Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
A Final Report to theAustralian Alps Liaison Committee
Written by: Dr Andrew W. Claridge
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service,Queanbeyan, NSW 2620.
Cover photo credit: Tumut Grevillea (Grevillea wilkinsonii) John Briggs. Report citation: Claridge, A.W. (2016) Threatened flora at potential risk from introduced deer in the Australian Alps. A final report to the Australian Alps Liaison Committee. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Queanbeyan NSW 2620, Australia.
Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps Purpose of Document The primary purpose of this document is to identify native flora at potentially greatest risk from introduced deer impacts across the Australian Alps. Here, the limit of the Australian Alps is geographically defined by the extent of the following conservation reserves: Alpine National Park, Avon Wilderness Park, Baw Baw National Park, Bimberi Nature Reserve, Brindabella National Park, Brindabella State Conservation Area, Kosciuszko National Park, Mount Buffalo National Park, Namadgi National Park, Scabby Range National Park, Snowy River National Park and Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve. For this purpose, species of flora listed under the Australian Capital Territory Nature Conservation Act 2014, Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and related Advisory List of Threatened Flora in Victoria (Department of Environment and Primary Industries 2014) are considered priorities to examine more closely, based on the fact that their conservation status is already deemed poor and that they require recovery. The resultant registers of threatened flora species serve primarily as a guide for highlighting those entities that should be monitored in the first instance to gather definitive information about whether deer are present in their habitats and whether they are having any noticeable impacts. Follow-up monitoring of priority native species is particularly important given the absence of information about introduced deer impacts within the tenure of interest, let alone across the broader geographic area of south-eastern mainland Australia. Until such follow-up monitoring is conducted introduced deer impacts on threatened flora cannot be assumed. More rigorous attempts have been made elsewhere around the world to develop frameworks for assessing priorities for research on introduced deer impacts, particularly for flora species such as in neighbouring New Zealand (e.g. Forsyth et al. 2003a). However, these sophisticated frameworks are based on a relatively in-depth understanding of the ecology of introduced deer, including dietary preference studies and vegetation monitoring in areas subject to deer control or not, as the case may be (Rose and Platt 1987; Stewart et al. 1987; Husher and Frampton 2005; Husher 2007). With the notable exception of impacts of Rusa Deer on flora at Royal National Park south of Sydney (Keith and Pellow 2004), and on flora in rainforest communities in East Gippsland, Victoria (Peel et al. 2005), such in-depth research has not been undertaken anywhere else in south-eastern mainland Australia. Background Caveats In relation to assessing potential impacts of introduced deer on native flora, the following factors must be considered:
i. There are currently no databases that would indicate, with reasonable precision, both the distribution and relative abundance of the different species of introduced deer across any of the conservation reserves that together make up the Australian Alps. For example, the Atlas of NSW (Bionet) and Victorian Biodiversity Atlas contain very
Page 1Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
few definitive records of the following deer species across the entire State, let alone within the geographic area of interest: Fallow Deer, Hog Deer, Red Deer, Rusa Deer and Sambar Deer;
ii. Instead, the assumption is made here that introduced deer are near omnipresent across the Australian Alps. This assumption is based on anecdotal reports of deer from many conservation reserves by conservation management agency staff. Additionally, modelling of the preferred climatic range of each of the deer species of interest indicates they could potentially occur across much of south-eastern mainland Australia (Forsyth et al. 2003b; Moriarty 2004);
iii. With few exceptions, and as indicated above, the impact of introduced deer on native biodiversity in south-eastern mainland Australia is poorly documented. The limited relevant published research has focussed on impacts of introduced deer on flora in only a few locations, each of which lies outside of the Australian Alps (e.g. Keith and Pellow 2004; Peel et al. 2005);
iv. Relevant literature from outside of Australia indicates that the key issue, regardless of deer species, is the density of local populations – at sites where deer densities are high, ecological impacts might be severe, whereas at sites with low deer densities, ecological impacts may be either negligible or benign. There are currently no measures of deer density at a landscape scale across the Australian Alps that would assist in demarcating areas of particular concern.
Identifying Threatened Flora at Potential Risk
Step 1: Threatened Flora Lists for the Australian Alps The first step in the process for identifying threatened flora at potential risk from introduced deer impacts involved reviewing threatened species location data reported in the Atlas of New South Wales (Bionet), the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas and from relevant databases held by Environment ACT. From this initial analysis a list of threatened flora was generated for the Australian Alps, together with their conservation status according to respective State or Territory legislation (Table 1). As can be seen, the vast majority of threatened flora are those listed as being of conservation concern in the Department of Environment and Primary Industries Advisory List of Rare of Threatened Plants in Victoria – 2014 (Department of Environment and Primary Industries 2014). Far fewer species are formally listed as threatened entities under either of the Australian Capital Territory's Nature Conservation Act 2014, the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 or Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Resultant summary tables were then generated for the occurrence and number of records of each threatened flora species against the previously nominated conservation reserves across the Australian Alps (Table 2). Conservation management staff interested in identifying threatened flora potentially at risk within their tenure should use Tables 1 and 2 as an initial ‘sieve’, to reduce the total number of threatened flora species reported from across the Australian Alps that might be considered in their local analysis. High priority species for field assessment would logically be those that occur within a conservation reserve of interest and are otherwise formally listed under relevant threatened species legislations.
Page 2 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Tab
le 1
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Page 3Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
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Page 4 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
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Page 5Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
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Page 6 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
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Purp
le C
oope
rnoo
kia
Goo
deni
acea
e
r
Cop
rosm
a m
oore
i T
urqu
oise
Cop
rosm
a R
ubia
ceae
r
Cop
rosm
a ni
valis
Sn
ow C
opro
sma
Rub
iace
ae
r
C
opro
sma
perp
usill
a su
bsp.
per
pusi
lla
Cre
epin
g C
opro
sma
Rub
iace
ae
r
C
orre
a la
wre
ncea
na v
ar. l
atro
bean
a (m
onta
ne r
ed)
Red
Mou
ntai
n-co
rrea
R
utac
eae
r
C
orun
asty
lis a
rrec
ta
Ere
ct M
idge
-orc
hid
Orc
hida
ceae
r
Cor
unas
tylis
den
sa
Den
se M
idge
-orc
hid
Orc
hida
ceae
v
Cor
unas
tylis
ect
opa
Bri
ndab
ella
Mid
ge-o
rchi
d O
rchi
dace
ae
C
R E
N
EN
Cor
unas
tylis
nud
a T
iny
Mid
ge-o
rchi
d O
rchi
dace
ae
r
C
oryb
as h
ispi
dus
Bri
stly
Hel
met
-orc
hid
Orc
hida
ceae
r
Cra
sped
ia a
deno
phor
a St
icky
Bill
y-bu
ttons
A
ster
acea
e
r
Cra
sped
ia a
lba
Whi
te B
illy-
butto
ns
Ast
erac
eae
v
C
rasp
edia
aur
antia
O
rang
e B
illy-
butto
ns
Ast
erac
eae
r
C
rasp
edia
cro
cata
C
rim
son
Bill
y-bu
ttons
A
ster
acea
e
r
Cra
sped
ia ja
mes
ii G
reen
Bill
y-bu
ttons
A
ster
acea
e
r
Cra
sped
ia la
mic
ola
Bog
Bill
y-bu
ttons
A
ster
acea
e
v
Cry
ptan
dra
spec
iosa
sub
sp. s
peci
osa
Mou
ntai
n C
rypt
andr
a R
ham
nace
ae
v
C
ulle
n te
nax
Tou
gh S
curf
-pea
Fa
bace
ae
L
e
Cym
bono
tus
law
soni
anus
B
ear's
-ear
A
ster
acea
e
r
Cyp
erus
con
cinn
us
Tri
m F
lat-
sedg
e C
yper
acea
e
v
Cyp
erus
fulv
us
Stic
ky S
edge
C
yper
acea
e
v
Cyp
erus
gra
cilis
Sl
ende
r Fla
t-se
dge
Cyp
erac
eae
L
e
Cyp
hant
hera
alb
ican
s su
bsp.
alb
ican
s H
oary
Ray
-flo
wer
So
lana
ceae
r
Cys
topt
eris
tasm
anic
a B
rittl
e B
ladd
er-f
ern
Cys
topt
erid
acea
e
r
Dam
pier
a fu
sca
Kyd
ra D
ampi
era
Goo
deni
acea
e
e E
D
ampi
era
galb
raith
iana
L
icol
a D
ampi
era
Goo
deni
acea
e L
v
Page 7Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
DE
PI
Adv
isor
y L
ist
TSC
A
CT
E
PB
C
Act
N
C A
ct
Dam
pier
a pu
rpur
ea
Mou
ntai
n D
ampi
era
Goo
deni
acea
e
r
Dav
iesi
a m
imos
oide
s su
bsp.
acr
is
Blu
nt-l
eaf
Bitt
er-p
ea
Faba
ceae
r
Dav
iesi
a w
yatti
ana
Lon
g-le
af B
itter
-pea
Fa
bace
ae
v
D
erw
entia
niv
ea
Milf
oil S
peed
wel
l Pl
anta
gana
ceae
r
Des
cham
psia
cae
spito
sa
Tuf
ted
Hai
r-gr
ass
Poac
eae
r
D
esm
odiu
m b
rach
ypod
um
Lar
ge T
ick-
tref
oil
Faba
ceae
v
Dey
euxi
a af
finis
A
llied
Ben
t-gr
ass
Poac
eae
L
e
Dey
euxi
a ca
rina
ta
Kee
led
Ben
t-gr
ass
Poac
eae
r
D
eyeu
xia
cras
sius
cula
T
hick
Ben
t-gr
ass
Poac
eae
r
D
eyeu
xia
deci
pien
s D
evio
us B
ent-
gras
s Po
acea
e
v
Dey
euxi
a pu
ngen
s N
arro
w-l
eaf
Ben
t-gr
ass
Poac
eae
L
v
VU
Dey
euxi
a ta
lari
ata
Skir
ted
Ben
t-gr
ass
Poac
eae
v
D
illw
ynia
pro
stra
ta
Mat
ted
Parr
ot-p
ea
Faba
ceae
v
Dill
wyn
ia s
iebe
ri
Sieb
er's
Parr
ot-p
ea
Faba
ceae
r
Dip
lasp
is n
ivis
Sn
ow P
enny
wor
t A
piac
ae
r
D
ipod
ium
ham
ilton
ianu
m
Yel
low
Hya
cint
h-or
chid
O
rchi
dace
ae
L
e
Dis
cari
a ni
tida
Shin
ing
Anc
hor P
lant
R
ham
nace
ae
L
e V
D
isca
ria
pube
scen
s A
ustr
alia
n A
ncho
r Pla
nt
Rha
mna
ceae
L
r
D
iuri
s oc
hrom
a Pa
le G
olde
n M
oths
O
rchi
dace
ae
L
e E
V
U
D
iuri
s pe
dunc
ulat
a Sm
all S
nake
Orc
hid
Orc
hida
ceae
E
E
N
D
iuri
s pu
ncta
ta v
ar. p
unct
ata
Purp
le D
iuri
s O
rchi
dace
ae
L
v
Doc
krill
ia s
trio
lata
sub
sp. s
trio
lata
St
reak
ed R
ock-
orch
id
Orc
hida
ceae
r
Dod
onae
a bo
roni
ifolia
H
airy
Hop
-bus
h Sa
pind
acea
e
r
Dod
onae
a rh
ombi
folia
B
road
-lea
f H
op-b
ush
Sapi
ndac
eae
r
D
raba
stru
m a
lpes
tre
Mou
ntai
n C
ress
B
rass
icac
eae
L
v
Dre
pano
clad
us p
olyg
amus
Sh
ore
Feat
her-
mos
s A
mbl
yste
giac
eae
L
e
Dro
sera
arc
turi
A
lpin
e Su
ndew
D
rose
race
ae
r
E
nnea
pogo
n gr
acili
s Sl
ende
r Bot
tle-w
ashe
rs
Poac
eae
v
E
pacr
is c
elat
a C
rypt
ic H
eath
E
rica
ceae
r
Epa
cris
gla
cial
is
Red
dish
Bog
-hea
th
Eri
cace
ae
r
Page 8 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
DE
PI
Adv
isor
y L
ist
TSC
A
CT
E
PB
C
Act
N
C A
ct
Epa
cris
mic
roph
ylla
var
. rho
mbi
folia
M
ount
ain
Cor
al H
eath
E
rica
ceae
r
Epa
cris
pet
roph
ila
Snow
Hea
th
Eri
cace
ae
r
E
pilo
bium
bru
nnes
cens
sub
sp. b
eaug
leho
lei
Bog
Will
ow-h
erb
Ona
grac
eae
L
e
VU
Epi
lobi
um c
urtis
iae
Bal
d-se
eded
Will
ow-h
erb
Ona
grac
eae
r
E
pilo
bium
sar
men
tace
um
Mou
ntai
n W
illow
-her
b O
nagr
acea
e
r
Epi
lobi
um ta
sman
icum
Sn
ow W
illow
-her
b O
nagr
acea
e
v
Eri
gero
n co
nyzo
ides
D
aisy
Fle
aban
e A
ster
acea
e
v
Eri
gero
n ni
tidus
St
icky
Fle
aban
e A
ster
acea
e
r
Eri
gero
n ta
sman
icus
T
asm
ania
n Fl
eaba
ne
Ast
erac
eae
v
E
rioc
aulo
n sc
ario
sum
C
omm
on P
ipew
ort
Eri
ocau
lace
ae
r
E
ucal
yptu
s af
f. ru
bida
(Mor
oka)
M
orok
a C
andl
ebar
k M
yrta
ceae
r
Euc
alyp
tus
bosi
stoa
na
Coa
st G
rey-
box
Myr
tace
ae
r
E
ucal
yptu
s de
ntic
ulat
a E
rrin
undr
a Sh
inin
g G
um
Myr
tace
ae
r
E
ucal
yptu
s el
aeop
hloi
a O
live
Mal
lee
Myr
tace
ae
v
E
ucal
yptu
s fu
lgen
s G
reen
Sce
ntba
rk
Myr
tace
ae
r
E
ucal
yptu
s gl
auce
scen
s T
inga
ring
y G
um
Myr
tace
ae
r
E
ucal
yptu
s gl
obul
us s
ubsp
. mai
deni
i M
aide
n's
Gum
M
yrta
ceae
r
Euc
alyp
tus
kybe
anen
sis
Mal
lee
Ash
M
yrta
ceae
r
Euc
alyp
tus
mac
arth
urii
Cam
den
Woo
lybu
tt M
yrta
ceae
E
E
ucal
yptu
s m
itche
llian
a B
uffa
lo S
alle
e M
yrta
ceae
r
Euc
alyp
tus
negl
ecta
O
meo
Gum
M
yrta
ceae
r
Euc
alyp
tus
pauc
iflor
a su
bsp.
