This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureauof Economic Research

Volume Title: Women Working Longer: Increased Employment at Older Ages

Volume Author/Editor: Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, editors

Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press

Volume ISBNs: 978-0-226-53250-9 (cloth); 978-0-226-53264-6 (e-ISBN)

Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/gold-12

Conference Date: May 21-22, 2016

Publication Date: April 2018

Chapter Title: List of contributors, Indexes

Chapter Author(s):

Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c14369

Chapter pages in book: (p. 299 – 315)

299

C. Adam BeeUS Census Bureau4600 Silver Hill RoadWashington, DC 20233

Sean FahleDepartment of EconomicsState University of New York at

BuffaloBuffalo, NY 14260-1520

Maria D. FitzpatrickDepartment of Policy and

ManagementCornell UniversityIthaca, NY 14853

Alexander GelberGoldman School of Public PolicyUniversity of California, Berkeley2607 Hearst AvenueBerkeley, CA 94720

Claudia GoldinDepartment of EconomicsHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138

Adam IsenOffice of Tax AnalysisUS Department of the Treasury1500 Pennsylvania Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20220

Lawrence F. KatzDepartment of EconomicsHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA 02138

Joanna N. LaheyThe Bush SchoolTexas A&M UniversityMailstop 4220College Station, TX 77843

Annamaria LusardiThe George Washington UniversitySchool of Business2201 G Street, NWWashington, DC 20052

Nicole MaestasDepartment of Health Care PolicyHarvard Medical School180 Longwood AvenueBoston, MA 02115

Contributors

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300 Contributors

Kathleen McGarryDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA 90095-1477

Joshua MitchellUS Census Bureau4600 Silver Hill RoadWashington, DC 20233

Olivia S. MitchellUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe Wharton School3620 Locust WalkPhiladelphia, PA 19104-6302

Claudia OlivettiDepartment of EconomicsBoston CollegeMaloney HallChestnut Hill, MA 02467

Dana RotzMathematica Policy Research955 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 801Cambridge, MA 02139

Jae SongSocial Security AdministrationOffice of Disability Adjudication and

Review5107 Leesburg Pike, Suite 1400Falls Church, VA 22041

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301

Author Index

Abraham, Katharine, 11nAbulafi, Amira, 11nAdams, Peter, 92, 105n15Adams, Scott, 224Agarwal, S., 187Agnew, Julie, 185nAguiar, Mark, 272Alecxih, Lisa, 159Anderson, Deborah, 87, 89, 91Angrist, Joshua, 248Arias, Elizabeth, 55n1Askew, Rachel, 87Attanasio, O., 186Autor, David H., 98, 281

Bac, Mehmet, 135Baker, D., 188n4Baker, Michael, 55Banerjee, S., 189n5Banks, James, 55, 272Beck, Molly, 85nBee, C. Adam, 7, 139n12, 161n3, 165n10,

269–96, 299Beeler, J., 204Begley, J., 188–89Behagel, Luc, 242, 262n15Beller, Andrea H., 87Benedetto, Gary, 269nBernheim, B. Douglas, 272Biggs, Andrew G., 90Blakely, S., 189Blau, David, 40n29, 55, 240n1, 242, 262n15

Blau, Francine D., 87Blundell, Richard, 55, 272Bolin, Kristian, 160Bound, John, 87, 89, 92Brady, Peter J., 271n2Bricker, J., 188n4Bridges, Benjamin, 90Brown, Kristine M., 224Brown, M., 187Brown, Tyson H., 87Browne, Irena, 87Browning, Martin, 56Bruhn, Jesse, 113nBuckles, Kasey, 248Bucks, B., 187, 195n13Burgard, Sarah A., 89Burkhalter, Kyle, 240Burkhauser, Richard V., 248Butrica, Barbara A., 90, 195n13

Cahill, Kevin, 240Calonico, Sebastian, 248–49, 250tCarmichael, Fiona, 160Carruthers, Celeste K., 106Casanova Rivas, Maria, 55Cattaneo, Matthias, 248–49, 250tCawley, John, 241n3Chan, S., 188–89Chaplain, Chris, 240Charles, S., 160Chen, Anqi, 273Cheng, P., 188

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302 Author Index

Chetty, Raj, 246Chiappori, Pierre-Andre, 56Chien, Sandy, 44, 58, 59n5, 75f, 79tChinn, Juanita J., 92Choudhury, Sharmila, 90Clark, P., 188Clark, Robert, 220, 225Clingman, Michael, 240Coe, Norma B., 160Coile, Courtney, 55, 242, 262, 269nConrad, Cecilia, 89, 106Copeland, C., 187n3, 189, 195n13Costa, Dora L., 242Couch, Kenneth A., 114Craig, Lee, 220Cribb, Jonathan, 135Cunningham, James S., 87, 89Cutler, David M., 272Czajka, John L., 271

Danna, Nicole, 239nDeAmaral, Meghan, 85nde Bassa Scheresberg, C., 187, 188n4Delorme, Luke, 90DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, 270Denmead, Gabrielle, 271de Paula, Áureo, 55Derousseau, R., 189DeVaney, Gita, 239nDoherty, Kathryn M., 221, 223fDoty, Pamela, 159Dresser, Laura, 87Drew, R. B., 188Duggan, Mark G., 281Dushi, Irena, 273

Emanuel, Natalia, 11nEmmerson, Carl, 135Engelhardt, Gary V., 241n3Ettner, Susan, 160Evans, William N., 241n3Ewert, Stephanie, 87

Fahle, Sean, 5–6, 89n5, 157–81, 297, 299Farnham, M., 189Feinberg, Lynn, 159Feldstein, Martin, 242Fernández, Raquel, 114Fetter, Daniel, 242Fitzpatrick, Maria D., 6, 11n, 33f, 34n23,

217–38, 240, 299Fontes, Angela, 114Friedberg, Leora, 114, 117, 151–52t

Friedman, John, 246Friedman, Kevin, 55n

Gelber, Alexander, 7, 18n8, 56n2, 90, 229n15, 239–68, 299

Ghiani, Marco, 113nGoda, Gopi Shah, 241n3Golberstein, Ezra, 241n3Goldin, Claudia, 1–8, 11–53, 55n, 59n5,

85n, 89, 98, 113, 157n, 185n1, 186, 190n6, 217n, 218, 220n2, 226n12, 227, 239n, 264, 269n, 270, 275, 277n5, 299

Goodstein, Ryan, 240n1Grabowski, David, 241n3Gray, Jeffrey, 114Greene, W. H., 114Gruber, Jonathan, 2n1, 114, 127, 151–52t,

241n3, 242, 262Gustman, Alan L., 18n8, 55–56, 220, 240n1,

273

Harris, Douglas, 224Heckman, James J., 39n28Heiss, Florian, 105n15Heitmueller, Alex, 160Holden, Karen, 114Holmes, Jonathan, 239nHonig, Marjorie, 273Honoré, Bo E., 55Hulme, Claire, 160Hummer, Robert A., 92Hungerman, Daniel M., 248Huo, Celena (Yuezhou), 11nHurd, Michael, 13n3, 21n11, 55, 177n21,

272, 294Hurst, Erik, 272

Iams, Howard M., 78n16, 78n17, 90, 114, 123n4, 273

Imbens, Guido, 248, 259Isen, Adam, 7, 18n8, 56n2, 90, 229n15,

239–68, 299

Jacobs, Sandi, 221, 223fJivan, Natalia, 240Johnson, Richard, 92, 160Johnson, W. R., 114, 135Jonas, Patricia, 239nJones, Damon, 18n8

