THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE , NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR Q UIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS. STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS THIS STUDY GUIDE WILL GIVE YOU A GOOD ESTIMATE OF YOUR OVERALL READINESS FOR THE TEST AFTER YOU HAVE COMPLETED YOUR REVIEW OF EACH SUBJECT.
Transcript
THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.
THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS.
STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS
THIS STUDY GUIDE WILL GIVE YOU A GOOD ESTIMATE OF YOUR OVERALL READINESS FOR THE TEST AFTER YOU HAVE COMPLETED YOUR REVIEW OF EACH SUBJECT.
Nervous System- Neural Tissue
- Spinal Cord
- Spinal Nerves
Lab # 9
Histology of the Nervous Tissue
2- Neuroglia or glial cells
1- Neurons
-In the CNS-In the PNS
The glial cells are supporting cells, which are associated to the neurons and provide a supportive scaffolding for neurons
Glial cell (astrocyte)
Neurons
NEURON STRUCTURE
NEURON STRUCTURE
R.E.R.Free ribosomes
Protein synthesis
They receive the nerve impulse.
AxonIt carries the nerve impulses away form the soma.
It is the trigger zone for the nerve impulse.
Axon hillock
Axon terminal or synaptic terminal
Synapses with another neuron and releases the neurotransmitters.
They provide internal support for the extensions and are responsible for intracellular transport.
Neurofibrils
Nucleus
Perikaryon Cell body or Soma
Dendrite Axon
Telodendria
Axon terminal , synaptic terminal, or synaptic knob
Dendrites
Nissl bodies
Telodendria
The Structure of Neurons
Schwann cellThey produce the
myelin sheath.
Nucleus of Schwann cell
Myelin sheathIt electrically insulates the axon
and enables saltatory conduction.
Neurilemma
It is where the depolarization of the membrane occurs during saltatory conduction.
It is the plasma membrane of the Schwann cells.
Nodes of Ranvier
AxoplasmAxolemma
It is the plasma membrane of the axon.
It is the cytosol of the axon.
It is a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell (ex: muscle cell, gland).
Synapse:
Synapse from neuron to neuron.
Synapse from neuron to effector cell.
Neuromuscular junction
Presynaptic neuron
It conducts impulses towards the synapse.
Postsynaptic neuron
It conducts impulses away from the synapse.
The operation of the nervous system depends on the flow of information through chains of neurons functionally connected by synapses.
The Synapse
Locations: Anterior gray horn of spinal cord, primary motor cortex of the cerebrum.
Functions: Motor neurons that control skeletal muscles.
Locations: Dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord.
Functions: Most sensory neurons of the PNS.
Locations: Special sen- se organs (retina, olfactory epithelium).
Functions: They relay information about sight, smell or hearing from receptors cells to other neurons.
Locations: Brain and special sense organs.
Functions: Poorly understood.
Structural Classification of the Neurons
Functional Classification of the Neurons
1- Sensory or afferent neurons
2- Motor or efferent neurons
3- Association neurons or Interneurons
They carry information towards the Central Nervous System.
They carry information away from the Central Nervous System.
They carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons located at CNS.
Spinal Cordand
Spinal Nerves
White matterGray matter
Gray matterCell bodies of neurons and glia (no myelin). It forms nuclei in the CNS
White matterMyelinated fibers. It forms tracts and nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System
It is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue.
Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous
System (CNS)It consists of the brain and spinal cord enclosed by cranium and vertebral column.
Brain
Spinal cord
It is all the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord.
It is a knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated.
It consists of nerves and ganglia.
Nerve:
Ganglion:
The Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System
It is responsible for integrating, processing and coordinating sensory data and motor commands.
It deliveries sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues and system.
It is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS (white matter).
It is a concentration of neuron cell bodies in the CNS (gray mater).
Tract:
Nucleus:
GangliaNerves
L1 – L2
Foramen magnum
Posterior median sulcus
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Gross Anatomy of Spinal Cord
(Fibrous tissue that avoids up and down movements of spinal cord)
Cauda equina
Spinal meninges: Dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter
Dura matter Arachnoid Pia matter
Dura matter
Pia matterArachnoid
Epidural space
(Epidural anesthesia)
Subarachnoid space(It is filled with CSF) Denticulate ligament
(Prevent lateral movement) Subdural space
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is the most common means of collecting a specimen of cerebral spinal fluid. The spinal needle is inserted, usually between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. Once the needle is properly positioned in the subarachnoid space, pressures can be measured and fluid can be collected for testing.