ace
rina
B
aw B
aw S
ally
M
yrta
ceae
r
Euc
alyp
tus
pauc
iflor
a su
bsp.
hed
raia
B
ogon
g Sa
lly
Myr
tace
ae
r
E
ucal
yptu
s pe
rrin
iana
Sp
inni
ng G
um
Myr
tace
ae
r
E
ucal
yptu
s ro
bert
soni
i sub
sp. h
emis
phae
rica
R
ober
tson
s Pe
pper
min
t M
yrta
ceae
V
V
U
E
ucal
yptu
s sa
xatil
is
Roc
k M
alle
e M
yrta
ceae
v E
E
uchi
ton
nitid
ulus
Sh
inin
g C
udw
eed
Ast
erac
eae
V
VU
Euc
hito
n tr
aver
sii
Mat
Cud
wee
d A
ster
acea
e
r
Page 9Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
DE
PI
Adv
isor
y L
ist
TSC
A
CT
E
PB
C
Act
N
C A
ct
Euc
hito
n um
bric
ola
Clif
f Cud
wee
d A
ster
acea
e
r
Eup
hras
ia c
auda
ta
Tai
led
Eye
brig
ht
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
r
Eup
hras
ia c
ollin
a su
bsp.
div
ersi
colo
r Pu
rple
Eye
brig
ht
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
v
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
Thi
ck E
yebr
ight
Sc
roph
ular
iace
ae
r
E
uphr
asia
cra
ssiu
scul
a su
bsp.
cra
ssiu
scul
a T
hick
Eye
brig
ht
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
r
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
subs
p. e
glan
dulo
sa
Thi
ck E
yebr
ight
Sc
roph
ular
iace
ae
r
E
uphr
asia
cra
ssiu
scul
a su
bsp.
gla
ndul
ifera
T
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Eye
brig
ht
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
L
v
V
U
E
uphr
asia
eic
hler
i B
ogon
g E
yebr
ight
Sc
roph
ular
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ae
L
v
VU
Eup
hras
ia g
ibbs
iae
subs
p. s
ubgl
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B
road
Eye
brig
ht
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
r
Eup
hras
ia la
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ther
a H
airy
Eye
brig
ht
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
r
Eup
hras
ia s
cabr
a R
ough
Eye
brig
ht
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
L
e
E
Ew
artia
nub
igen
a Si
lver
Ew
artia
A
ster
acea
e
r
Fim
bris
tylis
dic
hoto
ma
Com
mon
Fri
nge-
sedg
e C
yper
acea
e
v
Fim
bris
tylis
vel
ata
Vei
led
Frin
ge-s
edge
C
yper
acea
e
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Fis
side
ns s
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tus
Wat
er P
ocke
t-m
oss
Fiss
iden
tace
ae
r
G
ahni
a m
icro
stac
hya
Slen
der S
aw-s
edge
C
yper
acea
e
r
Gen
tiana
bae
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enii
Bae
uerl
ens
Gen
tian
Gen
tiana
ceae
E
E
N
EN
Gen
tiane
lla p
olys
pere
s E
arly
For
est-
gent
ian
Gen
tiana
ceae
r
Ger
aniu
m n
egle
ctum
Sw
amp
Cra
ne's-
bill
Ger
ania
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r
Ger
aniu
m p
oten
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ides
var
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itum
So
ft C
rane
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ll G
eran
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ae
r
G
eran
ium
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m s
ubsp
. bre
vica
ule
Alp
ine
Cra
ne's-
bill
Ger
ania
ceae
r
Ger
aniu
m s
olan
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var
. sol
ande
ri s
.s.
Aus
tral
Cra
ne's-
bill
Ger
ania
ceae
v
Gin
gidi
a ha
rvey
ana
Slen
der G
ingi
dia
Api
acea
e
v
Glo
ssoc
ardi
a bi
dens
C
obbl
er's
Tac
k A
ster
acea
e
v
Glo
ssos
tigm
a cl
eist
anth
um
Smal
l-fl
ower
Mud
-mat
Sc
roph
ular
iace
ae
r
G
lyci
ne la
trob
eana
C
love
r Gly
cine
Fa
bace
ae
L
v
VU
Goo
deni
a he
tero
phyl
la s
ubsp
. het
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hylla
V
aria
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Goo
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G
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Pinn
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Wes
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den-
tip
Faba
ceae
r
Gra
mm
itis
poep
pigi
ana
Alp
ine
Fing
er-f
ern
Poly
podi
acea
e
r
Page 10 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
DE
PI
Adv
isor
y L
ist
TSC
A
CT
E
PB
C
Act
N
C A
ct
Gra
tiola
nan
a M
atte
d B
rook
lime
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
r
Gra
tiola
pum
ilo
Dw
arf B
rook
lime
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
r
Gre
ville
a al
piva
ga
Buf
falo
Gre
ville
a Pr
otea
ceae
r
Gre
ville
a br
evifo
lia
Cob
bera
s G
revi
llea
Prot
eace
ae
r
G
revi
llea
chry
soph
aea
Gol
den
Gre
ville
a Pr
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ceae
r
Gre
ville
a m
ique
liana
O
val-
leaf
Gre
ville
a Pr
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ceae
v
Gre
ville
a m
ique
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sub
sp. m
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liana
O
val-
leaf
Gre
ville
a Pr
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ceae
v
Gre
ville
a m
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sp. m
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a G
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Prot
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v
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G
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Prot
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G
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B
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n R
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Gre
ville
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Gre
ville
a po
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K
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Prot
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ae
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bsp.
vic
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ae
Roy
al G
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Prot
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ae
r
G
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will
isii
Roc
k G
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Prot
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ae
r
G
ynat
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G
ipps
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Hem
p B
ush
Mal
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ae
r
H
akea
liss
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Mou
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n N
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d Pr
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Hal
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Shru
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Ras
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H
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Bra
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Bra
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Sky
Lily
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O
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iace
ae
r
H
ibbe
rtia
spa
thul
ata
Roc
k G
uine
a-fl
ower
D
illen
iace
ae
r
H
iero
chlo
e su
bmut
ica
Alp
ine
Hol
y-gr
ass
Poac
eae
v
H
ovea
cor
rick
iae
Glo
ssy
Hov
ea
Faba
ceae
r
Hov
ea m
agni
brac
tea
Lar
ge-b
ract
Hov
ea
Faba
ceae
r
Hup
erzi
a au
stra
liana
Fi
r Clu
bmos
s L
ycop
odia
ceae
r
Page 11Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
DE
PI
Adv
isor
y L
ist
TSC
A
CT
E
PB
C
Act
N
C A
ct
Hyb
anth
us m
onop
etal
us
Slen
der V
iole
t-bu
sh
Vio
lace
ae
r
Ir
enep
hars
us m
agic
us
Elu
sive
Cre
ss
Bra
ssic
acea
e
r
Isol
epis
alp
ina
Tas
man
Clu
b-se
dge
Cyp
erac
eae
k
Is
olep
is g
audi
chau
dian
a B
enam
bra
Clu
b-se
dge
Cyp
erac
eae
v
Is
olep
is m
ontiv
aga
Fog
Clu
b-se
dge
Cyp
erac
eae
r
Ju
ncus
ant
arct
icus
C
ushi
on R
ush
Junc
acea
e L
v
Ju
ncus
bre
vibr
acte
us
Alp
ine
Rus
h Ju
ncac
eae
r
Ju
ncus
falc
atus
Si
ckle
-lea
f R
ush
Junc
acea
e
r
Junc
us p
haea
nthu
s D
ark-
flow
er R
ush
Junc
acea
e
r
Kel
leri
a la
xa
Snow
Dap
hne
Thy
mel
aece
ae
L
e
VU
Koe
leri
a m
acra
ntha
C
rest
ed H
air-
gras
s Po
acea
e
r
Kun
zea
pedu
ncul
aris
x p
hylic
oide
s R
iver
Bur
gan
hybr
id
Myr
tace
ae
r
La
chna
gros
tis m
eion
ecte
s A
lpin
e B
low
n-gr
ass
Poac
eae
r
La
chna
gros
tis s
cabr
a R
ough
Blo
wn-
gras
s Po
acea
e
r
Laxm
anni
a gr
acili
s Sl
ende
r Wir
e-lil
y A
nthe
rica
ceae
r
Leio
nem
a bi
lobu
m s
ubsp
. ser
rula
tum
T
ooth
ed L
eion
ema
Rut
acea
e
r
Leio
nem
a la
mpr
ophy
llum
Sh
iny
Lei
onem
a R
utac
eae
r
Le
ione
ma
lam
prop
hyllu
m s
ubsp
. lam
prop
hyllu
m
Shin
y L
eion
ema
Rut
acea
e
r
Lept
orhy
ncho
s el
onga
tus
Lan
ky B
utto
ns
Ast
erac
eae
e
Le
ptor
hync
hos
squa
mat
us s
ubsp
. alp
inus
A
lpin
e B
utto
ns
Ast
erac
eae
r
Le
ptos
perm
um ji
nger
a St
ring
ybar
k T
ea-t
ree
Myr
tace
ae
v
Le
sped
eza
junc
ea s
ubsp
. ser
icea
C
hine
se L
espe
deza
Fa
bace
ae
r
Le
ucoc
hrys
um a
lbic
ans
subs
p. a
lbic
ans
var.
bu
ffalo
ensi
s B
uffa
lo S
unra
y A
ster
acea
e
r
Leuc
ochr
ysum
alb
ican
s su
bsp.
alp
inum
A
lpin
e Su
nray
A
ster
acea
e
r
Leuc
ochr
ysum
alb
ican
s va
r. tr
icol
or
Hoa
ry S
unra
y A
ster
acea
e L
e
E
N
Le
ucop
ogon
atte
nuat
us
Gre
y B
eard
-hea
th
Eri
cace
ae
r
Le
ucop
ogon
mic
roph
yllu
s va
r. pi
libun
dus
Hai
ry B
eard
-hea
th
Eri
cace
ae
r
Le
ucop
ogon
pili
fer
Thr
eady
Bea
rd-h
eath
E
rica
ceae
r
Leuc
opog
on r
ipar
ius
Riv
er B
eard
-hea
th
Eri
cace
ae
r
Li
ndsa
ea m
icro
phyl
la
Lac
y W
edge
-fer
n L
inds
aeac
eae
r
Page 12 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
DE
PI
Adv
isor
y L
ist
TSC
A
CT
E
PB
C
Act
N
C A
ct
Lobe
lia g
elid
a Sn
ow P
ratia
L
obel
iace
ae
L
v
VU
Loga
nia
gran
itica
M
ount
ain
Log
ania
L
ogan
iace
ae
v
Lo
man
dra
oreo
phila
M
ount
ain
Mat
-rus
h X
anth
orrh
oace
ae
r
Lu
zula
acu
tifol
ia s
ubsp
. acu
tifol
ia
Shar
p-le
af W
oodr
ush
Junc
acea
e
r
Luzu
la a
lpes
tris
T
usso
ck W
oodr
ush
Junc
acea
e
r
Luzu
la a
trat
a Sl
ende
r Woo
drus
h Ju
ncac
eae
v
Ly
copo
dium
sca
rios
um
Spre
adin
g C
lubm
oss
Lyc
opod
iace
ae
r
M
eesi
a m
uelle
ri
Hum
p M
oss
Mee
siac
eae
r
M
onot
oca
oreo
phila
M
ount
ain
Bro
om-h
eath
E
rica
ceae
r
Mon
otoc
a ro
tund
ifolia
T
raili
ng M
onot
oca
Eri
cace
ae
v
E
Mue
hlen
beck
ia a
xilla
ris
Mat
ted
Lig
num
Po
lygo
nace
ae
r
M
uehl
enbe
ckia
dic
lina
subs
p. 1
T
wig
gy L
ignu
m
Poly
gona
ceae
r
Myo
poru
m fl
orib
undu
m
Slen
der M
yopo
rum
St
roph
ular
iace
ae
L
e
Myr
ioph
yllu
m a
lpin
um
Alp
ine
Wat
er-m
ilfoi
l H
alor
agac
eae
r
N
emat
olep
is s
quam
ea
Satin
woo
d R
utac
eae
r
N
emat
olep
is s
quam
ea s
ubsp
. cor
iace
a H
arsh
Nem
atol
epis
R
utac
eae
L
v
VU
Nic
otia
na s
uave
olen
s A
ustr
al T
obac
co
Sola
nace
ae
r
N
ymph
oide
s ge
min
ata
Ope
n M
arsh
wor
t M
enya
ntha
ceae
r
Nym
phoi
des
mon
tana
E
ntir
e M
arsh
wor
t M
enya
ntha
ceae
r
Ole
aria
ade
noph
ora
Scen
ted
Dai
sy-b
ush
Ast
erac
eae
r
O
lear
ia b
revi
pedu
ncul
ata
Rus
ty D
aisy
-bus
h A
ster
acea
e
r
Ole
aria
fros
tii
Bog
ong
Dai
sy-b
ush
Ast
erac
eae
r
O
lear
ia io
doch
roa
Vio
let D
aisy
-bus
h A
ster
acea
e
r
Ole
aria
phl
ogop
appa
var
. fla
vesc
ens
Dus
ty D
aisy
-bus
h A
ster
acea
e
r
Oph
iogl
ossu
m r
etic
ulat
um
Stal
ked
Add
er's-
tong
ue
Oph
iogl
ossa
ceae
r
Ore
obol
us o
xyca
rpus
sub
sp. o
xyca
rpus
T
uft-
rush
C
yper
acea
e
r
Ore
obol
us p
umili
o su
bsp.
