Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

What happens when a What happens when a Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican

becomes the “Big Cheese”?becomes the “Big Cheese”?

Revolution of 1800Revolution of 1800 By 1800, Federalist power was slipping, Dem-By 1800, Federalist power was slipping, Dem-

Reps won control of Congress.Reps won control of Congress. T.J. was accused of being a God-less radical T.J. was accused of being a God-less radical

(Deist) who would bring revolution to the U.S.(Deist) who would bring revolution to the U.S. However, the presidency turned out to be chaotic However, the presidency turned out to be chaotic

affair. The Federalists lost.affair. The Federalists lost. But, Dem-Rep candidates: Jefferson/Burr tied 73 But, Dem-Rep candidates: Jefferson/Burr tied 73

electoral votes. Who would be president/vice-electoral votes. Who would be president/vice-president?president?

If a tie, the House of Representatives would If a tie, the House of Representatives would decide.decide.

35 votes later, no results35 votes later, no results Hamilton convinced Federalist Congressmen to Hamilton convinced Federalist Congressmen to

vote for Jefferson over Burr (He hated Burr).vote for Jefferson over Burr (He hated Burr).

To prevent future crises, the To prevent future crises, the Twelfth Amendment was added Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution. Electors to the Constitution. Electors vote for a president and vice vote for a president and vice president on separate ballots.president on separate ballots.

1804- Hamilton publicly criticized Burr who 1804- Hamilton publicly criticized Burr who was running for governor of New York. was running for governor of New York. Burr’s demand for an apology led to a duel Burr’s demand for an apology led to a duel in which Hamilton was shot and killed.in which Hamilton was shot and killed.

The Jefferson PresidencyThe Jefferson Presidency

Inaugural address: “We are all Inaugural address: “We are all Democratic-Republicans; we are all Democratic-Republicans; we are all Federalists.”Federalists.”

““Peaceful revolution”-restore Peaceful revolution”-restore Republican ideals of 1776 to Republican ideals of 1776 to America/Lessen the power of the America/Lessen the power of the central government.central government.

He replaced Federalist officials with He replaced Federalist officials with Dem-Reps.Dem-Reps.

Simplifying the PresidencySimplifying the Presidency-Walked to his own inauguration. Rode on horseback.-Walked to his own inauguration. Rode on horseback.-Took off his powdered wig/Wore old and-Took off his powdered wig/Wore old and simple clothing and slippers.simple clothing and slippers.-Allowed anybody to see him in the White House.-Allowed anybody to see him in the White House.-Gov’t best which governs least/Cut his own powers.-Gov’t best which governs least/Cut his own powers.-Got rid of and pardoned Alien & Sedition prisoners.-Got rid of and pardoned Alien & Sedition prisoners.-Allowed people to criticize him openly.-Allowed people to criticize him openly.-Reduced size of the army/expansion of navy.-Reduced size of the army/expansion of navy.-Lowered expenses for government social functions.-Lowered expenses for government social functions.-Eliminated all internal taxes to reduce the Bank of the United State’s -Eliminated all internal taxes to reduce the Bank of the United State’s

power.power.-He believed in free-trade (No gov’t intervention) w/ Europe.-He believed in free-trade (No gov’t intervention) w/ Europe.-Albert Gallatin: Secretary of Treasury- national-Albert Gallatin: Secretary of Treasury- nationaldebt more dangerous than foreign aggressiondebt more dangerous than foreign aggression-He cut the debt in half.-He cut the debt in half.-T.J. didn’t create the “radical” presidency -T.J. didn’t create the “radical” presidency that scared the Federalist.that scared the Federalist.

Southern Dominance of Southern Dominance of PoliticsPolitics

First president to work in Washington, DCFirst president to work in Washington, DC Showed importance of the South in Showed importance of the South in

national politics (The next presidents from national politics (The next presidents from VA) and the declining influence of New VA) and the declining influence of New England and the Federalists in political life.England and the Federalists in political life.