Kapinos, Kandice, 74, 75n12, 76n13, 79tKaplan, George A., 89Karney, Benjamin, 114

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Author Index 303

Katz, Lawrence F., 1–8, 11–53, 55n, 59n5, 85n, 86, 89, 98, 113, 122, 157n, 185n, 190n6, 217n, 218, 226n12, 227, 239, 264, 269n, 270, 272, 275, 277n5, 297, 299

Kemper, Peter, 159Kennedy, Sheela, 116n1Koedel, Cory, 224Komisar, Harriet, 159Koso, Gregor, 114Krueger, Alan B., 241Kuziemko, Ilyana, 270

Lahey, Joanna N., 5, 85–109, 122, 170n16, 297, 299

Lang, Kevin, 85Layne, Mary, 274n4Ledoux, James, 113nLee, David S., 248Lehmann, Jee-Yeon K., 85Leland, J., 188Lemieux, Thomas, 248Li, Yue, 113nLiebman, Jeffrey, 242Lin, Z., 188Lindgren, Bjorn, 160Liu, Y., 188Lockwood, Lee, 242Lo Sasso, Anthony T., 160Low, H., 186Lu, T., 187Lumsdaine, Robin L., 22n13Lundberg, Shelly, 56Lundborg, Petter, 160Lusardi, Annamaria, 6, 21n11, 56n3, 89–90,

105, 135, 185–215, 240, 273, 297, 299Luttmer, Erzo, 239n

Madden, Trisha M., 221, 223fMaestas, Nicole, 5, 12n2, 13n3, 55–83, 89,

123n4, 221n6, 232, 299Mahler, L. P., 224Mallajosyula, Harsha, 239nManoli, Dayanand, 242Margo, Robert A., 106Masters, Ryan K., 92Mastrobuoni, Giovanni, 18n8, 242, 262n15McElroy, Susan Williams, 89McGarry, Kathleen, 5–6, 89n5, 157–81,

297, 300McHenry, Peter, 87, 89McInerney, Melissa, 87, 89McKay, Steven F., 244

Mermin, Gordon B. T., 92Meyer, Bruce, 272, 293Michaud, P.-C., 55–56, 186Miller, Corbin, 217nMishel, Lawrence, 106Mitchell, Joshua, 7, 13n3, 19n10, 37n27,

86n2, 139n12, 161n3, 165n10, 269–96, 300

Mitchell, Olivia S., 6, 21, 56n3, 89–90, 105, 135, 185–215, 240, 273, 297, 300

Moffitt, Robert A., 90Mok, Wallace K. C., 293Moore, Timothy, 222n8Moran, John, 241n3Morrill, Melinda Sandler, 217n, 225Mulcahy, Abby, 85nMunnell, Alicia, 90, 114, 240, 273Murphy, Matthew, 85n

Neal, Derek, 87, 89–90Ni, Shawn, 224

Oggero, Noemi, 185n, 195n13Olivetti, Claudia, 5, 39n28, 55n, 68n10,

113–55, 176n20, 194n211, 240, 300O’Shaughnessy, Carol, 159–60Oxley, Douglas, 107

Painter, Matthew A., 114Panis, Constantijn, 135, 294Perry, Cynthia D., 241n3Peters, H. Elizabeth, 114Pettit, Becky, 87Pham, S., 187n3Pierce, Brook, 106Pischke, Jörn-Steffen, 241, 248Podgursky, Michael, 224Pollak, Robert A., 56Pottow, J., 188, 195n13Proctor, Bernadette D., 270

Quester, A. O., 114Quinn, Joseph F., 248

Ramanujan, Mohan, 11n, 217nRanjit, Nalini, 89Rasul, Imran, 132Rauer, Amy, 114Ray, Gerald, 239nReeder, Lori, 269nRenwick, Trudi, 269n, 271Resseger, Matthew G., 92Rho, Hye Jin, 91

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304 Author Index

Rohwedder, S., 21n11, 186, 272Rosnick, D., 188n4Roth, Jonathan, 11nRothbaum, Jon, 269nRotz, Dana, 5, 68n10, 113–55, 176n20,

194n11, 240, 300Ruggles, Steven, 92, 116n1

Sacks, Daniel W., 18n8Saez, Emmanuel, 246Sanchez-Eppler, Elias, 113nSánchez-Marcos, V., 186Schirle, Tammy, 40n29, 55, 240n1Schobel, Bruce D., 244Schoenbaum, Michael, 89, 92Semega, Jessica L., 269n, 271Sevak, P., 189Shapiro, David, 87, 89, 91Shepard, Mark, 157nShort, Kathleen, 289n9, 291fSimon, Kosali, 241n3Skinner, Jonathan, 114, 135, 272Skira, Meghan M., 160Smith, Karen E., 90Snyder, Stephen E., 241n3Song, Jae, 7, 18n8, 56n2, 90, 229n15,

239–68, 300Springstead, Glenn R., 90Steinmeier, Thomas L., 18n8, 55–56, 220,

240n1, 273Stevenson, Betsey, 114, 117Sullivan, James X., 272

Tabatabai, Nahid, 220, 273Tamborini, Christopher R., 114, 123n4Tanner, Sarah, 272Tetlow, Gemma, 135

Titiunik, Rocio, 248–49, 250tTufano, P., 186–87, 188n4, 208

Ulker, Aydogan, 114Utkus, S., 187

VanDerhei, J., 189Van Houtven, Courtney Harold, 160, 178Vermeer, Stephanie J. C., 22n13Vermeulen, Frederic, 55–56Vespa, Jonathan, 114Voena, Alessandra, 113n, 114, 127, 151–52t

Wagner, Deborah, 274n4Waidmann, Timothy, 89, 92Wanamaker, Marianne H., 106Warner, David F., 87Webb, Anthony, 90Weber, Andrea, 242Weinberg, Steven, 272Welniak, Edward, Jr., 269n, 271Whitman, Kevin, 114Willis, Robert J., 39n28Wilmoth, Janet, 114Wilson, Jack, 220Wise, David, 2n1, 11n, 242Wolfers, Justin, 114, 117, 127, 132, 151–52tWong, Joyce C., 114

Yoon, Cate, 55nYoung, J., 187Yu, Yong, 185n

Zagorsky, Jay L., 114Zalokar, Nadja, 87, 89Zissimopoulos, Julie, 13n3, 114

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305

Subject Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” or “t” refer to figures or tables, respectively.

activities of daily living (ADL), 89, 92, 94, 104–6, 159

Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 248

aging population, 6, 157, 159, 177, 297Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), 249,

253tAlfred P. Sloan Foundation, 11n, 55n, 85n,

113n, 157n, 217nalimony, 127, 140–44, 151–52tAmerican Community Survey (ACS),

86–98, 99–100f, 104, 201n17annuities, 224, 271, 275, 281, 282f, 293–94Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest

Old (AHEAD), 161average indexed monthly earnings (AIME),

243–44, 264average monthly wage (AMW), 243–45, 264

baby boomer cohorts: debt and, 186n2, 190–97, 208–9, 210t; early boomer (EBB), 58, 59t, 61f, 63t, 65f, 67t, 68f, 70t, 71–73f, 75f, 77t, 79–80t, 161–67, 179–80t, 186n2, 190, 191t, 193t, 195, 196t, 198–200t, 208, 210t, 297; employ-ment decisions and, 57–81; family care and, 161; marital status and, 58–60; mid-boomer (MBB), 58–60, 61t, 63t, 65f, 67t, 68f, 70t, 71–73f, 75f, 77t, 79–80t, 186n2, 190–93, 195, 196–200t,