pum
ilio
Alp
ine
Tuf
t-ru
sh
Cyp
erac
eae
r
O
reom
yrrh
is a
rgen
tea
Silv
ery
Car
raw
ay
Api
acea
e
r
Page 13Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
DE
PI
Adv
isor
y L
ist
TSC
A
CT
E
PB
C
Act
N
C A
ct
Ore
omyr
rhis
bre
vipe
s B
ranc
hed
Car
away
A
piac
eae
v
O
reom
yrrh
is p
ulvi
nific
a C
ushi
on C
araw
ay
Api
acea
e
v
Ort
hotr
ichu
m r
upes
tre
Gra
nite
Bri
stle
-mos
s O
rtho
tric
hace
ae
r
O
scha
tzia
cun
eifo
lia
Wed
ge O
scha
tzia
A
piac
eae
r
O
xalis
mag
ella
nica
Sn
owdr
op W
ood-
sorr
el
Oxa
lidac
eae
r
O
zoth
amnu
s ad
natu
s W
inge
d E
verl
astin
g A
ster
acea
e
v
Ozo
tham
nus
alpi
nus
Alp
ine
Eve
rlas
ting
Ast
erac
eae
r
O
zoth
amnu
s ro
gers
ianu
s N
unni
ong
Eve
rlas
ting
Ast
erac
eae
r
O
zoth
amnu
s st
irlin
gii
Ove
ns E
verl
astin
g A
ster
acea
e
r
Par
ante
nnar
ia u
nice
ps
Para
nten
nari
a A
ster
acea
e
v
Par
sons
ia e
ucal
ypto
phyl
la
Gar
galo
o A
pocy
nace
ae
v
P
elar
goni
um h
elm
sii
Alp
ine
Stor
k's-
bill
Ger
ania
ceae
v
Pen
tach
ondr
a pu
mila
C
arpe
t Hea
th
Eri
cace
ae
r
P
erso
onia
arb
orea
T
ree
Gee
bung
Pr
otea
ceae
v
Per
soon
ia a
sper
ula
Mou
ntai
n G
eebu
ng
Prot
eace
ae
L
e
Per
soon
ia s
ilvat
ica
Fore
st G
eebu
ng
Prot
eace
ae
r
P
erso
onia
sub
velu
tina
Vel
vety
Gee
bung
Pr
otea
ceae
r
Phe
baliu
m g
land
ulos
um
Gla
ndul
ar P
heba
lium
R
utac
eae
e
P
heba
lium
gla
ndul
osum
sub
sp. 2
(Sno
wy
Riv
er)
Snow
y R
iver
Phe
baliu
m
Rut
acea
e
r
Phe
baliu
m s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. alp
inum
A
lpin
e Ph
ebal
ium
R
utac
eae
r
P
heba
lium
squ
amul
osum
sub
sp. a
rgen
teum
Si
lver
y Ph
ebal
ium
R
utac
eae
v
P
heba
lium
squ
amul
osum
sub
sp. o
zoth
amno
ides
M
ount
ain
Pheb
aliu
m
Rut
acea
e
r
Phe
baliu
m s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. squ
amul
osum
Fo
rest
Phe
baliu
m
Rut
acea
e
r
Phi
loth
eca
myo
poro
ides
sub
sp. b
revi
pedu
ncul
ata
Sugg
an B
ugga
n W
ax-f
low
er
Rut
acea
e
v
Phi
lydr
um la
nugi
nosu
m
Woo
lly W
ater
lily
Phily
drac
eae
v
P
icri
s sq
uarr
osa
Squa
t Pic
ris
Ast
erac
eae
r
P
imel
ea a
xiflo
ra s
ubsp
. alp
ina
Alp
ine
Boo
tlace
Bus
h T
hym
elae
ceae
r
Pim
elea
bifl
ora
Mat
ted
Ric
e-fl
ower
T
hym
elae
ceae
r
Pim
elea
cur
viflo
ra v
ar. c
urvi
flora
Thy
mel
aece
ae
V
VU
Pim
elea
ligu
stri
na s
ubsp
. cili
ata
Frin
ged
Ric
e-fl
ower
T
hym
elae
ceae
r
Page 14 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
DE
PI
Adv
isor
y L
ist
TSC
A
CT
E
PB
C
Act
N
C A
ct
Pim
elea
lini
folia
sub
sp. c
aesi
a Sl
ende
r Ric
e-fl
ower
T
hym
elae
ceae
r
Pim
elea
pau
ciflo
ra
Pois
on R
ice-
flow
er
Thy
mel
aece
ae
r
P
lant
ago
alpe
stri
s V
eine
d Pl
anta
in
Plan
taga
nace
ae
r
P
lant
ago
glac
ialis
Sm
all S
tar-
plan
tain
Pl
anta
gana
ceae
v
Pla
ntag
o m
uelle
ri
Star
Pla
ntai
n Pl
anta
gana
ceae
v
Pla
tysa
ce e
rico
ides
H
eath
Pla
tysa
ce
Api
acea
e
r
Poa
cliv
icol
a Fi
ne-l
eaf
Snow
-gra
ss
Poac
eae
r
P
oa h
ooke
ri
Hoo
ker's
Tus
sock
-gra
ss
Poac
eae
r
P
oa h
otha
men
sis
var.
parv
iflor
a So
ft L
edge
-gra
ss
Poac
eae
r
P
oa la
billa
rdie
rei v
ar. a
cris
Sh
arp
Mou
ntai
n T
usso
ck-g
rass
Po
acea
e
v
Poa
ort
hocl
ada
Avo
n T
usso
ck-g
rass
Po
acea
e
r
Poa
pet
roph
ila
Roc
k T
usso
ck-g
rass
Po
acea
e
r
Poa
sax
icol
a R
ock
Poa
Poac
eae
L
e
Pod
olep
is h
iera
cioi
des
Lon
g Po
dole
pis
Ast
erac
eae
r
P
odol
epis
sp.
aff
. rob
usta
(N.E
. Alp
s)
Hig
h-pl
ain
Podo
lepi
s A
ster
acea
e
r
Pol
ygal
a ja
poni
ca
Dw
arf M
ilkw
ort
Poly
gala
ceae
v
Pom
ader
ris
andr
omed
ifolia
sub
sp. a
ndro
med
ifolia
A
ndro
med
a Po
mad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
r
P
omad
erri
s be
tulin
a su
bsp.
bet
ulin
a B
irch
Pom
ader
ris
Rha
mna
ceae
r
Pom
ader
ris
brun
nea
Ruf
ous
Pom
ader
ris
Rha
mna
ceae
v V
V
U
P
omad
erri
s co
stat
a V
eine
d Po
mad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
r
P
omad
erri
s co
tone
aste
r C
oton
east
er P
omad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
L
e E
E
N
P
omad
erri
s er
ioce
phal
a W
oolly
-hea
d Po
mad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
r
P
omad
erri
s he
liant
hem
ifolia
B
lunt
-lea
f Po
mad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
v
P
omad
erri
s he
liant
hem
ifolia
sub
sp. h
ispi
da
Blu
nt-l
eaf
Pom
ader
ris
Rha
mna
ceae
v
Pom
ader
ris
helia
nthe
mifo
lia s
ubsp
. min
or
Blu
nt-l
eaf
Pom
ader
ris
Rha
mna
ceae
r
Pom
ader
ris
oblo
ngifo
lia
Snow
y R
iver
Pom
ader
ris
Rha
mna
ceae
r
Pom
ader
ris
palli
da
Pale
Pom
ader
ris
Rha
mna
ceae
V
V
U
P
omad
erri
s pa
ucifl
ora
Mou
ntai
n Po
mad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
r
Page 15Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
D
EP
I A
dvis
ory
Lis
t T
SC
AC
T
EP
BC
A
ct
NC
Act
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icifo
lia
Slen
der P
omad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
r
P
omad
erri
s ph
ylic
ifolia
sub
sp. e
rico
ides
Sl
ende
r Pom
ader
ris
Rha
mna
ceae
r
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icifo
lia s
ubsp
. phy
licifo
lia
Slen
der P
omad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
r
P
omad
erri
s pi
lifer
a su
bsp.
pili
fera
St
ripe
d Po
mad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
r
P
omad
erri
s su
bcap
itata
C
onve
x Po
mad
erri
s R
ham
nace
ae
r
P
oran
ther
a or
eoph
ila
Mou
ntai
n Po
rant
hera
Ph
ylla
ntha
ceae
r
Pra
soph
yllu
m fr
ench
ii M
aroo
n L
eek-
orch
id
Orc
hida
ceae
L
e
E
N
P
raso
phyl
lum
lind
leya
num
G
reen
Lee
k-or
chid
O
rchi
dace
ae
v
P
raso
phyl
lum
nip
hope
dium
M
arsh
Lee
k-or
chid
O
rchi
dace
ae
L
e
Pra
soph
yllu
m r
etro
flexu
m
Kia
ndra
Lee
k O
rchi
d O
rchi
dace
ae
V
Pra
soph
yllu
m s
phac
elat
um
Lar
ge A
lpin
e L
eek-
orch
id
Orc
hida
ceae
r
Pro
stan
ther
a de
cuss
ata
Den
se M
int-
bush
L
amia
ceae
r
Pro
stan
ther
a m
ontic
ola
Buf
falo
Min
t-bu
sh
Lam
iace
ae
r
P
rost
anth
era
phyl
icifo
lia
Spik
ed M
int-
bush
L
amia
ceae
r
Pro
stan
ther
a rh
ombe
a Sp
arkl
ing
Min
t-bu
sh
Lam
iace
ae
v
P
rost
anth
era
saxi
cola
var
. bra
cteo
lata
Sl
ende
r Min
t-bu
sh
Lam
iace
ae
r
P
rost
anth
era
wal
teri
M
onke
y M
int-
bush
L
amia
ceae
r
Pse
udan
thus
orb
icul
aris
T
angl
ed P
seud
anth
us
Lam
iace
ae
r
P
silo
tum
nud
um
Skel
eton
For
k-fe
rn
Psilo
tace
ae
v
P
sych
roph
ila in
trol
oba
Alp
ine
Mar
sh-m
arig
old
Ran
uncu
lace
ae
r
P
tero
styl
is a
estiv
a L
ong-
tong
ue S
umm
er-
gree
nhoo
d O
rchi
dace
ae
r
P
tero
styl
is c
occi
na
Scar
let G
reen
hood
O
rchi
dace
ae
v
P
tero
styl
is c
ucul
lata
L
eafy
Gre
enho
od
Orc
hida
ceae
L
e
V
VU
Pte
rost
ylis
fisc
hii
Fisc
h's
Gre
enho
od
Orc
hida
ceae
r
Pte
rost
ylis
laxa
A
ntel
ope
Gre
enho
od
Orc
hida
ceae
r
Pte
rost
ylis
ore
ophi
la
Blu
e-to
ngue
Gre
enho
od
Orc
hida
ceae
e C
R
CR
Pte
rost
ylis
sp.
