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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Types of Intelligence:What Does It Mean to Be Smart?
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Intelligence
What is intelligence?
Are there different types of intelligence?
If so, how many?
Can intelligence be measured?
Not all psychologists agree on the answers to these important questions
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Is IQ?
IQ: Intelligence Quotient– Score on an intelligence test– Meaning has changed over time
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Intelligence Testing: History
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon– Developed first intelligence test (1904-1911)– Identify students who need extra help– Test many normal children at each age– Compare individual’s score to “normal” scores– Mental age– Chronological age
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What does IQ stand for?
A) Intelligence Quantity
B) Intelligence Quotient
C) Instant Quotient
D) Intelligence Quota
E) Inane Quotient
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What does IQ stand for?
A) Intelligence Quantity
B) Intelligence Quotient
C) Instant Quotient
D) Intelligence Quota
E) Inane Quotient
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Intelligence Testing: History
Lewis Terman (Stanford University)– Developed American version of the Binet-Simon
test, called the Stanford-Binet test, for ages 2 to adult
David Wechsler– Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)– Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)– Performance and verbal subtests
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon are credited with ________.
A) devising a universal definition of intelligenceB) explaining the difference between general and specific intelligenceC) developing physiological measures of brain activity in response to intellectual tasksD) creating the first intelligence testE) improving the American education system in the early 1900s
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon are credited with ________.
A) devising a universal definition of intelligenceB) explaining the difference between general and specific intelligenceC) developing physiological measures of brain activity in response to intellectual tasksD) creating the first intelligence testE) improving the American education system in the early 1900s
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Calculating IQ
Problem: people don’t get stupider with age
Modern approach– Compare individual to standardized sample
IQ =mental age
chronological agex 100
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Normal Curve
Population Mean
Standard deviation
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The standard deviation indicates ________.
A) the average score
B) the degree to which individual scores vary from the mean
C) the number of scores that deviate from the mean
D) the ratio of scores above the mean
E) the ratio of scores at the mean
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The standard deviation indicates ________.
A) the average score
B) the degree to which individual scores vary from the mean
C) the number of scores that deviate from the mean
D) the ratio of scores above the mean
E) the ratio of scores at the mean
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Reliability and Validity
A good test must be valid and reliableReliability– Test produces consistent results
Validity– Test measures what it is supposed to
The WAIS-III is highly reliable, but is it a valid measure of intelligence?
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Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Measuring your feet at the beginning of this course and then measuring you feet at the end of it would be a ________ measure, but NOT a ________ measure of your IQ.
A) valid; reliable
B) reliable; valid
C) truthful; real
D) valid; consistent
E) reliable; consistent
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Measuring your feet at the beginning of this course and then measuring you feet at the end of it would be a ________ measure, but NOT a ________ measure of your IQ.
A) valid; reliable
B) reliable; valid
C) truthful; real
D) valid; consistent
E) reliable; consistent
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
IQ and Achievement
IQ tends to be related to achievement– High school and college grades– Job prestige and salary– Marital stability
However, IQ accounts for only a small amount of the variation in job success Correlation is not causationMotivation, education, culture are important
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Is IQ associated with achievement in the real world?
A) It is impossible to tell
B) Yes, but only for those with high IQ
C) No, there are no correlations of IQ and achievement
D) Yes, but the relationship is small
E) Yes, but IQ only relates to school achievement
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Is IQ associated with achievement in the real world?
A) It is impossible to tell
B) Yes, but only for those with high IQ
C) No, there are no correlations of IQ and achievement
D) Yes, but the relationship is small
E) Yes, but IQ only relates to school achievement
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
One Intelligence or Many?
Charles Spearman– g: general factor– s: specific factors– Intelligence depends mostly on g
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
One Intelligence or Many?
– Crystallized intelligence– Fluid intelligence
Aging– Crystallized intelligence doesn’t suffer– Fluid intelligence tends to decrease
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
One Intelligence or Many?
Carroll’s three-stratum model– Top strata is g, general intelligence– Second strata includes fluid and
crystallized intelligence with 6 other broad abilities
– Third strata includes 69 specific abilities
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Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence as ________.
A) knowing facts is to creating novel solutions
B) novel solutions is to knowing facts
C) essential is to optional
D) optional is to essential
E) strong is to weak
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence as ________.
A) knowing facts is to creating novel solutions
B) novel solutions is to knowing facts
C) essential is to optional
D) optional is to essential
E) strong is to weak
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
1. Managing
2. Understanding
3. Perceiving emotions
4. Facilitating thought with emotion– Handling relationships
Women tend to have higher EI than men
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
You notice that a friend grimaces when you mention another person's name and you realize that your friend has a problem with this person. What aspect of the four-branch model of emotional intelligence does this illustrate?
A) Understanding emotionB) Managing emotion D) Perceiving emotionC) Facilitating emotion E) Initiating emotion
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
You notice that a friend grimaces when you mention another person's name and you realize that your friend has a problem with this person. What aspect of the four-branch model of emotional intelligence does this illustrate?
A) Understanding emotionB) Managing emotion D) Perceiving emotionC) Facilitating emotion E) Initiating emotion
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner (8 or 9 forms of intelligence)– Linguistic intelligence– Spatial intelligence– Musical intelligence– Logical-mathematical intelligence– Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence– Intrapersonal intelligence– Interpersonal intelligence– Naturalist intelligence– Existential intelligence (tentative)
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
According to Howard Gardner, the types of intelligence should be viewed as ________.