208–9, 210t, 297; retirement and, 186n2, 190–97, 208–9, 210t; War Babies (WB), 58, 59t, 61f, 63t, 65f, 67t, 68f, 70t, 71–73f, 75f, 77t, 79–80t, 161, 186n2, 190–92, 208, 210t, 297

bachelor’s degree, 13n4, 27t, 30, 44, 49t, 51t, 92–94, 95t, 98, 103t, 105, 225

benefit collection, 221–32, 233f, 246birth cohorts: black women and, 86; cohort

boundaries and, 243n5, 244–58; debt and, 189–90; earnings and, 7, 45t; edu-cation and, 4, 12–14, 44; employment decisions and, 55n1, 58, 74, 76n15, 114–15, 119, 132; family care and, 163, 168n13, 171, 173, 177; hidden resources and, 271–74, 276t, 277n5, 281, 283; marital status and, 46t, 114–15, 119, 132; Notch and, 247–58; participation rates and, 4, 12, 14, 19, 20f, 23, 25t, 27t, 28–34, 36t, 38f, 39–43, 49t, 51t, 52f, 252–56; Social Security and, 7, 45t, 239, 243–58, 262; teachers and, 217–19, 226f, 227, 229–30f, 233–34f

black women: activities of daily living (ADL) and, 89, 92, 94, 104–6, 159; American Community Survey (ACS) and, 86–98, 99–100f, 104; birth cohorts and, 86; children and, 88–89, 91t, 93, 95t, 96, 100, 101t; college and, 88, 93–100, 101t, 106, 130t; Current Popu-

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306 Subject Index

lation Survey (CPS) and, 92; debt and, 205–6t, 211t; demographics for, 89–90; divorce and, 95t, 103t; earnings and, 87n3; education and, 85–89, 92–106; employment decisions and, 59t, 66t, 77t; family care and, 170n16; full-time employment and, 85, 105; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 89–94, 103t, 104–5; health issues and, 89–96, 100–107; industrial changes and, 90–92; Jim Crow era and, 86; labor market attachment and, 85, 89, 92; life cycle employment and, 85, 86n2; marital status and, 88–89, 92–96, 99–106, 120–22t, 124–25t, 131t, 133–34t, 136–38t, 148–50t, 153t; monetary resources and, 90; occupational changes and, 90–92; older, 85–86, 89–92, 95t, 96, 98–99, 101t, 104–6; opportunity cost and, 90; participation rates and, 5, 85–90, 105–6; pensions and, 106; regression analysis and, 88, 93, 95t, 96, 100, 103t, 104, 105n15; retirement and, 106; sav-ings and, 90; “separate but equal” and, 86; Social Security and, 90, 93, 96, 100; wages and, 87–90, 96, 105–6; widows and, 95t, 103t; younger, 5, 85–86, 93, 96, 98–99, 105–6

Boettner Center, 185nBrown v. Board of Education, 86budgets, 56, 114, 293–94

Canada, 3f, 11n1, 55career condition, 22, 25t, 29, 31t, 43census data, 29n20, 65n9, 86f, 87–94, 95t,

97f, 98, 99–100f, 104, 106, 201n17, 269n, 273n3

children, 6; alimony and, 127, 140–44, 151–52t; black women and, 88–89, 91t, 93, 95t, 96, 100, 101t; debt and, 186, 190–94, 198–200t, 204–9, 210–12t; depen-dent, 186, 204–8, 211–12t; effects of on labor participation rates, 13–15, 21–22, 23n16, 44, 52t; employment decisions and, 55, 74, 114, 127, 132, 144; family care and, 158, 161n5, 165, 168n14, 169t, 172t, 173–74, 175t, 179t; grandchildren, 22n13; later births of, 13; marital status and, 114, 127, 132, 144; number of, 21, 44, 52f, 168n14, 169t, 172t, 175t, 179t, 190–94, 198–200t, 204, 210t

children ever born, 23n16, 44, 52f

Children of the Depression Era (CODA), 161

cohort studies: AHEAD, 161; birth, 4 (see also birth cohorts); black women and, 85–107; career condition and, 22, 25t, 29, 31t, 43; census data and, 29n20, 65n9, 86f, 87–94, 95t, 97f, 98, 99–100f, 104, 106, 201n17, 269n, 273n3; CODA, 161; divorce and, 117–19; dummy vari-ables and, 25t, 27t, 28, 30, 32t, 34, 36t, 49t, 51t, 171, 172t, 175t, 212t, 248–49, 250t, 253t, 256–57; family care and, 157–78, 179–80t; Health and Retire-ment Study (HRS) and, 21–27 (see also Health and Retirement Study [HRS]); life cycle, 4–5; National Financial Capability Study (NFCS) and, 189–96, 201–9, 210–11t; older women and, 189–96 (see also older women); participation rates and, 252–56 (see also participation rates); trends in, 19–21, 30, 34, 189–97, 198–201t

college education: bachelor’s degree and, 13n4, 27t, 30, 44, 49t, 51t, 92–94, 95t, 98, 103t, 105, 225; birth cohorts and, 4, 12, 44; black women and, 88, 93–100, 101t, 106, 130t; changing nature of women’s occupations and, 218–19; debt and, 191t, 193t, 194, 198–200t, 202, 205–6t, 210–12t; employment decisions and, 58–60, 65, 66t, 77t; family care and, 168, 169t, 172t, 175t, 179t; gradu-ation trends and, 4; Health and Retire-ment Study (HRS) and, 47t, 225–35; hidden resources and, 270, 275–76, 279t, 290f, 293; labor participation rates and, 12–14, 16t, 19, 22–37, 40–41, 48–51t, 217–18; marital status and, 115, 120–21t, 122, 124–25t, 131t, 132–38, 140, 146–47t, 153t; participation rates and, 6, 12–13; pensions and, 221n6; teachers and, 236 (see also teachers); two-period model of female labor supply and, 236–37

Congress, 7, 188Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

(CFPB), 188Consumer Price Index (CPI), 7, 36t, 243,

275, 285t, 291fCurrent Population Survey (CPS), 11n;

Annual Social and Economic Supple-ment (CPS-ASEC) and, 7, 12, 14, 15–18f, 20f, 43–44, 46–47t, 52f, 92,

black women (continued )

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Subject Index 307

269–75, 282–88, 294; black women and, 92; education and, 47t; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 43–44, 45–51t, 52f; hidden resources and, 269–75, 282–88, 294; older women and, 239; participation rates and, 2f, 12, 14, 15–18f, 20f, 21, 29n20, 34, 43, 52f; pen-sions and, 7; teachers and, 219, 226

debt: baby boomer cohorts and, 186n2, 190–97, 208–9, 210t; birth cohorts and, 189–90; black women and, 205–6t, 211t; cohort trends in, 189–201; divorce and, 190, 191t, 194, 205–6t, 210–11t; education and, 186, 190–94, 198–200t, 201n16, 201n17, 202, 204, 205–7t, 209, 210–12t; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 185–86, 189–204, 207–9, 210t; health issues and, 185, 189n5, 190–94, 197, 198–200t, 209, 210t; His-panic women and, 190, 191t, 193t, 198–200t, 205–6t, 210–11t; labor supply and, 186; marital status and, 189–94, 198–200t, 204, 207t, 209, 210t; mort-gages and, 6, 186–89, 195–97, 202–3, 204t, 209, 210t; National Financial Ca-pability Study (NFCS) and, 188n4, 189–96, 201–9, 211–12t; prior studies on, 186–89; regression analysis and, 198t, 200t, 204; role of, 195–97, 198–201t; savings and, 6, 186, 196t, 197, 200t, 203t, 205–7t, 208, 210t; separated women and, 191t, 205–6t, 210–11t; War Babies cohort and, 208, 210t; widows and, 190, 191t, 194, 205–6t, 210–11t; younger women and, 185, 187, 192, 194, 197, 202, 208–9