aff
. cyc
noce
phal
a (A
lpin
e)
Alp
ine
Swan
Gre
enho
od
Orc
hida
ceae
r
Pte
rost
ylis
X a
enig
ma
Eni
gmat
ic G
reen
hood
O
rchi
dace
ae
e
E
N
P
tero
styl
is X
inge
ns
Shar
p G
reen
hood
O
rchi
dace
ae
r
Page 16 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
D
EP
I A
dvis
ory
Lis
t T
SC
AC
T
EP
BC
A
ct
NC
Act
Pul
tena
ea c
apite
llata
H
ard-
head
Bus
h-pe
a Fa
bace
ae
r
P
ulte
naea
fasc
icul
ata
Alp
ine
Bus
h-pe
a Fa
bace
ae
r
P
ulte
naea
mic
roph
ylla
Sp
read
ing
Bus
h-pe
a Fa
bace
ae
v
P
ulte
naea
pol
ifolia
D
usky
Bus
h-pe
a Fa
bace
ae
r
P
ulte
naea
sub
spic
ata
Low
Bus
h-pe
a Fa
bace
ae
v
P
ulte
naea
tene
lla
Del
icat
e B
ush-
pea
Faba
ceae
r
Pul
tena
ea w
illia
mso
nii
Hig
hlan
d B
ush-
pea
Faba
ceae
r
Ran
uncu
lus
anem
oneu
s A
nem
one
But
terc
up
Ran
uncu
lace
ae
V
VU
Ran
uncu
lus
colli
nus
Stra
wbe
rry
But
terc
up
Ran
uncu
lace
ae
r
R
anun
culu
s ei
chle
rian
us
Eic
hler
's B
utte
rcup
R
anun
cula
ceae
r
Ran
uncu
lus
gunn
ianu
s G
unn'
s A
lpin
e B
utte
rcup
R
anun
cula
ceae
r
Ran
uncu
lus
mill
anii
Dw
arf B
utte
rcup
R
anun
cula
ceae
r
Ran
uncu
lus
mue
lleri
Fe
lted
But
terc
up
Ran
uncu
lace
ae
v
R
anun
culu
s vi
ctor
iens
is
Vic
tori
an B
utte
rcup
R
anun
cula
ceae
r
Rhy
tidos
poru
m in
cons
picu
um
Alp
ine
Mar
iant
h Pi
ttosp
orac
eae
r
R
iche
a vi
ctor
iana
Se
rpen
t Hea
th
Eri
cace
ae
r
R
ulin
gia
dasy
phyl
la
Ker
raw
ang
Mal
vace
ae
L
e
Rut
idos
is le
iole
pis
Mon
aro
Gol
den
Dai
sy
Ast
erac
eae
V
VU
Rut
idos
is le
ptor
rhyn
choi
des
But
ton
Wri
nkle
wor
t A
ster
acea
e L
e
E
EN
E
N
Ryt
idos
perm
a au
stra
le
Sout
hern
She
ep-g
rass
Po
acea
e
e
Ryt
idos
perm
a ni
vico
la
Snow
Wal
laby
-gra
ss
Poac
eae
r
R
ytid
ospe
rma
pum
ilum
Fe
ldm
ark
Gra
ss
Poac
eae
V
VU
Ryt
idos
perm
a vi
cker
yae
Peri
sher
Wal
laby
-gra
ss
Poac
eae
E
Sagi
na n
amad
gi
Nat
ive
Pear
lwor
t C
aryo
phyl
lace
ae
v
Sa
mol
us v
aler
andi
i W
ater
Pim
pern
el
Sam
olac
eae
r
Sa
nnan
tha
cren
ulat
a Fe
rn-l
eaf
Bae
ckea
M
yrta
ceae
L
v
V
U
Sc
hiza
cme
mon
tana
var
. mon
tana
M
ount
ain
Mitr
ewor
t L
ogan
iace
ae
r
Page 17Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
D
EP
I A
dvis
ory
Lis
t T
SC
AC
T
EP
BC
A
ct
NC
Act
Schi
zeile
ma
frag
oseu
m
Alp
ine
Penn
ywor
t A
piac
eae
v
Sc
irpu
s po
lyst
achy
us
Lar
ge-h
ead
Clu
b-se
dge
Cyp
erac
eae
r
Sc
lera
nthu
s br
ocki
ei
Bro
ck K
naw
el
Car
yoph
ylla
ceae
r
Scle
rant
hus
dian
der
Tuf
ted
Kna
wel
C
aryo
phyl
lace
ae
r
Sc
lera
nthu
s fa
scic
ulat
us
Spre
adin
g K
naw
el
Car
yoph
ylla
ceae
r
Scle
rant
hus
sing
ulifl
orus
M
ossy
Kna
wel
C
aryo
phyl
lace
ae
r
Se
neci
o di
asch
ides
Sh
ingl
e Fi
rew
eed
Ast
erac
eae
r
Se
neci
o di
stal
iloba
tus
Dis
tal-
lobe
Fir
ewee
d A
ster
acea
e
r
Sene
cio
exte
nsus
A
lpin
e Fi
rew
eed
Ast
erac
eae
r
Se
neci
o ge
orgi
anus
G
rey
Fire
wee
d A
ster
acea
e
x E
X
EX
Sene
cio
inte
rpos
itus
Tab
lela
nd F
irew
eed
Ast
erac
eae
r
Se
neci
o la
geni
form
is
Mon
aro
Fire
wee
d A
ster
acea
e
r
Sene
cio
pect
inat
us v
ar. m
ajor
A
lpin
e G
roun
dsel
A
ster
acea
e
r
Sene
cio
pinn
atifo
lius
var.
alpi
nus
Snow
fiel
d G
roun
dsel
A
ster
acea
e
r
Sicy
os a
ustr
alis
St
ar C
ucum
ber
Cuc
urbi
tace
ae
v
So
lanu
m li
near
ifoliu
m
Mou
ntai
n K
anga
roo
App
le
Sola
nace
ae
r
Sp
orob
olus
cre
ber
Wes
tern
Rat
-tai
l Gra
ss
Poac
eae
v
St
ackh
ousi
a pu
lvin
aris
A
lpin
e St
ackh
ousi
a St
ackh
ousi
acea
e
r
Styl
idiu
m m
onta
num
A
lpin
e T
rigg
erpl
ant
Styl
idia
ceae
r
Swai
nson
a be
hria
na
Sout
hern
Sw
ains
on-p
ea
Faba
ceae
r
Swai
nson
a m
icro
phyl
la
Smal
l-le
af S
wai
nson
-pea
Fa
bace
ae
r
Sw
ains
ona
seri
cea
Silk
y Sw
ains
on-p
ea
Faba
ceae
L
v
V
Tara
xacu
m a
rist
um
Mou
ntai
n D
ande
lion
Ast
erac
eae
r
Ta
sman
nia
vick
eria
na
Baw
Baw
Pep
per
Win
tera
ceae
r
Tetr
arrh
ena
turf
osa
Smoo
th R
ice-
gras
s Po
acea
e
r
Tetr
athe
ca p
rocu
mbe
ns
Mou
ntai
n Pi
nk-b
ells
E
laeo
carp
acea
e
v
Tetr
athe
ca s
teno
carp
a L
ong
Pink
-bel
ls
Ela
eoca
rpac
eae
r
Te
trat
heca
sub
aphy
lla
Lea
fles
s Pi
nk-b
ells
E
laeo
carp
acea
e
r
Thel
ymitr
a al
pico
la m
s.
Alp
ine
Sun-
orch
id
Orc
hida
ceae
v
Page 18 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e F
amily
F
FG
Act
D
EP
I A
dvis
ory
Lis
t T
SC
AC
T
EP
BC
A
ct
NC
Act
Thel
ymitr
a ci
rcum
sept
a N
aked
Sun
-orc
hid
Orc
hida
ceae
v
Thel
ymitr
a si
mul
ata
Gra
cefu
l Sun
-orc
hid
Orc
hida
ceae
r
Thes
ium
aus
tral
e A
ustr
al T
oad-
flax
Sa
ntal
acea
e L
v
V
VU
Thry
ptom
ene
mic
rant
ha
Rib
bed
Thr
ypto
men
e M
yrta
ceae
r
Tort
ula
ande
rsso
nii
Scre
w M
oss
Potti
acea
e
e
Trac
hym
ene
hum
ilis
Alp
ine
Tra
chym
ene
Api
acea
e
r
Trac
hym
ene
hum
ilis
subs
p. b
revi
scap
a A
lpin
e T
rach
ymen
e A
piac
eae
r
Tr
achy
men
e hu
mili
s su
bsp.
hum
ilis
Alp
ine
Tra
chym
ene
Api
acea
e
r
Trip
ogon
lolii
form
is
Rye
Bee
tle-g
rass
Po
acea
e
r
Troc
hoca
rpa
clar
kei
Lila
c B
erry
E
rica
ceae
r
Unc
inia
com
pact
a C
ompa
ct H
ook-
sedg
e C
yper
acea
e
v
Unc
inia
sul
cata
Sm
all H
ook-
sedg
e C
yper
acea
e
v
Utr
icul
aria
mon
anth
os
Tas
man
ian
Bla
dder
wor
t L
entib
ular
iace
ae
L
v
Vio
la b
eton
icifo
lia s
ubsp
. nov
agui
neen
sis
Floo
dpla
in V
iole
t V
iola
ceae
r
Vio
la c
aley
ana
Swam
p V
iole
t V
iola
ceae
r
Vio
la fu
scov
iola
cea
Dus
ky V
iole
t V
iola
ceae
r
Vitt
adin
ia te
nuis
sim
a D
elic
ate
New
Hol
land
Dai
sy
Ast
erac
eae
r
W
ahle
nber
gia
dens
ifolia
Fa
iry
Blu
ebel
l C
ampa
nula
ceae
L
v
W
ahle
nber
gia
plan
iflor
a su
bsp.
pla
niflo
ra
Flat
Blu
ebel
l C
ampa
nula
ceae
v
Wes
trin
gia
crem
noph
ila
Snow
y R
iver
Wes
trin
gia
Lam
iace
ae
L
v
VU
Wes
trin
gia
glab
ra
Vio
let W
estr
ingi
a L
amia
ceae
r
Wes
trin
gia
luci
da
Shin
ing
Wes
trin
gia
Lam
iace
ae
L
v
Wes
trin
gia
seni
folia
A
lpin
e W
estr
ingi
a L
amia
ceae
r
Witt
stei
nia
vacc
inia
cea
Baw
Baw
Ber
ry
Als
euos
mia
ceae
r
Wur
mbe
a bi
glan
dulo
sa s
ubsp
. big
land
ulos
a G
land
ular
Ear
ly N
ancy
C
olch
icac
eae
r
X
anth
osia
ste
llata
St
ar X
anth
osia
A
piac
eae
v
X
eroc
hrys
um p
alus
tre
Swam
p E
verl
astin
g A
ster
acea
e L
v
V
U
Page 19Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Zier
ia c
itrio
dora
L
emon
-sce
nted
Zie
ria
Rut
acea
e
v E
V
U
Zi
eria
cyt
isoi
des
Dow
ny Z
ieri
a R
utac
eae
r
Zi
eria
rob
usta
R
ound
-lea
f Z
ieri
a R
utac
eae
r
Zi
eria
sm
ithii
subs
p. s
mith
ii Sa
ndfl
y Z
ieri
a R
utac
eae
r
K
ey t
o T
able
1:
FFG
Act
= F
lora
and
Fau
na G
uara
ntee
Act
198
8 (V
icto
ria)
; D
EPI
Adv
isor
y L
ist
= D
epar
tmen
t of
Env
iron
men
t an
d Pr
imar
y In
dust
ries
Adv
isor
y L
ist
for
rare
and
thre
aten
ed p
lant
s (V
icto
ria)
; TSC
Act
= T
hrea
tene
d Sp
ecie
s C
onse
rvat
ion
Act
199
5 (N
SW);
EPB
C A
ct =
Env
iron
men
t Pro
tect
ion
and
Bio
dive
rsity
Con
serv
atio
n A
ct
1999
(C
omm
onw
ealth
); N
C A
ct =
Nat
ure
Con
serv
atio
n A
ct (
2014
) (A
CT
); L
= L
iste
d en
tity;
v =
vul
nera
ble;
r =
rar
e; e
= e
ndan
gere
d; k
= p
oorl
y kn
own;
x =
ext
inct
; E
=
End
ange
red;
V =
Vul
nera
ble;
EX
= E
xtin
ct; C
R =
Cri
tical
ly E
ndan
gere
d.
Page 20 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Tab
le 2
. Num
ber
of r
ecor
ds o
f thr
eate
ned
plan
t spe
cies
acr
oss
each
of t
he c
onse
rvat
ion
rese
rves
wit
hin
the
Aus
tral
ian
Alp
s.
