Thomas JeffersonDemocratic-Republican Party3rd President of the United States 1801-1809

http://novovek.webnode.cz/poznavani-osobnosti/

http://www.potus.com/tjefferson.html

• Educational Background: Attended a local Presbyterian school in Virginia as a child. At age 16 he when to The college of William and Mary. There he met an influential mentor George Wythe. He studied math, physics and philosophy as well as learning several languages. He continued his education throughout his life by reading thousands of books.

• Occupational Background: Jefferson started as a lawyer in Virginia but went on to hold many political positions. He represented Virginia at the second continental congress and became Virginia’s second governor (1779-1781). He then became a member of the Congress of the Confederation (1783-1784) and after that an ambassador to France (1785-1789). Finally before becoming president, Jefferson held the position of secretary of state from (1790-1793) and then Vice President from 1797-1801.

• Vice President: Aaron Burr (1801-1805), George Clinton (1805-1809)• Secretary of State: James Madison (1801-1809)• States Admitted to Union: Ohio (1803)

http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/brief-biography-thomas-jefferson

http://www.potus.com/tjefferson.html

Election of 1796

• Candidates: John Adams (Federalist Party)• Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican Party) • Electoral votes: John Adams 71, Thomas Jefferson 68• Popular Votes: Not Yet Recorded

• Jefferson most likely lost this election because The Federalist Party tried to link The Democratic-Republican Party to the violence of the French Revolution. Then, right before the election the French ambassador began to back the Democratic-Republican Party and attack the Federalist party, strengthening their point.

• Although Jefferson lost he got the second most electoral votes due to botched voting. This led to him being the vice president (even though the president was of the opposing party) setting him up to run in the next election.

http://millercenter.org/president/adams/essays/biography/3

www.wikipidia.org

Election of 1800

• Candidates: John Adams (Federalist Party)• Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican Party) • Electoral votes: John Adams 65, Thomas Jefferson 73• Popular Votes: Not Yet Recorded

• The Democratic-Republicans had the advantage in this election because of a divide in leadership between Federalists John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. Also the Federalists wanted to pass the Alien and Sedition Acts which would stifle certain freedoms of speech and press. Needless to say the colonists didn’t want that.

• This Election is also the reason for the creation of the 12th Amendment of the constitution. Technically Jefferson and Aaron Burr got the same amount of votes due to botched voting. The election was put into the hands of the House of Representatives who chose Jefferson.

http://millercenter.org/president/adams/essays/biography/3

www.wikipidia.org

Election of 1804

• Candidates: Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)• Charles Pinckney (Federalist) • Electoral votes: Jefferson 162, Pinckney 14• Popular votes: Not Yet Recorded

• Jefferson gained a lot of popularity over his last term making this election more of a blowout.• The economy was very good at this point in time. Trade was greatly increased due to the

French Revolution, making Jefferson look even better.

www.wikipidia.org http://www.presidentelect.org/e1804.html

Jefferson Becomes President1801

• Thomas Jefferson ran for president but he was tied with Aaron Burr in votes.• The House of Representatives elected Jefferson

• Significance: Showed the first time any party other then a Federalist had been elected starting what Jefferson called the Revolution of 1800.

• The twelfth amendment was added to the constitution because of this election.

http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2008/08/13/the-most-consequential-elections-in-history-thomas-jefferson-and-the-election-of-1800

Marbury Vs. Madison1801

• In the time between Jefferson’s election and the end of John Adam’s presidency, Adams appointed many Federalist justices in order to slow down the Democratic-Republican party.

• Some of these appointments were not finalized in the rush and Jefferson refused to finish them. William Marbury along with several others, went to the Supreme Court to sue for their jobs. They lost the case 6 votes to 0.

• Significance: This is the court case that gave birth to the power of judicial review. It was decided that the Supreme Court must decide on the constitutionality of laws so ordinary laws could not contradict the constitution.

• This was also the first case where an act was considered unconstitutional. This greatly helped to form the system of checks and balances we use today.

William Marbury

http://www.oyez.org/cases/1792-1850/1803/1803_0/

www.wikipidia.org

Enabling Act 1802

• This Act was signed by Jefferson saying that the residents of the north east western territory could create the state of Ohio and join the Union.

• The act required 35 delegates from Ohio to attend the next constitutional convention. These delegates would decide on Ohio’s state constitution and government

• Ohio only got one representative in the House of representatives until the next census.

• Significance: Marked the first state created out of the territories. • Showed the US that they had created a useful and streamlined process for the admittance of

new states into the Union. • Prompted more people in the territories to want to become states.

http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=000574.html&StartPage=74&EndPage=80&volume=5&notes=&newtitle=Volume%205%20Page%2074 http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=523

Louisiana Purchase1803

• America was afraid of Napoleon starting a war or a slave revolt from New Orleans.