delayed retirement credit (DRC), 244–46, 256

disability, 90, 92, 189n5, 246, 269, 270f, 274, 281, 285t, 290–91f

divorce, 6; by age, 117–19, 153t; alimony and, 127, 140–44, 151–52t; black women and, 95t, 103t; causal empirical specification and, 129–39; cohort studies and, 12–13, 117–19, 190–91, 194, 205–6t, 210–11t, 277, 278t; debt and, 190, 191t, 194, 205–6t, 210–11t; descriptive regressions on, 119–26; as driver of employment, 113–45, 146–53t; employment decisions and, 56, 68n10, 74, 76n14, 78n16; family care and, 157–58; hidden resources and, 277, 278t;

increases in risk of, 114–15; irreconcil-able differences and, 127; later-life out-comes and, 119–39; legislative changes in, 127–29, 140–45, 151–52t; no-fault, 127, 140–44, 151–52t; older women and, 190–91, 194, 205–6t, 210–11t, 240; participation rates and, 25t, 27t, 30, 49t, 51t; SIPP and, 115–30, 131–47t, 153t; unanticipated, 7; unilateral, 5, 114–17, 127–45, 146t, 151t, 153t

double indexation, 7, 243, 260, 262–63dummy variables, 25t, 27t, 28, 30, 32t, 34,

36t, 49t, 51t, 171, 172t, 175t, 212t, 248–49, 250t, 253t, 256–57

earnings: age profiles and, 64–73; alimony and, 127, 140–44, 151–52t; average in-dexed monthly earnings (AIME) and, 243–44, 264; average monthly wage (AMW) and, 243–45, 264; birth co-horts and, 7, 45t; black women and, 87n3; employment decisions and, 56–60, 64–81, 114, 123; family care and, 160, 163, 168–71, 179t; hidden re-sources and, 274–75, 277f, 279t, 281, 283, 285t, 286–89, 291f, 293; job enjoy-ment and, 12; marital status and, 114, 123; Master Earnings File and, 245; Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and, 241, 243–65, 266f; partici-pation rates and, 18, 21–23, 25t, 27t, 28–29, 31–32t, 34, 36t, 37, 38f, 42–43, 49t, 51t; SIPP and, 115–30, 131–47t, 153t, 269n, 274–75, 276t, 277f, 279t, 280f, 282f, 283, 284–85t, 289, 290–92f; Social Security data and, 4, 11n, 18, 21, 23, 25t, 28–29, 32t, 38f, 42–43, 45t, 74, 76n13; Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and, 88, 95t, 101t, 274, 283, 285t, 293; teachers and, 220

education: bachelor’s degree and, 13n4, 27t, 30, 44, 49t, 51t, 92–94, 95t, 98, 103t, 105, 225; birth cohorts and, 4, 12–14, 44; black women and, 85–89, 92–106; changing nature of women’s occupa-tions and, 218–19; cohort studies and, 4–6, 12–13; college, 12 (see also college education); Current Population Survey (CPS) and, 47t, 219, 226; debt and, 186, 190–94, 198–200t, 201n16, 201n17, 202, 204, 205–7t, 209, 210–12t; delayed retirement and, 4–6; dropouts and, 194, 276; employment decisions and,

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308 Subject Index

66t, 77t, 113–16, 119, 120–25t, 130–40, 146–50t, 153t; family care and, 168, 169t, 172t, 173, 175t, 176–77, 179t, 194, 205–7t, 211t; graduation and, 4, 12–13, 32, 34, 218–19, 275; Health and Retire-ment Study (HRS) and, 47t, 50–51t, 225–35; hidden resources and, 270, 275–77, 278–79t, 281, 283, 290f, 293; high school, 88 (see also high school education); marital status and, 44, 115, 120–21t, 122, 124–25t, 131t, 132–38, 140, 146–47t, 153t; older women and, 186, 190–94, 198–200t, 201n16, 201n17, 202, 204, 207t, 209, 210–11t, 239, 265; participation rates and, 14–17, 19, 21–32, 24–27t, 35–36t, 37, 43–44, 47–51t, 217–18, 239–40; pensions and, 221n6; returns to employment and, 5; teachers and, 217 (see also teachers); two-period model of female labor supply and, 236–37; younger women and, 44

Employment Cost Index, 106employment decisions: age-earnings profiles

and, 64–73; baby boomer cohorts and, 57–81; birth cohorts and, 55n1, 58, 74, 76n15, 114–15, 119, 132; black women and, 59t, 66t, 77t; children and, 55, 74, 114, 127, 132, 144, 186, 190–94, 198–200t, 204–9, 210–12t; college and, 58–60, 65, 66t, 77t; divorce and, 56, 68n10, 74, 76n14, 78n16; earnings and, 56–60, 64–81, 114, 123; education and, 66t, 77t, 113–16, 119–22, 120–25t, 130–40, 146–50t, 153t; employment by age cohort and, 60–63; full-time employment and, 60–63; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 57–58, 59n5, 61f, 62–74, 75f, 76n13, 76n15, 77t, 79, 80t; health issues and, 56–58, 59t, 65, 67t, 68f, 70t, 71–73f, 75f, 77t, 79–80t; Hispanic women and, 59t, 66t, 77t, 120–22t, 124–25t, 131t, 133–34t, 136–38t, 148–50t, 153t; insurance and, 56, 76n13; labor supply and, 56n2, 56n3, 58–63, 68, 72–73, 81, 114; life cycle and, 114–15, 117, 127–28, 139; marital status and, 58–63; men and, 55–76, 80–82; Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and, 240; opportu-nity cost and, 57, 81; participation rates and, 55–56; part-time employment

and, 59–62, 64; pensions and, 56, 64n8; potential gains and, 5, 57, 74, 80–81; regression analysis and, 64, 67t, 70t, 76, 77t, 79, 119–26, 129, 131t, 132, 133–38t, 153t; retirement and, 55–57 (see also retirement); return to work and, 57, 63–81; savings and, 114, 139; separated women and, 68n10, 76n14, 120–21t, 122, 124–25t, 146t, 148–50t; SIPP and, 115–30, 131–47t, 153t, 269n, 274–75, 276t, 277f, 279t, 280f, 282f, 283, 284–85t, 289, 290–92f; Social Security and, 6–7, 11n1, 56–57, 64, 74–81, 115, 123–26, 130, 135–36, 139, 147t, 240–41; wages and, 59t, 60, 68–72; War Babies cohort and, 58, 59t, 61f, 63t, 65f, 67t, 68f, 70t, 71–73f, 75f, 77t, 79–80t, 186n2, 190–92; widows and, 56, 74, 78–79, 119, 120–25t, 140, 146t, 148–50t; younger women and, 55–58

family care, 5; activities of daily living (ADLs) and, 159; aging population and, 6, 157, 159, 177, 297; baby boomer cohorts and, 161; birth cohorts and, 163, 168n13, 171, 173, 177; black women and, 170n16; caregiver burden and, 158–61, 164, 168, 176; caregiver status and, 168, 169–70t; children and, 158, 161n5, 165, 168n14, 169t, 172t, 173–74, 175t, 179t; cohort variables and, 179–80t; data for, 161–63; descrip-tive analysis of, 163–71; determinants of caregiving and, 171–74; divorce and, 157–58; earnings and, 160, 163, 168–71, 179t; education and, 168, 169t, 172t, 173, 175t, 176–77, 179t, 194, 205–7t, 211t; full-time employment and, 168; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 158–59, 161–67, 168n12, 177, 179–80t; health issues and, 157–61, 172t, 173–77; Hispanic women and, 168–73, 175t, 179t; insurance and, 160; labor market attachment and, 158, 165, 171, 173–74, 178; labor supply and, 160, 168, 176; long-term, 157–59, 160n2, 176; marital status and, 171, 176n20; Medicare and, 56, 157, 225; men and, 157–58, 161, 163n7; opportunity cost and, 158, 165, 170, 176n19; parental, 158–78, 179–80t; participation rates and, 157–58, 165n10, 170n16, 177; pen-sions and, 158, 160; regression analysis

education (continued )

