the following personnel at the time of revision:

Dennis Dechant, Task Group Chairman

H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.R.J. Card, Victaulic Depend-O-Lok Inc., Atlanta, Ga.R.R. Collins, JCM Industries Inc., Nash, TexasD.H. Eaton, Romac Industries Inc., Bothell, Wash.B. Kane, Cascade Waterworks Manufacturing Company, Yorkville, Ill.B.D. Keil, Continental Pipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant Grove, UtahM. Mintz, M-Square Associates Inc., Elmont, N.Y.G.F. Ruchti, American Spiral Weld Pipe Company, Punta Gorda, FloridaR.N. Satyarthi, Baker Coupling Company, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.K.L. Shaddix, Smith-Blair Inc., Texarkana, TexasB. Spotts, RTLC Piping Products Inc., Kosse, TexasJ.C. Taylor, Piping Systems Inc., Fort Worth, TexasM. Topps, Glynwed Piping Systems, Hixson, Tenn.R. Warner, National Welding Corporation, Midvale, Utah

This revision was reviewed and approved by the Standards Committee on SteelPipe. The Standards Committee on Steel Pipe had the following personnel at the timeof approval:

George J. Tupac, Chairman

John H. Bambei Jr., Vice Chairman

Dennis Dechant, Secretary

Consumer Members

G.A. Andersen, NYC Bureau of Water Supply, Little Neck, N.Y.J.H. Bambei Jr., Denver Water Department, Denver, Colo.D.W. Coppes, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Southborough, Mass.R.V. Frisz, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.T.R. Jervis, Greater Vancouver Regional District, Burnaby, B.C.T.J. Jordan, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, Calif.T.A. Larson, Tacoma Public Utilities, Tacoma, Wash.G.P. Stine, San Diego County Water Authority, Escondido, Calif.Milad Taghavi, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif.J.V. Young, City of Richmond, Richmond, B.C.


©omac Industries Inc., Bothell, Wash.Bothell, Wash.ade Waterworks Manufactuks Manufacturing Company, Yorkville, Ill.ring Company, Yotinental Pipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant Grove, UPipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant

Square Associates Inc., Elmont, N.Y.Associatemerican Spiral Weld Pipe Company, Punta Gorda, Floridaican Spiral Weld Pipe Company, Punta Gorda, Floi, Baker Coupling Company, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.Baker Coupling Company, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.Smith-Blair Inc., Texarkana, TexasSmith-Blair Inc., Texarkana, Texas

LC Piping Products Inc., Kosse, TexasC Piping Products Inping Systems Inc., Fort Worth, Texasping Systems Inc., Fnwed Piping Systems, Hixson, Tenn.nwed Piping Systemtional Welding Corporation, Midvale, Utahtional Welding Corp

on was reviewed and approved by the Standards Commn was reviewed and approved by the Standards Commndards Committee on Steel Pipe had the following personnards Committee on Steel Pipe had the following person

George J. Tupac, Chairmann

John H. Bambei Jr.,John H. Bambei Jr., Vice ChairmanVice Chairma

Dennis Dechant, Dennis Dechant, SecretarySecre



xvi

General Interest Members

W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd, Skokie, Ill. R.L. Coffey, Kirkham Michael & Associates, Omaha, Neb.H.E. Dunham, MWH Americas Inc., Bellevue, Wash.K.G. Ferguson,* MWH Americas Inc., Parker, Ariz.S.N. Foellmi, Black & Veatch Corporation, Irvine, Calif.J.W. Green, Alvord Burdick & Howson, Lisle, Ill.K.D. Henrichsen, HDR Engineering Inc., St. Cloud, Minn.M.B. Horsley,* Black & Veatch Corporation, Overland Park, Kan.J.K. Jeyapalan, Pipeline Consultant, New Milford, Conn.Rafael Ortega, Lockwood Andrews and Newnam, Houston, TexasA.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, CalifH.R. Stoner, Consultant, North Plainfield, N.J.C.C. Sundberg, CH2M Hill Inc., Bellevue, Wash.G.J. Tupac, G.J. Tupac & Associates, Pittsburgh, Pa. J.S. Wailes,† Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.L.W. Warren, Seattle, Wash.W.R. Whidden, Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Orlando, Fla.