A) irrelevant
B) distinct
C) genetically determined
D) unrelated to culture
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
According to Howard Gardner, the types of intelligence should be viewed as ________.
A) irrelevant
B) distinct
C) genetically determined
D) unrelated to culture
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
ANOTHER question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
According to Gardner, if you are good at understanding literature, you have high
________ intelligence.
A) linguistic
B) mathematic
C) spatial
D) body
E) general
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
According to Gardner, if you are good at understanding literature, you have high
________ intelligence.
A) linguistic
B) mathematic
C) spatial
D) body
E) general
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Multiple Intelligences
Robert Sternberg (3 forms of intelligence)– Analytic intelligence– Practical intelligence– Creative intelligence
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Brain Size and Intelligence
Is bigger always better?– Depends more on size of crucial brain areas– Females tend to have smaller brains but equal IQs– Correlation between size and intelligence is small– Correlation is not causation
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
IQ and Speed of Processing
Is IQ correlated with speed of information processing?– Mixed results– Those with higher IQs are better able to judge
which of two briefly presented lines are longer– Measures of neural conduction are only
weakly related to intelligence
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What is the relationship between brain size and IQ?
A) Brain size has no impact on IQ
B) They are correlated
C) Large brains usually indicate lower IQ
D) They are not correlated
E) This has not been investigated
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What is the relationship between brain size and IQ?
• A) Brain size has no impact on IQ
• B) They are correlated
• C) Large brains usually indicate lower IQ
• D) They are not correlated
• E) This has not been investigated
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
IQ: Genes and Environment
• Adoption studies– Correlation of IQs for identical twins raised
apart is higher than that for fraternal twins and nontwin siblings raised together
– An adopted child’s IQ correlates higher with the biological mother’s IQ than with the adoptive mother’s IQ
– Strong evidence of the link between genes and IQ
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Genetic Relatedness and IQ
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The correlation of IQ's for adult identical twins raised apart is ________.
• A) higher than for fraternal twins raised together
• B) lower than for fraternal twins raised together
• C) the same as fraternal twins raised together• D) the same as identical twins raised together• E) higher than for identical twins raised
together
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The correlation of IQ's for adult identical twins raised apart is ________.
• A) higher than for fraternal twins raised together
• B) lower than for fraternal twins raised together
• C) the same as fraternal twins raised together• D) the same as identical twins raised together• E) higher than for identical twins raised
together
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
IQ: Genes and Environment
• Effects of environment– Stoolmiller (1999) estimated
the effects of the environment on IQ to be 57%
– Microenvironment– Selecting the environment as
we age– Reaction range
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The effects of genes versus environment are best understood through ________.
• A) observational studies.
• B) sibling studies.
• C) adoption studies.
• D) examination of the brain.
• E) reasoned analysis.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The effects of genes versus environment are best understood through ________.
• A) observational studies.
• B) sibling studies.
• C) adoption studies.
• D) examination of the brain.
• E) reasoned analysis.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Group Differences in IQ
• Race differences• Test bias• Environmental differences
– Adopted blacks– WWII 1/2 black children
• Microenvironments• Sex differences
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The fact that microenvironments influence intelligence suggests that ________.
• A) only genetic factors determine what is viewed as an appealing environment
• B) it is impossible to understand how the environment impacts intelligence
• C) even though identical twins have more genes in common than do siblings, both groups tend to have similar
• microenvironments• D) your genes help shape aspects of the environment itself• E) aspects of your environment can help reshape your genes
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The fact that microenvironments influence intelligence suggests that ________.
• A) only genetic factors determine what is viewed as an appealing environment
• B) it is impossible to understand how the environment impacts intelligence
• C) even though identical twins have more genes in common than do siblings, both groups tend to have similar
• microenvironments
• D) your genes help shape aspects of the environment itself
• E) aspects of your environment can help reshape your genes
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Boosting IQ
• The Flynn effect– Average IQ increases 3 points every 10
years– Explanations?
• Daily life is more challenging• Nutrition is better• Reasoning ability stressed by IQ tests has
gotten better, not IQ itself• Hybrid vigor
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Pygmalion Effect
– Random selection of children– Self-fulfilling prophecy
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Mental Retardation
• IQ less than 70
• 4-7 million Americans
• Islands of excellence– Savants
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Mental Retardation
• Genetic influences– Down syndrome– Fragile X syndrome– Autism
• Environmental influences– Fetal alcohol syndrome– Childhood diseases– Exposure to environmental toxins– Inadequate medical care
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Question
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
A person is generally considered to be mentally retarded if they have an IQ score
of ________ or less.
• A) 25
• B) 60
• C) 70
• D) 80
• E) 100
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
A person is generally considered to be mentally retarded if they have an IQ score
of ________ or less.
• A) 25
• B) 60
• C) 70
• D) 80
• E) 100
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Gifted
• IQ of 150-180
• Prodigies
• Gifted child Gifted adult?
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Creativity
The ability to produce something original of high quality or to devise effective new ways of solving a problem
• Two stages of creativity– Generate various possible solutions– Select among them
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Creative People
• Characteristics– Use of analogies– High intelligence– Wide interests– Don’t like dogma– High self-esteem– Work hard
• No strong genetic relationship• Creativity and mental stability?