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Subject Index 309

and, 159, 171–78; retirement and, 159; separated women and, 163n7; Social Security and, 157; spousal, 158–65, 168n12, 169t, 170–71, 177, 179t; stress and, 158; value of informal, 159–60; wages and, 158, 160; War Babies cohort and, 161; work determinants and, 174–77; younger women and, 161, 174, 177

401(k)s, 7, 115, 138t, 139, 147t, 187, 198t, 221n5, 221n7, 270

France, 3f, 11n1full-time employment: black women and,

85, 105; criteria for, 60n6; employment decisions and, 60–63; family care and, 168; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 48–49t, 61f; male median earnings in, 29; marital status and, 115–16, 119–22, 125t, 126, 130, 132, 134t, 135–40, 147–50t; OASI benefits and, 263; older women and, 1, 5, 12, 17–18, 34, 40, 85, 122, 138–39, 263; par-ticipation rates and, 1–2, 17–18, 29, 34, 40, 43, 48–49t

future work, 21n11, 159, 189–90, 193t, 194

Genworth Financial Inc., 160Germany, 2, 3f, 11n1graduation, 4, 12–13, 32, 34, 218–19, 275Great Recession, 40, 60, 189Great Society, 86

Health and Retirement Study (HRS): baby boomer cohorts and, 297 (see also baby boomer cohorts); benefit collection and, 225–32; black women and, 89–94, 103t, 104–5; career condition and, 43; children ever born and, 44, 52f; Current Population Survey (CPS) and, 43–44, 45–51t, 52f; debt and, 185–86, 189–204, 207–9, 210t; description of, 297–98; Early, 161–62; education and, 47t, 50–51t, 225–35; employment decisions and, 57–58, 59n5, 61f, 62–65, 67t, 68f, 70t, 71–73f, 74, 75f, 76n13, 76n15, 77t, 79, 80t; family care and, 158–59, 161–67, 168n12, 177, 179–80t; full-time em-ployment and, 48–49t, 61f; hidden re-sources and, 277n5; Intermezzo cohort and, 297; Late, 161–62; life cycle em-ployment and, 42; marital status and, 44, 46t; National Institute on Aging and, 297; online information for, 42; participation rates and, 12, 17n6, 21–

37, 38f, 41f, 42–47, 48–51t, 52f; part-time employment and, 61f; RAND, 44, 58–74, 75f, 77t, 79–80t, 94, 161n4, 217n, 298; restricted access version of, 11n; role of cohort effects and, 21–37; Social Security and, 43, 45–47t, 297–98; subjective probabilities and, 13n3; teachers and, 217n, 225–35, 237; two-period model of female labor supply and, 236–37; widows and, 190, 210t

health issues: aging population and, 6, 157, 159, 177, 297; black women and, 89–96, 100–107; debt and, 185, 189n5, 190–94, 197, 198–200t, 209, 210t; employment decisions and, 56–58, 59t, 65, 67t, 68f, 70t, 71–73f, 75f, 77t, 79–80t; family care and, 157–61, 172t, 173–77; Medi-care and, 56, 157, 225; mental, 241n3; National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality files and, 5; Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and, 240, 248; participation rates and, 22–34, 36t, 37, 41–42, 49t, 51t

heterogeneity, 39, 140, 258thidden resources, 7–8; birth cohorts and,

271–74, 276t, 277n5, 281, 283; cohort-age patterns and, 275–86; Current Population Survey (CPS) and, 269–75, 282–88, 294; divorce and, 277, 278t; earnings and, 274–75, 277f, 279t, 281, 283, 285t, 286–89, 291f, 293; education and, 270, 275–77, 278–79t, 281, 283, 290f, 293; 401(k)s and, 270; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 277n5; insurance and, 275, 281; IRAs and, 270, 275–76; life cycle model and, 272–73, 294; marital status and, 276–81, 283, 286–89, 291f, 293; methodology for, 273–75; Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and, 279t, 280, 285t, 293; participation rates and, 269, 273; pensions and, 270–76, 281–83; prior work on, 272–73; regression analysis and, 278t, 281, 283; retirement and, 273, 281–83, 288–94; savings and, 293; separated women and, 277, 278t; SIPP and, 269n, 273–74, 276t, 277f, 279t, 280f, 282f, 283, 284–85t, 289, 290–92f; Social Security and, 269–71, 274–86, 289–94; Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and, 274, 283, 285t, 293; taxes and, 271n2, 273, 275; underreport-ing and, 270–75, 282–88; wages and,

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310 Subject Index

274–75, 277f, 279t, 287t; widows and, 276–77, 278t, 281, 283; work experience and, 286–88; younger women and, 281

high school education: black women and, 88, 92–100, 101t, 103t, 105–6; dropouts and, 194, 276; employment decisions and, 120–25t, 131t, 133–34t, 136–38t, 146t, 148–50t, 153t; family care and, 168, 169t, 172t, 175t, 179t, 194, 205–7t, 211t; hidden resources and, 276; labor participation rates and, 24–27t, 30, 35–36t, 48–51t

Hispanic women: debt and, 190, 191t, 193t, 198–200t, 205–6t, 210–11t; employment decisions and, 59t, 66t, 77t, 120–22t, 124–25t, 131t, 133–34t, 136–38t, 148–50t, 153t; family care and, 168–73, 175t, 179t; marital status and, 120–22t, 124–25t, 131t, 133–34t, 136–38t, 148–50t, 153t

housing, 94, 188–90, 199t, 209

income effect, 244–45, 247, 249, 256–60, 265n16

income shocks, 205t, 207t, 208, 211–12tinflation, 202, 204t, 220, 243, 245n8, 263,

275, 285t, 291fInstitute for Financial Literacy, 188insurance: disability, 246, 281; employ-

ment decisions and, 56, 76n13; family care and, 160; hidden resources and, 275, 281; Medicare and, 56, 157, 225; National Association of Insurance Commissioners and, 160; Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI), 7 (see also Old-Age and Survivors Insurance [OASI]); primary insurance amount (PIA) and, 74, 76n13, 243–45; self, 114; teachers and, 225

interest rates, 187, 202, 204t, 246Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 245, 253,

255t, 256, 275–81, 282f, 285t, 290fIPUMS, 91t, 93IRAs, 138t, 147t, 221n7, 270, 275–76

