THORACIC LIMBJoyDanielMinaAlyaaFarhanaAfina

TiraMurshidahCidFika

BONES OF THORACIC LIMB

LATERAL VIEWMEDIAL VIEW

SCAPULA OF GOAT

SCAPULAR CARTILAGE

DORSAL BORDER

CAUDAL ANGLEINFRASPINO

USFOSSACAUDAL BORDER

SCAPULAR TUBER

ACROMIONVENTRALANGLE

GLENOID CAVITY

CRANIAL BORDER

SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE

SCAPULAR SPINE

SUPRASPINOUSFOSSA

CRANIAL BORDER

LATERAL VIEW

CRANIAL ANGLE

CRANIAL BORDER

SERRATED SURFACE

SCAPULAR NOTCHNECK OF SCAPULA

SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE

CAUDAL ANGLESUBSCAPULARFOSSA

SCAPULAR CARTILAGE

CAUDAL BORER

VENTRAL ANGLE

MEDIAL VIEW

HUMERUS BONE

LATERAL VIEWMEDIAL VIEW

CRANIAL VIEW

RADIAL FOSSA

BODY OF HUMERUS

LATERAL EPICONDYLE

HUMERALCONDYLE

MAJORTUBERCLE(CRANIAL)

TERES MINOR TUBEROSITY

NECK OF HUMERUS

MAJOR TUBERCLE (CAUDAL)

HEAD OF HUMERUS

NECK OFHUMERUS

BODY OF HUMERUS

RADIAL FOSSA LATERAL

SUPRACONDYLAR CREST

LATERAL VIEW

LATERALEPICONDYLE

MAJOR TUBERCLE

DELTOIDTUBEROSITY

MEDIAL VIEW

•ULNA -IS PLACED CAUDAL TO THE RADIUS

• RADIUS-IS A ROD-SHAPED BONE

CARPAL BONECARPAL BONE ARE ARRANGED IN TWO ROWS:

•CARPAL BONE PRESENT DIFFERENCES IN THE DIFFERENT SPECIES:~ HUMAN AND PIG- 8 CARPAL BONE~ HORSE HAS 7 OR 8 CARPAL BONES, DEPEND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE FIRST CARPAL BONE~ CARNIVORES- RADIAL AND INTERMEDIATE CARPAL BONES ARE FUSED, SO THE TOTAL NUMBERS OF CARPAL BONES IS REDUCED TO 7~ RUMINANTS HAVE 6 CARPAL BONES, THE FIRST CARPAL BONES IS MISSING AND THE SECOND ANDTHIRD CARPAL BONES ARE FUSED TOGETHER.

METACARPALS

DIGITAL BONES

Thoracic Limb - Muscles

DefinitionsOrigin : The point at which

something comes into existence or from which it derives or is derived.

Insertion : The act of putting one thing into another

Function or Action : The way in which something works or moves.

Origin: Outer surface of front portion of scapula and adjacent cartilage

Insertion: Inner and outer front corners of top of humerus

Function: Extends the shoulder joint to advance the limb.

Origin : Outer surface of rear portion of scapula and adjacent cartilage.

Insertion: Outer side of top of humerus.

Function: Pulls the limb away from body; rotates arm outward

DeltoideusOrigin: 1)Acromial portion: Acromion and along the spine for a short distance. 2)Scapular portion:Spine of the scapula and partly into the rear edge of the bony scapula.

Insertion: One third of the way down on the outside of the humerus. The scapular portion also inserts onto the surface of the lateral head ofthe triceps.

Function: Flexes shoulder joint, pulling away the limb from the body

Origin: Upper third of the rear surface of humerus

Insertion: Inner side of radius to the top, slightly below and to the inside of the biceps muscle

Function: Flexes the elbow joint

Origin: Bony prominence on the front of the lower end of the scapula.

Insertion: 1. Inner front corner of the top of the radius. 2. Ligament onthe inside of the elbow. 3. By a special long tendinous extension, intothe tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle (and therefore indirectlyinto the front of the metacarpal bone).

Action: Flexes the elbow joint; extends the shoulder joint (and locksthe shoulder in place when the animal is in the standing position).

Origin: Long head: Most or all of the rear border of the scapula. Lateralhead: Curved ridge on upper outer surface of the humerus.

Insertion: Side and top of the olecranon of the humerus (point of theelbow).