• U.S. sends representitives to France expecting to buy New Orleans from them for $10 million and is amazed to be offered the whole Louisiana Territory for only $15 million.

• On Saturday April 30, 1803 the Louisiana Purchase treaty is signed.

• Significance: Helped to diffuse tensions between U.S. and France by removing the French from the country.

• Doubled the size of the U.S.• Gave the U.S. access to the port of New Orleans greatly opening up their naval possibilities.

This allowed them to become know as one of the worlds greater powers.• Jefferson authorized slavery in New Orleans which would later have an effect in the Civil War

http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab4.htm

http://www.gatewayno.com/history/LaPurchase.html

www.wikipidia.org

Tripolitan War1804

• Pirates form the Barbary coast were attacking American merchant vessels and holding their crew for ransom.

• Jefferson refused to pay tribute for the crew and the Pasha (leader) of Tripoli declared war.• Although they did not declare war, congress passed acts allowing American ships to seize

enemy ships (and their goods) and take any other actions needed to protect American vessels.

• Jefferson’s ships blockaded main Barbary ports, while many sea battles went on. In 1805, the Pasha signed a peace treaty where Jefferson had to pay $60,000 for the return of American troops, ending the war.

• Significance: Allowed America to truly test their navy and show that they could handle conducting war far from home.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605837/Tripolitan-War

www.wikipidia.org

Lewis and Clark1804

• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to explore up through the Louisiana Territory to the Pacific coast.

• They were supposed to get an idea of the resources in the area, and declare sovereignty over Indians they found. They were also supposed to find a practical water route across the continent so trade with Asians in the pacific would be easier.

• They were guided by the native woman Sacagawea and returned safely in 1806

• Significance: Found out a lot about the animal and plant life inhabiting the newly acquired region.

• Discovered the resources contained by the area and were able to map it.• Made it all the way to the pacific coast overland, greatly enforcing the idea that Americans

could migrate west. (Manifest Destiny)

http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/lewis-clark/

www.wikipidia.org

Aaron Burr Shoots Alexander Hamilton1804

• Burr publish a pamphlet by Hamilton that bitterly attacked the current president (supposed to be private) starting their rivalry.

• Hamilton advocated against Burr when he tied with Jefferson in the election of 1800 • On July 11, 1804 they had a duel. Burr shot Hamilton in the abdomen and he died a day later.• Burr was later tried for treason and acquitted.

• Significance: Ended the life of one of the federalist party’s most influential and ingenious supporters.

• Completely ended the political career of Aaron Burr.

http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/burr/HamiltonBio.htm

www.wikipidia.org

12th Amendment Ratified 1804

• Before the amendment, electoral college members cast two votes for president. The one with the second most votes got vice president.

• In the 1796 election, John Adams was elected president but had a vice president from a different party (Jefferson)

• In the 1800 election, Jefferson’s votes tied with the votes for Aaron Burr leaving the House of Representatives to decide on the president.

• Because of these mistakes the 12th amendment was ratified in 1804, saying mainly that the presidential ticket would be split in to votes for president and vice president to help avoid further mistakes.

• Significance: This amendment greatly improved the American voting system, leaving only one time afterward where the House of Representatives had to choose the president (1824) and one time when the senate had to choose the vice president (1836).

http://www.usconstitution.net/constamnotes.html

Jefferson’s Second Term Begins1805

• Jefferson Defeated Charles Pinckney in the 1804 election to start his second term.

• Significance: This election began the last four years of what Jefferson called the Revolution of 1800. This meant the transition of power to the Democratic-Republican party.

• This also started the decline of Jefferson’s administration as troubles at home and tension with Britain increased.

http://www.academicamerican.com/jeffersonjackson/topics/JeffersonianDem.htm

Zebulon Pike Explores the West1806

• Pike was sent to explore the new Louisiana Territory in the first official exploration mission by the U.S. to the western plains.(Known as the Pike Expedition)

• Pike was also told to inform all Natives inhabiting the are that the land was now under U.S. rule.

• He then went to find the headwaters of the Red River and was captured by the Spanish in present day Colorado. He and his men were released for the nations weren’t at war.

• Significance: Pike was able to recover much data about Spanish military power and civilian populations.

• Pike charted most of the territory around the southwest and discovered Pike’s Peak (mountain)

http://www.history1700s.com/articles/article1152.shtml

www.wikipidia.org

Zebulon Pike

Non-Importation Act 1806

• A relatively unimportant act passed by Jefferson in response to British impressment of American sailors. (They were captured and forced to work in the British navy)

• The act banned the importation of certain goods from Britain. (mostly clothing) • The act was quickly suspended to allow the British time to respond and was replaced later by

the Embargo Act.