Producer Members

H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.Mike Bauer, Tnemec Company, Inc., North Kansas City, Mo.R.J. Card, Victaulic Depend-O-Lok Inc., Atlanta, Ga.R.R. Carpenter, American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala.Dennis Dechant, Northwest Pipe Company, Denver, Colo.J.E. Hagelskamp,† American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala.B.D. Keil, Continental Pipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant Grove, UtahJ.L. Luka,* American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C.B.F. Vanderploeg,* Northwest Pipe Company, Portland, Ore.J.A. Wise, Canus International Sales Inc., Langley, B.C.

*Alternate†Liaison


©onsultant, North Plainfield, N.J.infield, N.J.

g, CH2M Hill Inc., Bellevue, Wash.nc., Bellevue, Wash.J. Tupac & Associates, Pittsburgh, Pa. & Associates, Pittsburgh, Pa. tandards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.rds Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.Seattle, Wash.tle, Wash, Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Orlando, Fla.ost Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Orlan

Producer MembersProducer Members

ian,an, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.nemec Company, Inc., North Kansas City, Mo.nemec Company, Intaulic Depend-O-Lok Inc., Atlanta, Ga.taulic Depend-O-Lor,r American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala. American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala.nt,t, Northwest Pipe Company, Denver, Colo. Northwest Pipe Company, Denver, Colomp,,†† American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Atinental Pipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant Grove, Untal Pipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant Grov

merican SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C.n SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C.oeg,* Northwest Pipe Company, Portland, Ore.thwest Pipe Company, Portland, Ore.us International Sales Inc., Langley, B.C.onal Sales Inc., Langley, B.C.



1

AWWA MANUAL M11

Chapter 1

History, Uses, and Physical Characteristics of Steel Pipe

HISTORY____________________________________________________________________________________Steel pipe has been used for water lines in the United States since the early 1850s(Elliot 1922). The pipe was first manufactured by rolling steel sheets or plates intoshape and riveting the seams. This method of fabrication continued with improve-ments into the 1930s. Pipe wall thicknesses could be readily varied to fit the differentpressure heads of a pipeline profile.

Because of the relatively low tensile strength of the early steels and the low effi-ciency of cold-riveted seams and riveted or drive stovepipe joints, engineers initiallyset a safe design stress at 10,000 psi (68.95 MPa). As riveted-pipe fabrication methodsimproved and higher strength steels were developed, design stresses progressed witha 4-to-l safety factor of tensile strength, increasing from 10,000 (68.95) to 12,500(86.18), to 13,750 (94.8), and finally to 15,000 psi (103.42). Design stresses wereadjusted as necessary to account for the efficiency of the riveted seam. The pipe wasproduced in diameters ranging from 4 in. (100 mm) through 144 in. (3,600 mm) and inthickness from 16 gauge to 1.5 in. (38 mm). Fabrication methods consisted of single-,double-, triple-, and quadruple-riveted seams, varying in efficiency from 45 percent to90 percent, depending on the design.

Lock-Bar pipe, introduced in 1905, had nearly supplanted riveted pipe by 1930.Fabrication involved planing 30-ft (9.1-m) long plates to a width approximately equalto half the intended circumference, upsetting the longitudinal edges, and rolling theplates into 30-ft (9.1-m) long half-circle troughs. H-shaped bars of special configura-tion were applied to the mating edges of two 30-ft (9.1-m) troughs and clamped intoposition to form a full-circle pipe section.