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Abr
otan
ella
niv
igen
a 20
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Abu
tilon
oxy
carp
um v
ar. s
ubsa
gitta
tum
4
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Aca
cia
alpi
na
30
4 0
0 0
0 0
53
0 0
0 0
Aca
cia
amoe
na
19
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 13
0
Aca
cia
bine
rvia
6
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Aca
cia
boor
man
ii 31
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
30
0
Aca
cia
dalla
chia
na
27
0 0
0 0
0 0
23
0 0
0 0
Aca
cia
daw
soni
i 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0
Aca
cia
dean
ei
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Aca
cia
dean
ei s
ubsp
. pau
ciju
ga
20
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 3
0
Aca
cia
dora
toxy
lon
5 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
8 0
Aca
cia
how
ittii
7 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Aca
cia
infe
cund
a 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Aca
cia
kybe
anen
sis
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 8
0
Aca
cia
lani
gera
var
. gra
cilip
es
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
Aca
cia
lani
gera
var
. lan
iger
a 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Aca
cia
luca
sii
21
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Aca
cia
penn
iner
vis
var.
penn
iner
vis
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Aca
cia
phle
boph
ylla
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
46
0 0
0 0
Aca
cia
subt
iline
rvis
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 7
0
Aca
cia
tabu
la
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Aci
phyl
la g
laci
alis
15
9 0
0 0
0 0
0 9
0 0
0 0
Aci
phyl
la s
impl
icifo
lia
63
0 0
0 0
0 1
55
0 0
0 0
Page 21Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Acr
otha
mnu
s m
onta
nus
57
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Acr
otri
che
leuc
ocar
pa
7 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
17
0
Act
inot
us fo
rsyt
hii
8 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Adi
antu
m fo
rmos
um
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Adi
antu
m h
ispi
dulu
m
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
Adr
iana
urt
icoi
des
var.
urtic
oide
s 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 5
0
Agr
ostis
aus
tral
iens
is
26
0 0
0 0
0 0
6 0
0 0
0
Agr
ostis
mue
lleri
ana
50
1 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
0 0
0
Alc
hem
illa
sp. 1
10
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Alm
alee
a ca
pita
ta
72
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Am
mob
ium
ala
tum
1
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 2
0
Arg
yrot
egiu
m n
itidu
lum
62
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Arg
yrot
egiu
m p
olio
chlo
rum
13
0
4 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
Ari
stid
a ca
lyci
na v
ar. c
alyc
ina
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Art
hrop
odiu
m s
p. 1
(rob
ust g
lauc
ous)
4
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 12
0
Asp
leni
um a
ppen
dicu
latu
m s
ubsp
. app
endi
cula
tum
0
0 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Asp
leni
um h
ooke
rian
um
8 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Asp
leni
um tr
icho
man
es
17
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 3
0
Asp
leni
um tr
icho
man
es s
ubsp
. qua
driv
alen
s 9
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Asp
leni
um tr
icho
man
es s
ubsp
. tri
chom
anes
3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Ast
rotr
icha
asp
erifo
lia s
ubsp
. 2
5 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ast
rotr
icha
line
aris
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0
Ast
rotr
icha
sp.
4
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Aus
tral
opyr
um r
etro
frac
tum
8
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 14
0
Aus
tral
opyr
um v
elut
inum
88
0
0 0
0 0
0 13
0
0 0
0
Aus
trod
anth
onia
alp
icol
a 88
1
0 0
0 0
0 6
0 0
0 0
Aus
trod
anth
onia
ore
ophi
la
16
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
0 0
0
Page 22 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Aus
trof
estu
ca e
riop
oda
7 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Aus
tros
tipa
nivi
cola
83
3
0 0
0 0
0 98
0
0 0
0
Bae
ckea
latif
olia
1
0 46
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ban
ksia
can
ei
59
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0
Bar
bare
a gr
ayi
20
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Bar
tram
ia m
ossm
ania
na
1 0
4 0
0 0
0 5
0 0
0 0
Ber
tya
cunn
ingh
amii
subs
p. p
ubir
amul
a 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0
Ber
tya
findl
ayi
4 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
Bey
eria
lasi
ocar
pa
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
8 0
Bey
eria
vis
cosa
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 5
0
Ble
chnu
m v
ulca
nicu
m
9 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Bor
onia
alg
ida
67
0 0
0 0
0 0
27
0 0
0 0
Bor
onia
citr
ata
7 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Bor
onia
ledi
folia
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 7
0
Bor
onia
nan
a va
r. pu
besc
ens
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Bos
siae
a br
acte
osa
43
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 0
0
Bos
siae
a ri
pari
a 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0
Bot
rych
ium
aus
tral
e 16
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Bra
chyd
ontiu
m in
term
ediu
m
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Bra
chys
com
e ob
ovat
a 4
0 25
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Bra
chys
com
e pe
trop
hila
10
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
32
0
Bra
chys
com
e pt
ycho
carp
a 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0
Bra
chys
com
e ra
dica
ns
10
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Bra
chys
com
e ri
pari
a 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 16
0
Page 23Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Bra
chys
com
e sp
. 3
24
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Bra
chys
com
e ta
dgel
lii
28
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cal
aden
ia a
estiv
a 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cal
aden
ia c
onco
lor
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Cal
aden
ia fl
avov
iren
s 5
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cal
aden
ia h
ildae
8
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cal
liste
mon
sub
ulat
us
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Cal
litri
che
umbo
nata
2
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cal
otis
gla
ndul
osa
0 0
0 0
0 0
37
0 0
0 0
0
Cal
otis
lapp
ulac
ea
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Cal
otis
pub
esce
ns
0 0
0 0
0 0
27
0 0
0 0
0
Car
dam
ine
asto
niae
7
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Car
dam
ine
fran
klin
ensi
s 6
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Car
dam
ine
mic
roth
rix
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Car
dam
ine
papi
llata
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Car
ex a
lsop
hila
0
0 4
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Car
ex a
rche
ri
11
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
0
Car
ex b
lake
i 44
1
13
0 0
0 0
60
0 0
0 0
Car
ex c
anes
cens
28
0
19
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 0
0
Car
ex c
apill
acea
68
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Car
ex c
epha
lote
s 26
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Car
ex c
hlor
anth
a 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Car
ex e
chin
ata
28
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Car
ex h
ypan
dra
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Car
ex ja
ckia
na
43
0 12
0
0 0
0 9
0 0
0 0
Car
ex p
aupe
ra
15
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Car
ex r
alei
ghii
18
0 0
0 0
0 10
0
0 0
0 0
Page 24 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Car
pha
alpi
na
21
0 17
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Car
pha
nivi
cola
10
3 1
39
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cas
sini
a m
ontic
ola
10
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cas
sini
a ni
valis
3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cel
mis
ia c
ostin
iana
52
0
0 0
0 0
0 7
0 0
0 0
Cel
mis
ia la
tifol
ia
21
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cel
mis
ia s
eric
ophy
lla
68
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cel
mis
ia to
men
tella
22
0
9 0
0 0
0 41
0
0 0
0
Che
nopo
dium
car
inat
um
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Che
nopo
dium
ero
sum
5
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Chi
logl
ottis
jean
esii
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Chi
logl
ottis
X p
esco
ttian
a 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Clim
aciu
m d
endr
oide
s 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Col
oban
thus
affi
nis
104
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Coo
pern
ooki
a ba
rbat
a 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Cop
rosm
a m
oore
i 5
0 14
0
0 0
0 15
0
0 0
0
Cop
rosm
a ni
valis
32
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Cop
rosm
a pe
rpus
illa
subs
p. p
erpu
silla
2
0 38
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Cor
rea
law
renc
eana
var
. lat
robe
ana
(mon
tane
red
) 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cor
unas
tylis
arr
ecta
18
0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
1 0
Cor
unas
tylis
den
sa
1 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Cor
unas
tylis
ect
opa
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
Cor
unas
tylis
nud
a 8
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Cor
ybas
his
pidu
s 10
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Page 25Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Cra
sped
ia a
deno
phor
a 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cra
sped
ia a
lba
18
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cra
sped
ia a
uran
tia
8 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Cra
sped
ia c
roca
ta
26
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cra
sped
ia ja
mes
ii 38
0
0 0
0 0
0 48
0
0 0
0
Cra
sped
ia la
mic
ola
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Cry
ptan
dra
spec
iosa
sub
sp. s
peci
osa
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Cul
len
tena
x 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
0
Cym
bono
tus
law
soni
anus
1
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
0
Cyp
erus
con
cinn
us
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Cyp
erus
fulv
us
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Cyp
erus
gra
cilis
7
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Cyp
hant
hera
alb
ican
s su
bsp.
alb
ican
s 4
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 6
0
Cys
topt
eris
tasm
anic
a 63
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Dam
pier
a fu
sca
9 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Dam
pier
a ga
lbra
ithia
na
1 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Dam
pier
a pu
rpur
ea
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
6 0
Dav
iesi
a m
imos
oide
s su
bsp.
acr
is
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Dav
iesi
a w
yatti
ana
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
Der
wen
tia n
ivea
10
0
13
0 0
0 0
10
0 0
0 0
Des
cham
psia
cae
spito
sa
26
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Des
mod
ium
bra
chyp
odum
9
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 5
0
Dey
euxi
a af
finis
14
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Dey
euxi
a ca
rina
ta
45
0 6
0 0
0 0
10
0 0
0 0
Dey
euxi
a cr
assi
uscu
la
52
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Dey
euxi
a de
cipi
ens
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
6 0
Dey
euxi
a pu
ngen
s 16
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Page 26 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Dey
euxi
a ta
lari
ata
7 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Dill
wyn
ia p
rost
rata
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 4
0
Dill
wyn
ia s
iebe
ri
3 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Dip
lasp
is n
ivis
60
1
1 0
0 0
0 14
0
0 0
0
Dip
odiu
m h
amilt
onia
num
7
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 3
0
Dis
cari
a ni
tida
9 0
0 0
0 0
39
0 0
0 0
0
Dis
cari
a pu
besc
ens
75
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0
Diu
ris
ochr
oma
6 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
Diu
ris
pedu
ncul
ata
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
3 1
0 0
Diu
ris
punc
tata
var
. pun
ctat
a 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Doc
krill
ia s
trio
lata
sub
sp. s
trio
lata
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 18
0
Dod
onae
a bo
roni
ifolia
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
0 0
0
Dod
onae
a rh
ombi
folia
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 39
0
Dra
bast
rum
alp
estr
e 7
0 0
0 0
0 3
0 0
0 0
0
Dre
pano
clad
us p
olyg
amus
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Dro
sera
arc
turi
51
0
43
0 0
0 0
4 0
0 0
0
Enn
eapo
gon
grac
ilis
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Epa
cris
cel
ata
78
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Epa
cris
gla
cial
is
70
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Epa
cris
mic
roph
ylla
var
. rho
mbi
folia
9
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Epa
cris
pet
roph
ila
21
2 47
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Epi
lobi
um b
runn
esce
ns s
ubsp
. bea
ugle
hole
i 6
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Epi
lobi
um c
urtis
iae
48
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Epi
lobi
um s
arm
enta
ceum
43
0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
Page 27Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Epi
lobi
um ta
sman
icum
15
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Eri
gero
n co
nyzo
ides
9
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Eri
gero
n ni
tidus
11
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Eri
gero
n ta
sman
icus
0
0 8
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Eri
ocau
lon
scar
iosu
m
8 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
Euc
alyp
tus
aff.
rubi
da (M
orok
a)
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Euc
alyp
tus
bosi
stoa
na
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Euc
alyp
tus
dent
icul
ata
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
38
0
Euc
alyp
tus
elae
ophl
oia
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Euc
alyp
tus
fulg
ens
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Euc
alyp
tus
glau
cesc
ens
33
1 21
0
0 0
4 0
0 0
1 0
Euc
alyp
tus
glob
ulus
sub
sp. m
aide
nii
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Euc
alyp
tus
kybe
anen
sis
29
9 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Euc
alyp
tus
mac
arth
urii
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
Euc
alyp
tus
mitc
helli
ana
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 33
0
0 0
0
Euc
alyp
tus
negl
ecta
23
0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
Euc
alyp
tus
pauc
iflor
a su
bsp.
ace
rina
0
0 46
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Euc
alyp
tus
pauc
iflor
a su
bsp.
hed
raia
5
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Euc
alyp
tus
perr
inia
na
49
0 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 10
0
Euc
alyp
tus
robe
rtso
nii s
ubsp
. hem
isph
aeri
ca
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
0 0
Euc
alyp
tus
saxa
tilis
30
0
0 0
0 0
10
0 0
0 9
0
Euc
hito
n ni
tidul
us
0 0
0 0
0 0
12
0 0
0 0
0
Euc
hito
n tr
aver
sii
53
1 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Euc
hito
n um
bric
ola
61
0 0
0 0
0 0
12
0 0
1 0
Eup
hras
ia c
auda
ta
37
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Eup
hras
ia c
ollin
a su
bsp.
div
ersi
colo
r 12
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Page 28 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
subs
p. c
rass
iusc
ula
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 8
0 0
0 0
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
subs
p. e
glan
dulo
sa
29
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
subs
p. g
land
ulife
ra
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Eup
hras
ia e
ichl
eri
39
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Eup
hras
ia g
ibbs
iae
subs
p. s
ubgl
abri
folia
0
0 57
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Eup
hras
ia la
sian
ther
a 19
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Eup
hras
ia s
cabr
a 39
0
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
Ew
artia
nub
igen
a 52
0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
Fim
bris
tylis
dic
hoto
ma
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Fim
bris
tylis
vel
ata
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Fis
side
ns s
tric
tus
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Gah
nia
mic
rost
achy
a 4
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 11
0
Gen
tiana
bae
uerl
enii
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
Gen
tiane
lla p
olys
pere
s 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Ger
aniu
m n
egle
ctum
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 16
0
Ger
aniu
m p
oten
tillo
ides
var
. abd
itum
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
5 0
0 0
0
Ger
aniu
m s
essi
liflo
rum
sub
sp. b
revi
caul
e 16
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ger
aniu
m s
olan
deri
var
. sol
ande
ri s
.s.