Why?Why? 1)-Federalists did not want to campaign to 1)-Federalists did not want to campaign to

the common peoplethe common people 2)-National expansion to the west 2)-National expansion to the west

(Settlers/farmers tended to be Dem-Reps)(Settlers/farmers tended to be Dem-Reps)

John Marshall and the Supreme John Marshall and the Supreme CourtCourt

Federalists still had influence with Federalists still had influence with the judicial branch.the judicial branch.

Adams had appointed John Marshall Adams had appointed John Marshall (Federalist) as Chief Justice. (Federalist) as Chief Justice.

Served 30 years/Handed many impt. Served 30 years/Handed many impt. decisions that strengthened the decisions that strengthened the judicial branch.judicial branch.

Some of Adams other appointments didn’t Some of Adams other appointments didn’t work as well.work as well.

Before leaving office, Adams pushed for the Before leaving office, Adams pushed for the Judiciary Act of 1801 which increased the Judiciary Act of 1801 which increased the number of federal judges by 16. He then number of federal judges by 16. He then began to fill these new positions with began to fill these new positions with Federalists (Packed the courts).Federalists (Packed the courts).

Called Midnight Judges (He signed on the last Called Midnight Judges (He signed on the last day of his administration).day of his administration).

Angered Dem-Reps and Jefferson.Angered Dem-Reps and Jefferson. Not delivered before Adams left office/Jefferson Not delivered before Adams left office/Jefferson

said they were invalid.said they were invalid.

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison (1803) (1803) Led to the most important Supreme Led to the most important Supreme

Court decision of all time.Court decision of all time. Affirmed judicial review-the ability of Affirmed judicial review-the ability of

the Supreme Court to declare an act the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress as unconstitutional.of Congress as unconstitutional.

The U.S. Expands WestThe U.S. Expands West

Westward expansion across the Westward expansion across the Appalachians, through the Appalachians, through the Cumberland Gap through Kentucky.Cumberland Gap through Kentucky.

(1775 Daniel Boone led the clearing (1775 Daniel Boone led the clearing of a road from VA through this gap of a road from VA through this gap called the Wilderness Road)called the Wilderness Road)

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

1800 Napoleon persuaded Spain to 1800 Napoleon persuaded Spain to return the Lousiana Territory it return the Lousiana Territory it received from France after the French received from France after the French and Indian War.and Indian War.

Scared Americans/Forced to make an Scared Americans/Forced to make an alliance with Britain.alliance with Britain.

Jefferson wanted to resolve this Jefferson wanted to resolve this problem by buying New Orleans and problem by buying New Orleans and Florida from France.Florida from France.

He sent James Monroe to France.He sent James Monroe to France.

Before Monroe arrived, Napoleon had given up his Before Monroe arrived, Napoleon had given up his dreams for an American Empire after losing Saint dreams for an American Empire after losing Saint Doningue (Haiti).Doningue (Haiti).

He needed money, so Napoleon decided to sell He needed money, so Napoleon decided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory.the entire Louisiana Territory.

No time to consult their gov’t, Monroe made deal No time to consult their gov’t, Monroe made deal for $15 million. for $15 million.

Jefferson (Strict Constructionist) thought it was Jefferson (Strict Constructionist) thought it was unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

But he utilized the Elastic Clause.But he utilized the Elastic Clause. The size of the U.S. Doubled.The size of the U.S. Doubled. Classical Republicanism/virtue/farmersClassical Republicanism/virtue/farmers

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark Jefferson wanted to explore the new territory.Jefferson wanted to explore the new territory. Lewis and Clark prepared in Philadelphia.Lewis and Clark prepared in Philadelphia. 1803 Corps of Discovery- St. Louis to the 1803 Corps of Discovery- St. Louis to the

Pacific.Pacific. Collect scientific info. and learn more about Collect scientific info. and learn more about

the Native Americans.the Native Americans. 50 soldiers50 soldiers Sacajawea-interpreter and guide.Sacajawea-interpreter and guide. Two years and four months and only one man Two years and four months and only one man

died.died.