©hysical Characteriscal Charactf Steel PipeSteel Pipe

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________pipe has been used for water lines in the United States pe has been used for water lines in the United State 1922). The pipe was first manufactured by rolling steel22). The pipe was first manufactured by rolling sand riveting the seams. This methodriveting of fabrication conabricationinto the 1930s. Pipe wall thicknesses could be readily vare 1930s. Pipe wall thicknesses could be read

ure heads of a pipeline profile.of a pipeline profile.ause of the relatively low tensile strength of the early stlatively low tensile strength of cold-riveted seams and riveted or drive stovepipe joinms and riveted or



2 STEEL PIPE

According to the general procedure of the times, a 55,000-psi (379.2 MPa) tensile-strength steel was used. With a 4-to-1 safety factor, this resulted in a 13,750-psi(94.8 MPa) design stress. Lock-Bar pipe had notable advantages over riveted pipe: ithad only one or two straight seams and no round seams. The straight seams were con-sidered 100-percent efficient as compared to the 45-percent to 70-percent efficiency forriveted seams. Manufactured in sizes from 20 in. (500 mm) through 74 in. (1,850 mm),from plate ranging in thickness from 3⁄16 in. (4.8 mm) to l⁄2 in. (12.7 mm), Lock-Barplayed an increasingly greater role in the market until the advent of automatic elec-tric welding in the mid 1920s.

By the early 1930s, both the riveting and Lock-Bar methods gradually werereplaced by welding. Pipe produced using automatic electric-fusion welding wasadvantageous because fewer pieces were used, fewer operations were performed, andbecause of faster production, smaller seam protrusion, and 100-percent welded-seamefficiency. The fabricators of fusion-welded pipe followed similar initial productionsequences as for Lock-Bar. Through the 1930s and into the 1940s, 30-ft (9.1-m) plateswere used. By the 1950s, some firms had obtained 40-ft (12.2-m) rolls, and a fewformed 40-ft (12.2-m) lengths in presses.

In the 1930s, a new approach was used to design stresses. Prior to that time, it hadbeen common practice to work with a safety factor of 4-to-1 based on the tensilestrength. As welded pipe became predominant, using 50 percent of the material yieldstress became widely accepted.

Helically formed and welded pipe was developed in the early 1930s and was usedextensively in diameters from 4 in. (100 mm) through 36 in. (875 mm). Welding wasperformed using the electric fusion method. After World War II, German machineswere imported, and subsequently, domestic ones were developed that could spirallyform and weld through diameters of 144 in. (3,600 mm).

USES__________________________________________________________________________________________Steel water pipe meeting the requirements of appropriate AWWA standards has beenfound satisfactory for many applications, some of which follow:

Aqueducts Treatment-plant piping (Figure 1-1)Supply lines Self-supporting spansTransmission mains Force mainsDistribution mains Circulating-water linesPenstocks Underwater crossings, intakes, and outfalls

The installation of pipe in this plant was simplified using the specially designed fittings and lightweight pipe.

Figure 1-1 Steel pipe in filtration plant gallery


©used. By the 1950s, some firms had obtained 40-ft (12.250s, some firms had obtd 40-ft (12.2-m) lengths in presses.m) lengths in presses.he 1930s, a new approach was used to design stresses. Pri, a new approach was used to design strecommon practice to work with a safety factor of 4-to-1 n practice to work with a safety factor of th. As welded pipe became predominant, using 50 percenAs welded pipe became predominant, using 50 perbecame widely accepted.came widely accepted.ically formed and welded pipe was developed in the earlyally formed and welded pipe was developed in the earively in diameters from 4 in. (100 mm) through 36 in. (8vely in diameters from 4 in. (100 mm) through 36 in. (8med using the electric fusion method. After World Warmed using the electric fusion method. After World Warmported, and subsequently, domestic ones were developemported, and subsequently, domestic ones were developend weld through diameters of 144 in. (3,600 mm).nd weld through di

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________water pipe meeting the requirements of appropriate AWWater pipe meeting the requirements of appropriate AWWsatisfactory for many applications, some of which follow:tisfactory for many applications, some of which follow

ueductss Treatment-plant piping (Figuant pipingpply lines Self-supporting spansporting spannsmission mainsmains Force mainsForce mainstribution mains Circulating-water linesCirculating-w

t k U d t i i t kU d



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