Action: Long head: Both extends the elbow joint and flexes theshoulder joint. Lateral head: Extends the elbow joint only.

Origin: Lower third of humerus

Insertion: A line of outer surface of the end of the ulna.

Function: Extends the elbow joint.

Origin: Bony ridge on the outside lower third of humerus

Insertion: Top of front space of metacarpal bone

Function: Extends and locks the wrist joint, flexes the elbow joint.

Origin: From lower end of the humerus.

Insertion: Upper edge of the front of the two lower toe bones of outer digits.

Functions: Extends all outer toe joints, flexes the elbow joint.

Ulnaris lateralisOrigin: Outer surface of lower end of humerus, behind the elbow joint ligament.

Insertion: Top of the outer surface of the single metacarpal bone.

Function: Flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint

Extensor Carpi ObliquusOrigin : lower half of the outer surface of the radius and an adjacent area on the ulna.Insertion : inner side of the upper end of the metacarpal bone.Action : extends the carpal joint.

Origin : lower end of the inner surface of the humerus.Insertion : upper inner corner of the metacarpal bone.Action : flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Origin : lower end of the inside surface of the humerus ; inner surface, towards the rear , of the upper end of the ulna.Insertion : upper edge end of the ulnaAction: flexes the wrist joint ; extends the elbow joint.

• SHOULDER OR HUMERAL JOINT

(ARTICULATIO HUMERI )

JOINTS OF THE THORACIC LIMB

NAME BONESINVOLVED

TYPE OF JOINT

FUNCTION REMARKS

SHOULDER JOINT

GLENOID CAVITY OF SCAPULA AND HEAD OF HUMERUS

SIMPLE SPHEROIDAL

RESTRICTED TO FLEXION AND EXTENSION

INFRASPINATUS AND SUBSCAPULARIS ACT AS CONTRACTILE LIGAMENTS

*** THE SHOULDER JOINT LINKS THE CONSIDERABLY SMALLER GLENOID CAVITY OF THE SCAPULA TO THE LARGER HUMERAL HEAD . ****

The shoulder joint is a typical SPHEROIDAL JOINT in structure & theoretically have a versatility of movement.

Its actual range of movement is limited by the surrounding muscles.

It therefore functions as a HINGE JOINT with the primary movements being flexion & extension.

Rotation, adduction, & abduction are restricted , but possible especially in carnivores ,in which abduction of 60° ,pronation of 35° & supination of 45° is possible. (eg : in the horse , lateral n medial movements are almost impossible due to the cylindrical shape of the humeral head.)

JOINT OF THORACIC LIMB-ELBOW JOINT

ELBOW JOINT

JOINT IS A POINT OF ARTICULATION BETWEEN 2 OR MORE BONES,ESPECIALLY SUCH A CONNECTION THAT ALLOW MOVEMENT.

HUMERUS,RADIUS AND ULNA JOIN TO FORM THE ELBOW JOINT.

LIGAMENT ARE PRESENT IN THE ELBOW JOINT.

Name Bone involved

Type of joint

Function

a)Humeroulnar articulation

Condyle of humerus and ulna

Simple hinge joint

Flexion and extension

b)Humeroulnar articulation

Condyle of humerus and head of humerus

Simple hinge joint

Flexion and extension

c)Proximal radioulnar articulation

Articulator circumference notch of ulna

Simple pivot joint

No movement

Carpal Joint

Ulnacarpal and

Radiocarpal joints

Middle Carpal joints

Intercarpal Joint

Carpometacarpal Joints

Antebrachiocarpal jointConsist of radiocarpal joint and

ulnacarpal jointHorse hingeCarnivorse ellipsoidalRuminants cochlear

Middle carpal jointsHinge jointFormed between proximal and

distal carpal bones

Middle carpal joints

•Firm articulation•Have very limited range of movement

Carpometacarpal joints

Between distal carpal bones and metacarpal bones (plane joints)

LIGAMENTS:◦Long lateral and medial collateral

ligaments◦Short ligament (joining neighbouring

bones of the same row or adjacent rows)

Long lateral collateral ligament◦Connect to the lateral metacarpal

bone◦Has 2 deep branches : ulnar carpal

bone and fourth carpal bone

Long medial colllateral ligament◦Medial styloid process of the radius

and the proximal extremity of the medial metacarpal

Short ligament◦Vertical◦Horizontal◦short

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