Japan, 2, 3f, 11n1Jim Crow era, 86job enjoyment, 12, 34–37, 41job experience, 4, 115

labor market attachment: black women and, 85, 89, 92; family care and, 158, 165,

171, 173–74, 178; housing prices and, 188–89; increase of, 185; life cycle and, 7; marital status and, 114, 116; men and, 8, 12; National Financial Capabil-ity Study (NFCS) and, 185; older women and, 7–8, 21, 29, 63–64, 185, 188–89, 192, 194, 197, 208, 260, 270–71, 276–77; War Babies and, 192; wid-ows and, 194

labor supply: debt and, 186; employment decisions and, 56n2, 56n3, 58–63, 68, 72–73, 81, 114; family care and, 160, 168, 176; marital status and, 114; Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and, 260; participation rates and, 23n15; spousal correlations and, 62–63; teachers and, 218–19, 221, 225, 232–37; two-period model of female, 236–37

leisure, 13, 17, 40, 56–57, 81, 244, 257, 262life cycle, 5; black women’s employment and,

85, 86n2; debt and, 209; employment decisions and, 114–15, 117, 127–28, 139; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 42; hidden resources and, 272–73, 294; labor market attachment and, 7; marital status and, 114–15, 117, 127–28, 139; Old-Age and Survi-vors Insurance (OASI) and, 257t, 258, 260; participation rates and, 4, 13, 19, 22–39, 42–43, 48–51t

life expectancy, 4–5, 55, 92, 170

marital history: debt and, 194n11; employ-ment decisions and, 5, 113–16, 119, 123n4, 126–27, 139–40

marital status: age-earnings profiles and, 64–73; baby boomer cohorts and, 58–60; birth cohorts and, 46t, 114–15, 119, 132; black women and, 88–89, 92–96, 99–106, 120–22t, 124–25t, 131t, 133–34t, 136–38t, 148–50t, 153t; causal empirical specification and, 129–39; children and, 114, 127, 132, 144; debt and, 189–94, 198–200t, 204, 207t, 209, 210t; descriptive regressions on, 119–26; divorce and, 6 (see also divorce); earnings and, 114, 123; education and, 44, 115, 120–21t, 122, 124–25t, 131t, 132–38, 140, 146–50t, 153t; employment by age cohort and, 60–63; employment decisions and, 58–63, 113–55; employment patterns and, 60–63;

hidden resources (continued )

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Subject Index 311

family care and, 171, 176n20; full-time employment and, 115–16, 119–22, 125t, 126, 130, 132, 134t, 135–40, 147–50t; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 44, 46t; hidden resources and, 276–81, 283, 286–89, 291f, 293; His-panic women and, 120–22t, 124–25t, 131t, 133–34t, 136–38t, 148–50t, 153t; labor market attachment and, 114, 116; labor supply and, 114; later-life outcomes and, 119–39; life cycle and, 114–15, 117, 127–28, 139; participation rates and, 5, 12–13, 15, 21–23, 25t, 27t, 28–37, 40, 41f, 43, 49, 49t, 51t, 113–16, 119, 127, 139; part-time employment and, 116, 121, 135–36; regression analysis and, 119–26, 129, 131t, 132, 133–34t, 136–38t, 153t; retirement and, 4–5, 55–56, 62–63, 80–81, 113–16, 119, 123–26, 130, 135–39, 147t; return to work and, 63–81; savings and, 114, 139; SIPP and, 115–30, 131–50t, 153t; Social Security and, 4–5, 115, 123–26, 130, 135–36, 139, 147t; spousal labor cor-relations and, 62–63; younger women and, 44

Medicare, 56, 157, 225men: bankruptcy and, 188; employment

decisions and, 55–76, 80–82; family care and, 157–58, 161, 163n7; labor market attachment and, 8, 12; marital status and, 4; median earnings in full-time employment, 29; OASI benefits and, 7; participation rates and, 1, 11, 13, 15–19, 40; race and, 85; retirement and, 2, 4, 55–57, 76n15, 80–81, 157–58, 161n3, 240n1, 241–42, 260

middle-aged women, 5, 13, 57, 90, 105, 185mortgages, 6, 186–89, 195–97, 202–3, 204t,

209, 210t

National Association of Insurance Com-missioners, 160

National Financial Capability Study (NFCS): age cohorts for, 201–9; debt and, 188n4, 189–96, 201–9, 211–12t; descriptive statistics for, 211–12t; finan-cial frailty and, 201–9; labor market attachment and, 185; retirement and, 188n4, 189–96, 201–9, 211–12t; widows and, 211t

National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality files, 92

net worth, 56, 58, 188n4, 196t, 197n14, 210tNew York State Teachers’ Retirement Sys-

tem, 222n9normal retirement age (NRA), 18n8, 243Notch: Age Discrimination in Employ-

ment Act (ADEA) and, 248; Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and, 249, 253t; birth cohorts and, 247–58; cohort boundary and, 252–56; esti-mating income effect and, 256–60; extrapolating local estimates and, 262; implications for time series and, 260–65; income effect and, 247, 249, 256–60, 265n16; other counterfactuals and, 262–65; participation rates and, 247–60; regression discontinuity design (RDD) and, 247–49; Social Security and, 7, 241–43, 247–65; strategy for documenting effect of, 247–51

“Not in the Labor Force” (NILF), 88n4

Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI): administrative data and, 245–47; Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and, 248; Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and, 249, 253t; average indexed monthly earnings (AIME) and, 243–44, 264; average monthly wage (AMW) and, 243–45, 264; birth co-horts and, 243n5, 244–58; delayed re-tirement credit (DRC) and, 244–46, 256; employment decisions and, 240; full-time employment and, 263; habit formation and, 265n16; health issues and, 240, 248; hidden resources and, 279t, 280, 285t, 293; income effect and, 244–45, 247, 249, 256–60, 265n16; labor supply and, 260; life cycle model and, 257t, 258, 260; older women and, 7, 241–65, 293; Old Start Method and, 244n6; participation rates and, 7, 241–65, 293; pensions and, 240, 242, 248; policy environment and, 243–45; pri-mary insurance amount (PIA) and, 74, 76n13, 243–45; reduced benefits of, 7; regression analysis and, 241, 247t, 248–53, 256–60; regression discontinuity de-sign (RDD) and, 241, 247–49, 253t, 262; Regular Minimum and, 244n6; re-placement rates and, 240; retirement and, 253, 259; taxes and, 245–46, 256, 263; time series implications and, 260–65; wages and, 243, 253, 255f

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312 Subject Index

older women: Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and, 248; black, 85–86, 89–92, 95t, 96, 98–99, 101t, 104–6; Current Population Survey (CPS) and, 239; debt and, 185 (see also debt); disability and, 90, 92, 189n5, 246, 269, 270f, 274, 281, 285t, 290–91f; divorce and, 190–91, 194, 205–6t, 210–11t, 240; earnings and, 114, 123, 241, 243–65, 266f; education and, 186, 190–94, 198–200t, 201n16, 201n17, 202, 204, 207t, 209, 210–11t, 239, 265; full-time employment and, 1, 5, 12, 17–18, 34, 40, 85, 122, 138–39, 263; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 185–86, 189–204, 207–9, 210t; health issues and, 240 (see also health issues); implications for time series and, 260–65; income effect and, 244–45, 247, 249, 256–60, 265n16; labor market attachment and, 7–8, 21, 29, 63–64, 185, 188–89, 192, 194, 197, 208, 260, 270–71, 276–77; life expectancy and, 4–5, 55, 92, 170; National Financial Capability Study (NFCS) and, 188n4, 189–96, 201–9, 211–12t; OASI benefits and, 7, 241–65, 293; participation rates and, 1–6, 11–14, 187, 192, 194, 208 (see also par-ticipation rates); part-time employment and, 1–2, 3f, 11n1, 12, 17, 116, 121, 135–36; pensions and, 187, 240, 248; prior studies on, 186–89; retirement and, 217 (see also retirement); War Babies cohort and, 297 (see also War Babies cohort); widows and, 119 (see also widows)