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Gin
gidi
a ha
rvey
ana
30
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Glo
ssoc
ardi
a bi
dens
4
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Glo
ssos
tigm
a cl
eist
anth
um
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Gly
cine
latr
obea
na
6 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
0 0
0 0
Goo
deni
a he
tero
phyl
la s
ubsp
. het
erop
hylla
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0
Goo
deni
a m
acm
illan
ii 7
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 10
0
Page 29Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Goo
dia
med
icag
inea
6
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Gra
mm
itis
poep
pigi
ana
16
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Gra
tiola
nan
a 19
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Gra
tiola
pum
ilo
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Gre
ville
a al
piva
ga
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 32
0
0 0
0
Gre
ville
a br
evifo
lia
19
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
0
Gre
ville
a ch
ryso
phae
a 12
3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Gre
ville
a m
ique
liana
12
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Gre
ville
a m
ique
liana
sub
sp. m
ique
liana
8
4 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Gre
ville
a m
ique
liana
sub
sp. m
orok
a 17
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Gre
ville
a ne
urop
hylla
sub
sp. n
euro
phyl
la
9 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Gre
ville
a pa
chyl
osty
la
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0
Gre
ville
a po
lych
rom
a 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 11
0
Gre
ville
a vi
ctor
iae
subs
p. n
ival
is
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Gre
ville
a vi
ctor
iae
subs
p. v
icto
riae
10
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 42
0
0 0
0
Gre
ville
a w
illis
ii 23
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Gyn
atri
x m
acro
phyl
la
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Hak
ea li
ssos
perm
a 28
5
0 0
0 0
0 16
0
0 0
0
Hal
orag
oden
dron
bae
uerl
enii
37
0 0
0 0
0 4
0 0
0 14
0
Hel
ichr
ysum
ade
noph
orum
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
0 0
0
Hel
ichr
ysum
ade
noph
orum
var
. wad
delli
ae
13
0 0
0 0
0 0
34
0 0
0 0
Her
polir
ion
nova
e-ze
land
iae
32
0 26
0
0 0
0 14
0
0 0
0
Hib
bert
ia d
iffus
a 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Hib
bert
ia h
erm
anni
ifolia
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Hib
bert
ia p
edun
cula
ta
14
5 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0
Hib
bert
ia s
path
ulat
a 5
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 4
0
Hie
roch
loe
subm
utic
a 10
0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
Page 30 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Hov
ea c
orri
ckia
e 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Hov
ea m
agni
brac
tea
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Hup
erzi
a au
stra
liana
21
0
25
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 0
0
Hyb
anth
us m
onop
etal
us
6 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
2 0
Iren
epha
rsus
mag
icus
4
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0
Isol
epis
alp
ina
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Isol
epis
gau
dich
audi
ana
5 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Isol
epis
mon
tivag
a 74
0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
2 0
Junc
us a
ntar
ctic
us
34
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Junc
us b
revi
brac
teus
4
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Junc
us fa
lcat
us
89
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Junc
us p
haea
nthu
s 21
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Kel
leri
a la
xa
11
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Koe
leri
a m
acra
ntha
3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Kun
zea
pedu
ncul
aris
x p
hylic
oide
s 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Lach
nagr
ostis
mei
onec
tes
14
0 1
0 0
0 0
12
0 0
0 0
Lach
nagr
ostis
sca
bra
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
Laxm
anni
a gr
acili
s 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0
Leio
nem
a bi
lobu
m s
ubsp
. ser
rula
tum
0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Leio
nem
a la
mpr
ophy
llum
8
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Leio
nem
a la
mpr
ophy
llum
sub
sp. l
ampr
ophy
llum
19
2
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
Lept
orhy
ncho
s el
onga
tus
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Lept
orhy
ncho
s sq
uam
atus
sub
sp. a
lpin
us
32
0 0
0 0
0 0
48
0 0
0 0
Lept
ospe
rmum
jing
era
13
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Page 31Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Lesp
edez
a ju
ncea
sub
sp. s
eric
ea
11
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 3
0 Le
ucoc
hrys
um a
lbic
ans
subs
p. a
lbic
ans
var.
bu
ffalo
ensi
s 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
15
0 0
0 0
Leuc
ochr
ysum
alb
ican
s su
bsp.
alp
inum
18
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Leuc
ochr
ysum
alb
ican
s va
r. tr
icol
or
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
Leuc
opog
on a
ttenu
atus
18
0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
2 0
Leuc
opog
on m
icro
phyl
lus
var.
pilib
undu
s 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0
Leuc
opog
on p
ilife
r 19
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Leuc
opog
on r
ipar
ius
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
14
0
Lind
saea
mic
roph
ylla
0
0 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Lobe
lia g
elid
a 5
0 0
0 0
0 0
21
0 0
0 0
Loga
nia
gran
itica
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Lom
andr
a or
eoph
ila
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Luzu
la a
cutif
olia
sub
sp. a
cutif
olia
29
0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
Luzu
la a
lpes
tris
39
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Luzu
la a
trat
a 11
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Lyco
podi
um s
cari
osum
10
0
28
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Mee
sia
mue
lleri
9
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Mon
otoc
a or
eoph
ila
12
1 17
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Mon
otoc
a ro
tund
ifolia
18
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Mue
hlen
beck
ia a
xilla
ris
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Mue
hlen
beck
ia d
iclin
a su
bsp.
1
7 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
Myo
poru
m fl
orib
undu
m
19
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 9
0
Myr
ioph
yllu
m a
lpin
um
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Nem
atol
epis
squ
amea
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Nem
atol
epis
squ
amea
sub
sp. c
oria
cea
16
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 5
0
Nic
otia
na s
uave
olen
s 7
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 4
0
Page 32 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Nym
phoi
des
gem
inat
a 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Nym
phoi
des
mon
tana
3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Ole
aria
ade
noph
ora
11
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Ole
aria
bre
vipe
dunc
ulat
a 38
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ole
aria
fros
tii
216
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Ole
aria
iodo
chro
a 27
0
0 0
0 0
3 0
0 0
29
0
Ole
aria
phl
ogop
appa
var
. fla
vesc
ens
18
0 10
0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
Oph
iogl
ossu
m r
etic
ulat
um
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Ore
obol
us o
xyca
rpus
sub
sp. o
xyca
rpus
27
1
11
0 0
0 0
18
0 0
0 0
Ore
obol
us p
umili
o su
bsp.
pum
ilio
16
0 18
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ore
omyr
rhis
arg
ente
a 24
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ore
omyr
rhis
bre
vipe
s 19
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ore
omyr
rhis
pul
vini
fica
17
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Ort
hotr
ichu
m r
upes
tre
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 4
0 0
0 0
Osc
hatz
ia c
unei
folia
46
3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Oxa
lis m
agel
lani
ca
0 0
41
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Ozo
tham
nus
adna
tus
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ozo
tham
nus
alpi
nus
87
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Ozo
tham
nus
roge
rsia
nus
17
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Ozo
tham
nus
stir
lingi
i 44
0
0 0
0 0
0 22
0
0 0
0
Par
ante
nnar
ia u
nice
ps
26
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Par
sons
ia e
ucal
ypto
phyl
la
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Pel
argo
nium
hel
msi
i 10
0
0 0
0 0
0 3
0 0
0 0
Pen
tach
ondr
a pu
mila
83
0
9 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Page 33Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Per
soon
ia a
rbor
ea
0 0
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Per
soon
ia a
sper
ula
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Per
soon
ia s
ilvat
ica
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
34
0
Per
soon
ia s
ubve
lutin
a 11
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Phe
baliu
m g
land
ulos
um
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Phe
baliu
m g
land
ulos
um s
ubsp
. 2 (S
now
y R
iver
) 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 3
0
Phe
baliu
m s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. alp
inum
15
1 2
0 0
0 0
0 30
0
0 0
0
Phe
baliu
m s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. arg
ente
um
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
Phe
baliu
m s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. ozo
tham
noid
es
21
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0
Phe
baliu
m s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. squ
amul
osum
0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Phi
loth
eca
myo
poro
ides
sub
sp. b
revi
pedu
ncul
ata
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Phi
lydr
um la
nugi
nosu
m
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Pic
ris
squa
rros
a 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pilu
lari
a no
vae-
holla
ndia
e 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0
Pim
elea
axi
flora
sub
sp. a
lpin
a 68
0
0 0
0 0
0 3
0 0
0 0
Pim
elea
bifl
ora
36
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pim
elea
ligu
stri
na s
ubsp
. cili
ata
28
0 0
0 0
0 0
12
0 0
0 0
Pim
elea
lini
folia
sub
sp. c
aesi
a 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0
Pim
elea
pau
ciflo
ra
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pla
ntag
o al
pest
ris
22
0 51
0
0 0
0 4
0 0
0 0
Pla
ntag
o gl
acia
lis
29
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pla
ntag
o m
uelle
ri
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
Pla
tysa
ce e
rico
ides
0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Poa
cliv
icol
a 47
6
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Poa
hoo
keri
20
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
18
0
Poa
hot
ham
ensi
s va
r. pa
rvifl
ora
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
1 0
Poa
labi
llard
iere
i var
. acr
is
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Page 34 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Poa
ort
hocl
ada
15
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Poa
pet
roph
ila
16
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Poa
sax
icol
a 32
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Pod
olep
is h
iera
cioi
des
16
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 5
0
Pod
olep
is s
p. a
ff. r
obus
ta (N
.E. A
lps)
4
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pol
ygal
a ja
poni
ca
10
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pol
ystic
hum
form
osum
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pom
ader
ris
andr
omed
ifolia
sub
sp. a
ndro
med
ifolia
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0
Pom
ader
ris
betu
lina
subs
p. b
etul
ina
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
Pom
ader
ris
brun
nea
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
Pom
ader
ris
cost
ata
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Pom
ader
ris
coto
neas
ter
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
0 0
0 0
Pom
ader
ris
erio
ceph
ala
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Pom
ader
ris
helia
nthe
mifo
lia
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
Pom
ader
ris
helia
nthe
mifo
lia s
ubsp
. his
pida
1
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pom
ader
ris
helia
nthe
mifo
lia s
ubsp
. min
or
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Pom
ader
ris
oblo
ngifo
lia
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
18
0
Pom
ader
ris
palli
da
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
1 0
0 0
Pom
ader
ris
pauc
iflor
a 8
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icifo
lia
13
1 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 3
0
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icifo
lia s
ubsp
. eri
coid
es
25
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icifo
lia s
ubsp
. phy
licifo
lia
7 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Pom
ader
ris
pilif
era
subs
p. p
ilife
ra
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
Pom
ader
ris
subc
apita
ta
2 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
4 0
Page 35Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Por
anth
era
oreo
phila
7
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pra
soph
yllu
m fr
ench
ii 1
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
0
Pra
soph
yllu
m li
ndle
yanu
m
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Pra
soph
yllu
m n
ipho
pedi
um
33
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pra
soph
yllu
m r
etro
flexu
m
0 0
0 0
0 0
8 0
0 0
0 0
Pra
soph
yllu
m s
phac
elat
um
31
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pro
stan
ther
a de
cuss
ata
7 1
0 0
0 0
1 7
0 0
0 0
Pro
stan
ther
a m
ontic
ola
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 60
0
0 0
0
Pro
stan
ther
a ph
ylic
ifolia
7
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 1
0
Pro
stan
ther
a rh
ombe
a 6
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pro
stan
ther
a sa
xico
la v
ar. b
ract
eola
ta
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Pro
stan
ther
a w
alte
ri
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
13
0
Pse
udan
thus
orb
icul
aris
7
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 6
0
Psi
lotu
m n
udum
4
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Psy
chro
phila
intr
olob
a 89
0
28
0 0
0 0
35
0 0
0 0
Pte
rost
ylis
aes
tiva
17
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
0
Pte
rost
ylis
coc
cina
8
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pte
rost
ylis
cuc
ulla
ta
42
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pte
rost
ylis
fisc
hii
11
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 8
0
Pte
rost
ylis
laxa
16
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
5 0
Pte
rost
ylis
ore
ophi
la
4 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
2 0
2 0
Pte
rost
ylis
sp.
aff
. cyc
noce
phal
a (A
lpin
e)
8 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Pte
rost
ylis
X a
enig
ma
18
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pte
rost
ylis
X in
gens
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Pul
tena
ea c
apite
llata
9
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Pul
tena
ea fa
scic
ulat
a 46
0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
Pul
tena
ea m
icro
phyl
la
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Page 36 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Pul
tena
ea p
olifo
lia
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
5 0
Pul
tena
ea s
ubsp
icat
a 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Pul
tena
ea te
nella
38
4
0 0
0 0
0 78
0
0 0
0
Pul
tena
ea w
illia
mso
nii
7 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ran
uncu
lus
anem
oneu
s 0
0 0
0 0
0 12
6 0
0 0
0 0
Ran
uncu
lus
colli
nus
29
0 38
0
0 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
Ran
uncu
lus
eich
leri
anus
88
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ran
uncu
lus
gunn
ianu
s 94
0
18
0 0
0 0
13
0 0
0 0
Ran
uncu
lus
mill
anii
68
2 0
0 0
0 0
16
0 0
0 0
Ran
uncu
lus
mue
lleri
68
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ran
uncu
lus
vict
orie
nsis
10
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Rhy
tidos
poru
m in
cons
picu
um
7 0
1 0
0 0
0 5
0 0
0 0
Ric
hea
vict
oria
na
0 0
5 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Rul
ingi
a da
syph
ylla
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
5 0
0 0
0
Rut
idos
is le
iole
pis
0 0
0 0
0 0
44
0 0
0 0
0
Rut
idos
is le
ptor
rhyn
choi
des
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ryt
idos
perm
a au
stra
le
5 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Ryt
idos
perm
a ni
vico
la
60
0 7
0 0
0 0
9 0
0 0
0
Ryt
idos
perm
a pu
milu
m
0 0
0 0
0 0
13
0 0
0 0
0
Ryt
idos
perm
a vi
cker
yae
0 0
0 0
0 0
5 0
0 0
0 0
Sagi
na n
amad
gi
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Sam
olus
val
eran
dii
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Sann
anth
a cr
enul
ata
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 12
0
0 0
0
Schi
zacm
e m
onta
na v
ar. m
onta
na
1 0
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Page 37Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Schi
zeile
ma
frag
oseu
m
22
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Scir
pus
poly
stac
hyus
13
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Scle
rant
hus
broc
kiei
7
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Scle
rant
hus
dian
der
64
1 0
0 0
0 3
0 0
0 2
0
Scle
rant
hus
fasc
icul
atus
9
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
0 0
0
Scle
rant
hus
sing
ulifl
orus
10
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Sene
cio
dias
chid
es
6 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Sene
cio
dist
alilo
batu
s 10
1
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
Sene
cio
exte
nsus
13
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Sene
cio
inte
rpos
itus
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Sene
cio
lage
nifo
rmis
5
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Sene
cio
linea
rifo
lius
var.