• Significance: Showed the first time Jefferson responded to problems with Britain using economic rather than military leverage.

• Showed that the US had power as economic market and could control Britain more than ever before. (World power was increasing)

http://www.jstor.org/pss/2113472

http://history.howstuffworks.com/revolutionary-war/nonimportation-act.htm

Chesapeake Leopard Affair 1807

• Naval battle between the American USS Chesapeake and the British HMS Leopard• The captain of the Leopard hailed the Chesapeake and asked Commodore James Barron to

summon his crew so they could look for British deserters. • Barron refused and was surprise broadsided by the Leopard• The Chesapeake only fired one shot before surrendering • Only one crew member turned out to be a real deserter

• Significance: Created more tension between the two countries indirectly contributing to the start of the War of 1812.

• Caused the passing of the Embargo Act which also contributed to the start of the War of 1812.

• Put doubt on the American Navy’s abilities.

http://www.corvalliscommunitypages.com/Americas/US/USNotOregon/chesapeakeall.htm

www.wikipidia.org

Embargo Act 1807

• An addition to the Non Importation Act,• It Put an embargo on all US ships (They couldn’t leave the US)• The president could make exceptions for ships he controlled • Ships had to leave a bond before going to another US port• War Ships were not affected by this law• The act was enforced for the president by Naval officers• Some British goods got in by smuggling through Canada

• Significance: Lack of trade greatly hurt American economy.• Lack of British imports stimulated the growth of American industry• Contributed greatly to the American entry into the War of 1812

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=19

http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/embargo-1807#Embargo_of_1807

Robert Fulton Invents the Clermont1807

• Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston build their first steamboat in France and test it on the Seine.

• With this success, Livingston contracts Fulton to build the Clermont (not first steamboat)• Together they operate a transportation business up and down the Hudson River.

• Significance: First successful steamboat business.• Greatly widened the use of he steamboat in the US• Helped to advance technology in the US

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clermont_replica.jpg

http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/steamboats/livingston.html

Outlaw of Slave Trade1808

• In 1806 NJ Representative Sloan called for a bill putting a $10 duty on every slave imported starting the debate.

• Congress was split into moralists (wanted nothing but to end slave trade) and pragmatists (tried to find a way to preserve the economic benefits). Both wanted to end the slave trade.

• A bill abolishing the slave trade was signed into law by Jefferson in 1808.• It said that the “disposal” of the slaves was to be decided by the district court of the state

they arrived in. This meant the slaves who arrived in southern states (the majority) were sold into slavery anyway.

• Only penalty for this was a light fine.

• Significance: Illegal slave trade continued in the south, showing the weakness of American law enforcement.

• Still showed a step towards total equality.

http://www1.american.edu/ted/slave.htm

Non-Intercourse Act1809

• The Embargo Act was greatly hurting the economy.• With 3 days left in office Jefferson replaced it with the Non-Intercourse Act• This said that US ships could now trade with anyone but Britain and France (almost

unenforceable)• Trade was not reopened with Brian and France until 1810

• Significance: Helped American economy recover a little after the Embargo Act• Helped American industries because all manufactured goods still had to be made in the US.

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=19

QuotesPraise

• “I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.”

- John F. Kennedy

• “But if there's an erosion at home, you know, Thomas Jefferson warned about a tyranny of an oligarchy and if we surrender our democracy to the tyranny of an oligarchy, we've made a terrible mistake.”

- Pat Robertson

Criticism• “If Thomas Jefferson thought taxation without representation was bad, he should see how it is with representation.” - Rush Limbaugh

• “Well, you know, Thomas Jefferson, who was the author of the Declaration of Independence said he wouldn't have any atheists in his cabinet because atheists wouldn't swear an oath to God. That was Jefferson and we have never had any Muslims in the cabinet.”-Pat Robertson

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/thomas_jefferson.html

Effect of the Presidency• American Economy was greatly weakened by the long lasting Embargo Act.

• The Embargo did help create a self sufficient industry for manufactured goods in the US.

• Bought the Louisiana territory expanding the US to nearly the size it is today.

• Signed the Twelfth amendment to the constitution streamlining the election process.

• Did not do anything to cool the mounting tension between the US and Britain eventually leading to the war of 1812.

• Overall Impact: He wrote the Declaration of independence leading to Americans freedom from Britain so it is pretty hard to say his impact on our county was at all negative. During his Presidency though, he did make some decisions that negatively influenced our country.

Ben AkmanAP US History period 7

10/16/11