Old Start Method, 244n6O*NET, 91opportunity cost: black women and, 90;

employment decisions and, 57, 81; family care and, 158, 165, 170, 176n19; retirement and, 4, 22n13, 57, 81, 90

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, 1, 3f, 11n1

participation rates: by age, 14–17, 148–50t; birth cohorts and, 4, 12, 14, 19, 20f, 23, 25t, 27t, 28–34, 36t, 38f, 39–43, 49t, 51t, 52f, 252–56; black women and, 5, 85–90, 105–6; career condition and, 22, 25t, 29, 31t, 43; cohort effects and, 19–37, 252–56; college effects on, 12–14,

16t, 19, 22–37, 40–41, 48–51t; cross-country analysis of, 2–4; Current Popu-lation Survey (CPS) and, 2f, 12, 14, 15–18f, 20f, 21, 29n20, 34, 43, 52f; divorce and, 25t, 27t, 30, 49t, 51t; earnings and, 18, 21–23, 25t, 27t, 28–29, 31–32t, 34, 36t, 37, 38f, 42–43, 49t, 51t; education and, 14–17, 19, 21–32, 35–36t, 37, 43–44, 47–51t, 217–18, 239–40; effects of children on, 13–15, 21–22, 23n16, 44, 52t; employment decisions and, 55–56; family care and, 157–58, 160, 165n10, 170n16, 177; full-time employment and, 1–2, 17–18, 29, 34, 40, 43, 48–49t; by gender, 14–17; Health and Retire-ment Study (HRS) and, 12, 17n6, 21–37, 42–47, 48–51t, 52f; health issues and, 22–34, 36t, 37, 41–42, 49t, 51t; hidden resources and, 269, 273; high school education and, 24–27t, 30, 35–36t; historical perspective on, 1–2; in-creased, 1, 11–12, 15–16, 19, 21, 40; job enjoyment and, 12, 34–37, 41; labor supply and, 23n15; life cycle and, 4, 13, 19, 22–39, 42–43, 48–51t; marital status and, 5, 12–13, 15, 21–23, 25t, 27t, 28–37, 40, 41f, 43, 49t, 51t, 113–16, 119, 127, 139; men and, 11, 13, 15–19, 40; Notch effects on, 247–60; OASI bene-fits and, 7, 241–65, 293; OECD coun-tries and, 1, 3f, 11n1; part-time employ-ment and, 17; past work attitude and, 35t; pensions and, 22; regression anal-ysis and, 19, 25t, 27t, 28, 30, 32t, 34, 49t, 51t; retirement and, 22, 33, 253; savings and, 41; SIPP and, 115–30, 131–47t, 153t, 269n, 274–75, 276t, 277f, 279t, 280f, 282f, 283, 284–85t, 289, 290–92f; Social Security and, 18, 21–23, 25t, 27t, 28–29, 31–32t, 36t, 38f, 42–43, 49t, 51t, 247–60; stagnation in, 13, 41; taxes and, 18n8, 28, 42–43; teachers and, 32–33, 217, 228; two-period model of female labor supply and, 236–37; wages and, 36t, 38f, 42–43; widows and, 25t, 27t, 30, 49t, 51t; younger women and, 12, 16, 18–19, 21, 23, 32, 39, 41, 43

part-time employment: criteria for, 60n6; employment decisions and, 59–62, 64; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 61f; marital status and, 116, 121, 135–36; older women and, 1–2, 3f,

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Subject Index 313

11n1, 12, 17, 116, 121, 135–36; partici-pation rates and, 17

Pension Research Council, 185npensions: annuities and, 224, 271, 275, 281,

282f, 293–94; black women and, 106; collection of, 232–34; CPS-ASEC study and, 7; defined-benefit, 6, 28, 33, 218, 220–24, 231, 234–35, 240, 271, 273, 293; defined-contribution, 220, 240, 271, 273, 282f, 293–94; education and, 221n6; eligibility for, 218, 221–25, 228n14; employment decisions and, 56, 64n8; family care and, 158, 160; hidden resources and, 270–76, 281–83; OASI benefits and, 240, 242, 248; older women and, 187, 240, 248; participa-tion rates and, 22; Social Security and, 221 (see also Social Security); teach-ers and, 218–35; Wharton Pension Research Council and, 239n

potential gains, 5, 57, 74primary insurance amount (PIA), 74, 76n13,

243–45promotions, 7, 160

regression analysis: black women and, 88, 93, 95t, 96, 100, 103t, 104, 105n15; debt and, 198t, 200t, 204; descriptive, 119–26; discontinuity design (RDD), 241, 247–49, 253t, 262; employment deci-sions and, 64, 67t, 70t, 76, 77t, 79, 119–26, 129, 131t, 132, 133–34t, 136–38t, 153t; family care and, 159, 171–78; hid-den resources and, 278t, 281, 283; mari-tal status and, 119–26, 129, 131t, 132, 133–34t, 136–38t, 153t; Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and, 241, 247t, 248–53, 256–60; ordinary least squares (OLS), 64, 67t, 70t, 76–79, 88, 93, 95t, 103t, 129, 159, 172t, 175t, 176–78, 198t, 200t, 250t, 253t; participation rates and, 19, 25t, 27t, 28, 30, 32t, 34, 49t, 51t

Regular Minimum, 244n6replacement rates, 2n1, 7, 78, 90, 240, 243–

44, 261, 265, 294retirement: age of, 4, 55–57; annuities and,

224, 271, 275, 281, 282f, 293–94; baby boomer cohorts and, 186n2, 190–97, 208–9, 210t; benefit collection and, 221–32, 233f, 246; black women and, 106; Current Population Survey (CPS) and, 7; defined-benefit accounts and, 6,

28, 33, 218, 220–24, 231, 234–35, 240, 271, 273, 293; defined-contribution accounts and, 220, 240, 271, 273, 282f, 293–94; delayed retirement credit (DRC) and, 244–46, 256; early, 57, 62–63, 80–81, 106; education and, 217; factors affecting, 22; family care and, 159; 401(k)s and, 7, 115, 138t, 139, 147t, 187, 198t, 221n5, 221n7, 270; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 159 (see also Health and Retire-ment Study [HRS]); hidden resources and, 273, 281–83, 288–94; income receipt and, 281–83; IRAs and, 138t, 147t, 221n7, 270, 275–76; marital status and, 4–5, 55–56, 62–63, 80–81, 113–16, 119, 123–26, 130, 135–39, 147t, 293; men and, 2, 4, 55–57, 74, 76n15, 80–81, 157–58, 161n3, 240n1, 241–42, 260, 270–71, 288n8; National Finan-cial Capability Study (NFCS) and, 188n4, 189–96, 201–9, 211–12t; normal retirement age (NRA) and, 18n8, 243; Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and, 253, 259; opportunity cost and, 4, 22n13, 57, 81, 90; participation rates and, 22, 33, 253; pensions and, 6 (see also pensions); postponing, 13; potential gains and, 80–81; prior stud-ies on, 186–89; reverse, 189; savings and, 41 (see also savings); SIPP and, 115–30, 131–47t, 153t; Social Security and, 4–5, 57 (see also Social Security); teachers and, 217–18, 221–25, 228n14, 231n16, 236; transition of, 288–94; wid-ows and, 205–6t; younger women and, 4, 12–13, 18, 23, 41, 55–56, 106, 185, 187, 197, 202, 209, 223–25, 228n14, 255t, 281

Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS), 189return to work, 5; age-earnings profiles and,

64–73; married women and, 63–81; Social Security and, 74–81; teachers and, 224

savings: black women and, 90; debt and, 6, 186, 196t, 197, 200t, 203t, 205–7t, 208, 210t; employment decisions and, 114, 139; hidden resources and, 293–94; marital status and, 114, 139; net worth and, 56, 58, 188n4, 196t, 197n14, 210t; participation rates and, 41

Securian Financial Group, 187n3

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314 Subject Index

separated women: debt and, 191t, 205–6t, 210–11t; employment decisions and, 68n10, 76n14, 120–21t, 122, 124–25t, 146t, 148–50t; family care and, 163n7; hidden resources and, 277, 278t

Social Security: Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and, 248; Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and, 249, 253t; amendments to Social Security Act and, 7, 221, 240–41, 243; Annual Supplements and, 245; ANY-PIA and, 74; average indexed monthly earnings (AIME) and, 243–44, 264; average monthly wage (AMW) and, 243–45, 264; birth cohorts and, 7, 45t, 239, 243–58, 262; black women and, 90, 93, 96, 100; as defined-benefit pension, 221; delayed retirement credit (DRC) and, 244–46, 256; double indexation and, 7, 243, 260, 262–63; earnings data and, 11n, 18, 21, 23, 25t, 28–29, 32t, 38f, 42–43, 45t, 74, 76n13; eligibility for, 123, 222; employment decisions and, 6–7, 11n1, 56–57, 64, 74–81, 115, 123–26, 130, 135–36, 139, 147t, 240–41; family care and, 157; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 43, 45–47t, 297–98; hidden resources and, 269–71, 274–86, 289–94; house-hold wealth and, 78–81; implications for time series and, 260–65; income effect and, 244–45, 247, 249, 256–60, 265n16; increase of older women’s employment and, 239–65; individual wealth and, 74–78; marital status and, 4–5, 115, 123–26, 130, 135–36, 139, 147t; Master Beneficiary Record and, 245; Master Earnings File and, 245; Medicare and, 56, 157, 225; Notch of, 7, 241–43, 247–65; OASI benefits and, 7, 241–65, 293; participation rates and, 18, 21–23, 25t, 27t, 28–29, 31–32t, 36t, 38f, 42–43, 49t, 51t, 247–60; potential gains and, 5, 57, 74, 80–81; primary insurance amount (PIA) and, 74, 76n13, 243–45; regression discontinuity design (RDD) and, 241, 247–49, 253t, 262; replacement rates and, 2n1, 7, 78, 90, 240, 243–44, 261, 265, 294; retire-ment incentives and, 2n1, 4, 6; return to work and, 74–81; teachers and, 218, 220–24, 228n14, 229, 230f, 232, 233f,

235; wealth from, 4–5, 57, 64, 74–81, 262; younger women and, 255t

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), 281, 293

Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 88, 95t, 101t, 274, 283, 285t, 293

Survey of Income and Program Par-ticipation (SIPP): causal empirical specification and, 129–39; employment decisions and, 115–30, 131t, 133–34t, 136–38t, 146–50t, 153t; Gold Standard File and, 269n, 273, 276t, 277f, 279t, 280f, 282f, 285t, 290f; hidden resources and, 269n, 273–74, 276t, 277f, 279t, 280f, 282f, 283, 284–85t, 289, 290–92f; Personal Identification Key (PIK) and, 274n4, 276t, 277f, 279t, 280f, 282f, 285t, 287t, 292f

Sweden, 1, 3f, 11n1

taxes: exemptions and, 18n8, 28, 42–43, 275; hidden resources and, 271n2, 273, 275; income, 256; Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and, 245, 253, 255t, 256, 275–81, 282f, 285t, 290f; Old-Age and Survi-vors Insurance (OASI) and, 245–46, 256, 263; participation rates and, 18n8, 28, 42–43; refund loans and, 202, 203t; SOI tables and, 273

teachers: benefit collection and, 221–32, 233f; birth cohorts and, 217–19, 226f, 227, 229–30f, 233–34f; changing nature of college-educated occupations and, 218–19; concurrent employment and, 232–34; Current Population Survey (CPS) and, 219, 226; earnings and, 220; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 217n, 225–35, 237; insurance and, 225; labor supply and, 218–19, 221, 225, 232–37; participation rates and, 32–33, 217, 228; pensions and, 218–35; public-sector workers and, 234–35; retirement and, 217–18, 221–25, 228n14, 231n16, 236; return to work and, 224; Social Security and, 218, 220–24, 228n14, 229, 230f, 232, 233f, 235; stress and, 217; two-period model of female labor supply and, 236–37; younger women and, 223n11, 224–25, 228n14, 231

technology, 86Texas Teachers’ Retirement System, 222,

223n11

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Subject Index 315

TIAA Institute, 185ntwo-period model of female labor supply,

236–37

underreporting, 7, 161n3, 270–75, 282–88unions, 106, 221n5United Kingdom, 3f, 11n1United States, 1, 3f, 11n1, 55, 158–60, 189,

220, 222US Census Bureau, 29n20, 201n17, 269n,

273n3US Department of the Treasury, 201n16,

239n, 247

wages: black women and, 87–90, 96, 105–6; Consumer Price Index (CPI) and, 7; differentials and, 87–88, 96; employ-ment decisions and, 59t, 60, 68–72; family care and, 158, 160; growth in, 158, 160; hidden resources and, 274–75, 277f, 279t, 287t; minimum, 38f, 42, 275, 277f, 279t, 287t; Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and, 243, 253, 255f; participation rates and, 36t, 38f, 42–43; real, 60, 68; Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and, 88, 95t, 101t, 274, 283, 285t, 293. See also earn-ings

War Babies cohort: debt and, 186n2, 190–92, 208, 210t; employment decisions and, 58, 59t, 61f, 63t, 65f, 67t, 68f, 70t, 71–73f, 75f, 77t, 79–80t; family care and, 161; Health and Retirement Study

(HRS) and, 297; labor market attach-ment and, 192

Wharton School, 185n, 239nwidows: black women and, 95t, 103t; debt

and, 190, 191t, 194, 205–6t, 210–11t; descriptive regressions on, 119; employ-ment decisions and, 56, 74, 78–79, 119, 120–25t, 140, 146t, 148–50t; employ-ment incentives and, 119, 120–25t, 140, 146t, 148–50t; Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and, 190, 210t; hidden resources and, 276–77, 278t, 281, 283; labor market attachment and, 194; National Financial Capability Study (NFCS) and, 211t; participation rates and, 25t, 27t, 30, 49t, 51t; retirement and, 205–6t

Women Working Longer Conference, 55n, 85n, 113n, 157n, 185n, 239n, 269n

work experience, 4, 6, 12, 169t, 173, 176–77, 179t, 271–72, 286–88

younger women: black, 5, 85–86, 93, 96, 98–99, 105–6; debt and, 185, 187, 192, 194, 197, 202, 208–9; education and, 44; em-ployment decisions and, 55–58; family care and, 161, 174, 177; hidden re-sources and, 281; marital status and, 44; participation rates and, 12, 16, 18–19, 21, 23, 32, 39, 41, 43; retirement and, 4, 13, 281; Social Security and, 255t; teachers and, 223n11, 224–25, 228n14, 231

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