dang
aren
sis
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
Sene
cio
pect
inat
us v
ar. m
ajor
37
0
37
0 0
0 0
6 0
0 0
0
Sene
cio
pinn
atifo
lius
var.
alpi
nus
37
1 0
0 0
0 0
15
0 0
0 0
Sicy
os a
ustr
alis
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
Sola
num
line
arifo
lium
14
0
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 0
1 0
Spor
obol
us c
rebe
r 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Stac
khou
sia
pulv
inar
is
85
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Styl
idiu
m m
onta
num
7
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 0
0 0
0
Swai
nson
a be
hria
na
4 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Swai
nson
a m
icro
phyl
la
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Tara
xacu
m a
rist
um
29
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Tasm
anni
a vi
cker
iana
0
0 42
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Tetr
arrh
ena
turf
osa
3 0
0 0
0 0
0 12
0
0 0
0
Tetr
athe
ca p
rocu
mbe
ns
1 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Tetr
athe
ca s
teno
carp
a 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0
Tetr
athe
ca s
ubap
hylla
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 13
0
Page 38 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Thel
ymitr
a al
pico
la m
s.
12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Thel
ymitr
a ci
rcum
sept
a 10
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Thel
ymitr
a si
mul
ata
8 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Thes
ium
aus
tral
e 82
0
0 0
0 0
25
0 0
0 0
1
Thry
ptom
ene
mic
rant
ha
5 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Tort
ula
ande
rsso
nii
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Trac
hym
ene
hum
ilis
87
0 4
0 0
0 0
3 0
0 0
0
Trac
hym
ene
hum
ilis
subs
p. b
revi
scap
a 20
0
3 0
0 0
0 8
0 0
0 0
Trac
hym
ene
hum
ilis
subs
p. h
umili
s 3
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Trip
ogon
lolii
form
is
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Troc
hoca
rpa
clar
kei
42
3 51
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Unc
inia
com
pact
a 7
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Unc
inia
sul
cata
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Utr
icul
aria
mon
anth
os
10
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Vio
la b
eton
icifo
lia s
ubsp
. nov
agui
neen
sis
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Vio
la c
aley
ana
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
Vio
la fu
scov
iola
cea
15
1 0
0 0
0 0
29
0 0
0 0
Vitt
adin
ia te
nuis
sim
a 3
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 8
0
Wah
lenb
ergi
a de
nsifo
lia
14
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Wah
lenb
ergi
a pl
anifl
ora
subs
p. p
lani
flora
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Wes
trin
gia
crem
noph
ila
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
5 0
Wes
trin
gia
glab
ra
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 0
Wes
trin
gia
luci
da
9 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Wes
trin
gia
seni
folia
20
4
0 0
0 0
0 43
0
0 0
0
Page 39Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Thr
eate
ned
Pla
nt S
peci
es
Alpine National Park
Avon Wilderness Park
Baw Baw National Park
Bimberi Nature Reserve
Brindabella National Park
Brindabella State Conservation Area
Kosciuszko National Park
Mount Buffalo National Park
Namadgi Nature Reserve
Scabby Range Nature Reserve
Snowy River National Park
Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
Witt
stei
nia
vacc
inia
cea
3 0
116
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Wur
mbe
a bi
glan
dulo
sa s
ubsp
. big
land
ulos
a 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Xan
thos
ia s
tella
ta
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Xer
ochr
ysum
pal
ustr
e 3
0 0
0 0
0 5
0 0
0 0
0
Zier
ia c
itrio
dora
4
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Zier
ia c
ytis
oide
s 5
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 6
0
Zier
ia r
obus
ta
8 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Zier
ia s
mith
ii su
bsp.
sm
ithii
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
Page 40 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Step 2: Attributes of Plants and Deer Impacts After considering the geographic occurrences of the different threatened flora identified from across the Australian Alps, the next step is to assess the types of impacts that deer may cause on those species. The most obvious impact is that of grazing or browsing, since deer are herbivorous. Other impacts include physical damage to plants through being rubbed, thrashed or trampled (see Bennett and Coulson 2011; Bilney 2013). Unfortunately, and despite their widespread distribution and sometimes common local abundance, there have been few dietary studies of deer in Australia. Those of relevance to the current study include single papers on the diets of Sambar, Red and Rusa Deer (Keith and Pellow 2004; Forsyth and Davis 2011; Roberts et al. 2015). Careful review of these few studies highlights that deer can potentially browse upon a wide array of plant species from across a diversity of genera (see Table 3). Those genera recorded as being eaten or otherwise damaged by deer include a fair representation of the genera indicated in the extensive list of threatened flora from across the Alps. Given the dietary versatility that they display from these published studies it is reasonable to suspect that deer are capable of impacting on most species, given exposure. There is so far no published evidence of browsing or other impacts on any Australian Alps-occuring flora species formally listed as threatened entities under each of the relevant State, Territory or Commonwealth legislations. However, there is direct evidence of impact by deer on four plant species known from the Alps that are considered “rare” according to the Advisory List of Rare or Threatened Plants (Department of Environment and Primary Industries 2014). A study of the diet of Sambar Deer in Yarra Ranges National Pak in Victoria by Forsyth and Davis (2011) established evidence of browsing on Blunt-leaf Bitter-pea Daviesia mimosoides and Alpine Bootlace Bush Pimelia axiflora. Similarly, browsing and rubbing on Gippsland Hemp Bush (Gynatrix macrophylla) by Sambar Deer was observed in Mitchell River National Park in East Gippsland by Peel et al. (2005). The authors also noted browsing on Sandly Zieria (Zieria smithii) by Sambar at the same study site. Ultimately, deer will have dietary preferences for some plant species over others. This has been clearly established in other countries where deer have been introduced, such as New Zealand (Forsyth et al. 2003b). While the factors underlying these feeding preferences remain to be elucidated in detail, aspects of plant leaf chemistry seemingly play a large role. For example, on the South Island of New Zealand, Forsyth et al. (2005) examined diet selection by the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus). Using rumen samples they looked at the proportion of each plant species being consumed and compared that to the standing biomass of different plants from a whole series of plots. From this comparison it was clear that some plant species were being eaten in amounts greater than their proportional availability in the landscape, while other commonly available species were being under-utilised. The strongest factor in determining whether a plant species was favoured or not was the concentration of foliar fibre: specifically, acid detergent cellulose, acid-detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin. Plant species with high foliar fibre were less likely to be utilised than those with low foliar fibre. This makes sense from a nutritional point of view since foods with high fibre can be less digestible (Van Soest (1982). It also corroborates the findings of Wardle et al. (2002) who found elsewhere in New Zealand that the foliage of understorey plant species that declined in abundance following the introduction and spread of deer into forests contained less fibre than those that had increased in abundance. Elewhere, foliar fibre has also been shown to be important to plant species selection by European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) in their native habitat (Tixier et al. 1997). In an ideal situation, data would exist on the foliar chemistry of each of the threatened flora identified as occurring across the Australian Alps, particularly information on foliar fibre levels. If it did exist it might be possible to separate out flora species more likely to being eaten than others. Such data could then be viewed alongside observations of deer foraging activity in the wild in relation to availability of different plants, like the studies conducted by Forsyth et al. (2003a) and Forsyth et al. (2005). From such a comparison species could then be ranked on their susceptibility to being grazed or browsed. On both counts, however, such a framework does not exist. Instead an assumption must be made here that all threatened flora species from
Page 41Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
across the Alps are variously palatable to deer and can potentially be eaten. This is indicated below by a score of '1' in Table 5 in the column heading Species likely to be palatable to deer. Otherwise, different attributes of plants may make them more or less susceptible to being impacted upon by deer. In Table 4, details are given on the growth form and height at maturity of each species of threatened flora recorded across the Australian Alps. From this list it is possible to discern a number of things. For instance, small grasses, herbs, ferns, orchids and shrubs below about 50 cm in height may be more prone to being trampled by deer than larger plants. Similarly, it is also possible from this table to identify medium- and large-sized shrubs and trees that are more likely to be rubbed or thrashed by deer. Plant height is also a good indicator for likelihood of being grazed or browsed, with any plants greater than about 3-4 metres being to be readily eaten - this doesn't necessarily preclude the same species of plant being eaten when of smaller stature or during early growth. Either way, the information in Table 4 provides guidance for identifying further impacts by deer, as discussed immediately below. Some species are likely to be particularly vulnerable to grazing or browsing, because the plants are small and herbaceous (e.g. orchids, daisies, etc.) and can be consumed in one bite. Essentially, this depletes the individual plants’ ability to lay down a store of nutrients for next year’s growth, or alternatively denies the plants an opportunity to reproduce and recruit. Such species may also occur in very small populations, which renders them particularly vulnerable to one-off grazing events. These species are indicated in Table 5 by a '1' under the column heading Species is particularly vulnerable to one-off grazing events. Taller growing plant species, including a number of tree species, are likely only to be at risk of browsing when they are in the seedling or sapling stages of their growth. However, these species are still likely to be at high risk from other impacts such as antler rubbing which may have the effect of ring-barking in the sapling or mature stages (see immediately below). Tree and tall shrub species are indicated by a '1' in Table 5 under the column headed Grazing/browsing effects likely on young plants only. Other species are likely to be at risk from the habit of antler rubbing by deer, which can result in the ring-barking and eventual death of stems or the entire plant (Keith and Pellow 2004; Bennett and Coulson 2011). It is likely that only those plant species which reach a certain stature will be vulnerable to this impact. Species which reach a height of 2 m or taller, whether they are shrubs or trees, are flagged with a '1' in Table 5 to be at risk from this impact under the heading Species vulnerable to antler rubbing. In the same way, shrubs and small trees can also be subject to damage by deer when they use their antlers to "thrash" the vegetation, resulting in broken stems and in severe cases the death of plants. These species are indicated similarly in Table 5 with a score of '1' in the column headed Species vulnerable to being thrashed by antlers. Some flora species produce chemical defences in the form of “secondary compounds” (Vourc'h et al. 2002; Cote et al. 2004). These defence mechanisms may render the plants less vulnerable to impacts of browsing. In some cases the secondary compounds are stronger in the regrowth following an initial bout of browsing. Plants that are known to contain secondary compounds (e.g. the strongly pungent oils found in shrubs and trees of the families Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, Lamiaceae and conifers, the alkaloids in Solanaceae, or the poisonous sap in Euphorbiaceae) are indicated in Table 5 with a '1' under the column heading Secondary compounds. In any desk-top analysis to derive priorities for identifying potential impacts in the field, it may be possible to eliminate such species as being less sensitive to browsing, though many of these species are still likely to be affected by antler rubbing if large enough, and trampling while immature. Finally, other chemical properties of plants may render them more susceptible to be browsed. For example, plants in the pea family (Fabaceae), commonly called legumes, are generally particularly palatable because of the higher level of proteins in their foliage and fruits. This is due to the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nodules on their roots (Adams and Attiwill 1984). Survey information from travelling stock reserves throughout south-eastern mainland Australia has revealed that even though these reserves have had a generally lower level of grazing by domestic stock than the surrounding grazing land, fabaceous shrubs and trees are generally rare in such sites (Rainer Rehwinkel, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage,
Page 42 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
unpublished data). This is in contrast to adjacent road reserves in which populations of species of Acacia, Dillwynia and Hardenbergia are often retained in the absence of grazing. It is assumed that introduced deer are just as likely as domestic stock to favour such palatable species, and as such fabaceous species are highlighted with a '1' in Table 5 as having High nitrogen. Such species might be considered as priority candidates for field assessments of deer impacts.
Page 43Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Table 3. Australian plant genera known from dietary studies to be consumed or otherwise impacted upon by introduced deer.
Plant Genus Evidence of Browsing Evidence of Rubbing/Thrashing Acacia 1 1 Adiantum 1 1 Austrostipa 1 Banksia 1 Blechnum 1 Bossiaea 1 Brachyscome 1 Caladenia 1 1 Cassinia 1 Coprosma 1 1 Cyperus 1 Daviesia 1 Dillwynia 1 Epacris 1 Eucalyptus 1 1 Euphrasia 1 Gahnia 1 Geranium 1 Glycine 1 Goodenia 1 Grevillea 1 Gynatrix 1 1 Hakea 1 Helichrysum 1 Hibbertia 1 Hovea 1 Juncus 1 Kunzea 1 Lachnagrostis 1 Leptospermum 1 Leucopogon 1 Lomandra 1 Monotoca 1 Myoporum 1 Nematolepis 1 Olearia 1 Oxalis 1 Persoonia 1 Pimelia 1 Platysace 1 Poa 1 Pomaderris 1 Prostanthera 1 Pterostylis 1 1 Pultenaea 1 Richea 1 Senecio 1 Solanum 1 1 Tasmannia 1 Tetrarrhena 1 Tetratheca 1 Viola 1 Zieria 1
Page 44 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Tab
le 4
. Gro
wth
for
m a
nd h
eigh
t of
thr
eate
ned
plan
t sp
ecie
s re
cord
ed a
cros
s th
e A
ustr
alia
n A
lps.
Sc
ient
ific
Nam
e C
omm
on N
ame
Gro
wth
For
m
Hei
ght
Abr
otan
ella
niv
igen
a S
now
-wor
t H
erb
0.05
-0.0
7 m
Abu
tilo
n ox
ycar
pum
var
. sub
sagi
ttat
um
Fla
nnel
Wee
d S
hrub
1.
5-2.
0 m
Aca
cia
alpi
na
Alp
ine
Wat
tle
Shr
ub
0.5-
1.0
m
Aca
cia
amoe
na
Boo
mer
ang
Wat
tle
Shr
ub
0.5-
3.0
m
Aca
cia
bine
rvia
C
oast
Mya
ll
Tre
e or
Shr
ub
2.0-
16.0
m
Aca
cia
boor
man
ii
Sno
wy
Riv
er W
attl
e S
hrub
1.
0-4.
0 m
Aca
cia
dall
achi
ana
Cat
kin
Wat
tle
Tre
e 4.
0-15
.0 m
Aca
cia
daw
soni
i P
over
ty W
attl
e S
hrub
0.
5-4.
0 m
Aca
cia
dean
ei
Dea
ne's
Wat
tle
Tre
e or
Shr
ub
1.5-
7.0
m
Aca
cia
dean
ei s
ubsp
. pau
ciju
ga
Dea
ne's
Wat
tle
Tre
e or
Shr
ub
1.5-
7.0
m
Aca
cia
dora
toxy
lon
Cur
raw
ang
Tre
e or
Shr
ub
3.0-
8.0
m
Aca
cia
how
itti
i S
tick
y W
attl
e T
ree
or S
hrub
to
8.0
m
Aca
cia
infe
cund
a F
amin
e W
attl
e S
hrub
0.
3-0.
5 m
Aca
cia
kybe
anen
sis
Kyb
ean
Wat
tle
Shr
ub
1.0-
2.5
m
Aca
cia
lani
gera
var
. gra
cili
pes
Woo
lly
Wat
tle
Shr
ub
1.0-
2.0
m
Aca
cia
lani
gera
var
. lan
iger
a H
airy
Wat
tle
Shr
ub
to 2
.0 m
Aca
cia
luca
sii
Woo
lly-
bear
Wat
tle
Shr
ub
0.5-
3.5
m
Aca
cia
penn
iner
vis
var.
pen
nine
rvis
H
icko
ry W
attl
e T
ree
or S
hrub
2.
0-8.
0 m
Aca
cia
phle
boph
ylla
B
uffa
lo S
allo
w-w
attl
e T
ree
or S
hrub
to
6.0
m
Aca
cia
subt
ilin
ervi
s N
et-v
eine
d W
attl
e T
ree
or S
hrub
1.
0-4.
0 m
Aca
cia
tabu
la
Wom
barg
o W
attl
e S
hrub
0.
4-0.
6 m
Aci
phyl
la g
laci
alis
S
now
Aci
phyl
l H
erb
0.3-
0.7
m
Aci
phyl
la s
impl
icif
olia
M
ount
ain
Aci
phyl
l H
erb
0.15
-0.3
m
Acr
otha
mnu
s m
onta
nus
Sno
w B
eard
-hea
th
Shr
ub
to 0
.35
m
Acr
otri
che
leuc
ocar
pa
Tal
l Acr
otri
che
Shr
ub
0.3-
1.3
m
Act
inot
us fo
rsyt
hii
Rid
ge F
lann
el-f
low
er
Her
b to
0.5
m
Act
inot
us fo
rmos
um
Bla
ck S
tem
F
ern
0.6-
1.2
m
Adi
antu
m h
ispi
dulu
m
Rou
gh M
aide
nhai
r F
ern
0.05
-0.7
m
Adr
iana
urt
icoi
des
var.
urt
icoi
des
Eas
tern
Bit
ter-
bush
S
hrub
0.
5-2.
0 m
Page 45Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t A
gros
tis
aust
rali
ensi
s T
iny
Ben
t G
rass
0.
3 m
Agr
osti
s m
uell
eria
na
Mue
ller
's B
ent
Gra
ss
0.25
m
Alc
hem
illa
sp.
1
Lad
y's
Man
tle
Her
b 0.
15-0
.2 m
Alm
alee
a ca
pita
ta
Sle
nder
Par
rot-
pea
Shr
ub
to 1
.2 m
Am
mob
ium
ala
tum
W
inge
d E
verl
asti
ng
Her
b 0.
6-1.
2 m
Arg
yrot
egiu
m n
itid
ulum
S
hini
ng C
udw
eed
Her
b G
roun
dcov
er
Arg
yrot
egiu
m p
olio
chlo
rum
G
rey-
gree
n C
udw
eed
Her
b to
0.2
m
Ari
stid
a ca
lyci
na v
ar. c
alyc
ina
Dar
k W
ire-
gras
s G
rass
to
2.0
m
Art
hrop
odiu
m s
p. 1
(ro
bust
gla
ucou
s)
Tal
l Van
illa
-lil
y H
erb
to 1
.0 m
Asp
leni
um a
ppen
dicu
latu
m s
ubsp
. app
endi
cula
tum
G
roun
d S
plee
nwor
t F
ern
to 0
.3 m
Asp
leni
um h
ooke
rian
um
Mai
denh
air
Spl
eenw
ort
Fer
n to
0.2
2 m
Asp
leni
um tr
icho
man
es
Com
mon
Spl
eenw
ort
Fer
n 0.
05-0
.2 m
Asp
leni
um tr
icho
man
es s
ubsp
. qua
driv
alen
s C
omm
on S
plee
nwor
t F
ern
0.05
-0.2
m
Asp
leni
um tr
icho
man
es s
ubsp
. tri
chom
anes
C
omm
on S
plee
nwor
t F
ern
0.05
-0.2
m
Ast
rotr
icha
asp
erif
olia
sub
sp. 2
B
ogon
g S
tar-
hair
S
hrub
to
2.0
m
Ast
rotr
icha
line
aris
N
arro
w-l
eaf
Sta
r-ha
ir
Shr
ub
to 1
.5 m
Ast
rotr
icha
sp.
4
Thi
ck-l
eaf
Sta
r-ha
ir
Shr
ub
to 1
.5 m
Aus
tral
opyr
um r
etro
frac
tum
C
omb
Whe
at-g
rass
G
rass
to
0.6
m
Aus
tral
opyr
um v
elut
inum
M
ount
ain
Whe
at-g
rass
G
rass
to
0.5
m
Aus
trod
anth
onia
alp
icol
a C
rag
Wal
laby
-gra
ss
Gra
ss
to 0
.4 m
Aus
trod
anth
onia
ore
ophi
la
Mou
ntai
n W
alla
by-g
rass
G
rass
to
0.5
m
Aus
trof
estu
ca e
riop
oda
Sno
w F
escu
e G
rass
to
1.0
m
Aus
tros
tipa
niv
icol
a A
lpin
e S
pear
-gra
ss
Gra
ss
to 0
.5 m
Bae
ckea
lati
foli
a S
ubal
pine
Bae
ckea
S
hrub
to
1.5
m
Ban
ksia
can
ei
Mou
ntai
n B
anks
ia
Shr
ub
to 3
.0 m
Bar
bare
a gr
ayi
Nat
ive
Win
terc
ress
H
erb
to 0
.9 m
Bar
tram
ia m
ossm
ania
na
Tal
l App
le-m
oss
Mos
ses
and
Liv
erw
orts
G
roun
dcov
er
Ber
tya
cunn
ingh
amii
sub
sp. p
ubir
amul
a S
tick
y B
erty
a S
hrub
1.
5 to
3.0
m
Ber
tya
find
layi
M
ount
ain
Ber
tya
Shr
ub
2.0
to 4
.0 m
Page 46 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t B
eyer
ia la
sioc
arpa
W
alla
by-b
ush
Tre
e or
Shr
ub
2.0
to 6
.0 m
Bey
eria
vis
cosa
P
inkw
ood
Shr
ub
3.0-
4.0
m
Ble
chnu
m v
ulca
nicu
m
Mou
ntai
n W
ater
-fer
n F
ern
to 0
.4 m
Bor
onia
alg
ida
Alp
ine
Bor
onia
S
hrub
0.
3-1.
5 m
Bor
onia
cit
rata
L
emon
Bor
onia
S
hrub
0.
8-1.
5 m
Bor
onia
ledi
foli
a S
how
y B
oron
ia
Shr
ub
0.3-
1.5
m
Bor
onia
nan
a va
r. p
ubes
cens
D
war
f B
oron
ia
Shr
ub
0.08
-0.2
5 m
Bos
siae
a br
acte
osa
Mou
ntai
n L
eafl
ess
Bos
siae
a S
hrub
to
2.5
m
Bos
siae
a ri
pari
a R
iver
Lea
fles
s B
ossi
aea
Shr
ub
0.5-
1 m
Bot
rych
ium
aus
tral
e A
ustr
al M
oonw
ort
Her
b to
0.5
cm
Bra
chyd
onti
um in
term
ediu
m
Bog
ong
Bri
stle
-lea
f M
oss
Mos
ses
and
Liv
erw
orts
G
roun
dcov
er
Bra
chys
com
e ob
ovat
a B
aw B
aw D
aisy
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Bra
chys
com
e pe
trop
hila
R
ock
Dai
sy
Her
b to
0. 5
m
Bra
chys
com
e pt
ycho
carp
a T
iny
Dai
sy
Her
b to
0.1
6 m
Bra
chys
com
e ra
dica
ns
Mar
sh D
aisy
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Bra
chys
com
e ri
pari
a S
now
y R
iver
Dai
sy
Her
b to
0.4
m
Bra
chys
com
e sp
. 3
Mou
ntai
n D
aisy
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Bra
chys
com
e ta
dgel
lii
Tad
gell
's D
aisy
H
erb
to 0
.2 m
Cal
aden
ia a
esti
va
Mou
ntai
n S
umm
er S
pide
r-or
chid
H
erb
to 0
.5 m
Cal
aden
ia c
onco
lor
Cri
mso
n S
pide
r-or
chid
H
erb
to 0
.25
m
Cal
aden
ia fl
avov
iren
s S
umm
er S
pide
r-or
chid
H
erb
to 0
.4 m
Cal
aden
ia h
ilda
e H
oney
Hoo
d-or
chid
H
erb
to 0
.25
m
Cal
list
emon
sub
ulat
us
Dw
arf
Bot
tleb
rush
S
hrub
to
1.0
m
Cal
litr
iche
um
bona
ta
Win
ged
Wat
er-s
tarw
ort
Her
b G
roun
dcov
er
Cal
otis
gla
ndul
osa
Mau
ve B
urr-
dais
y H
erb
to 0
.35
m
Cal
otis
lapp
ulac
ea
Yel
low
Bur
r-da
isy
Her
b to
0.5
m
Cal
otis
pub
esce
ns
Max
Mue
ller
's B
urr-
dais
y H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Car
dam
ine
asto
niae
S
prea
ding
Bit
ter-
cres
s H
erb
Gro
undc
over
Car
dam
ine
fran
klin
ensi
s F
rank
lin
Bit
ter-
cres
s H
erb
Gro
undc
over
Car
dam
ine
mic
roth
rix
Eas
tern
Bit
ter-
cres
s H
erb
Gro
undc
over
Page 47Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t C
arda
min
e pa
pill
ata
For
est B
itte
r-cr
ess
Her
b G
roun
dcov
er
Car
ex a
lsop
hila
F
ores
t Sed
ge
Sed
ge
0.3-
0.5
m
Car
ex a
rche
ri
Arc
her's
Sed
ge
Sed
ge
0.03
-0.2
5 m
Car
ex b
lake
i A
lpin
e S
edge
S
edge
0.
03-0
.25
m
Car
ex c
anes
cens
S
hort
Sed
ge
Sed
ge
0.02
-0.1
0 m
Car
ex c
apil
lace
a H
air
Sed
ge
Sed
ge
0.05
-0.5
m
Car
ex c
epha
lote
s W
ire-
head
Sed
ge
Sed
ge
0.03
-0.3
m
Car
ex c
hlor
anth
a G
reen
-top
Sed
ge
Sed
ge
0.05
-0.3
m
Car
ex e
chin
ata
Sta
r S
edge
S
edge
0.
04-0
.7 m
Car
ex h
ypan
dra
Alp
ine
Fen
-sed
ge
Sed
ge
0.1-
0.35
m
Car
ex ja
ckia
na
Car
pet S
edge
S
edge
0.
01-0
.06
m
Car
ex p
aupe
ra
Dw
arf
Sed
ge
Sed
ge
to 0
.15
m
Car
ex r
alei
ghii
R
alei
gh S
edge
S
edge
to
0.2
5 m
Car
pha
alpi
na
Sm
all F
low
er-r
ush
Sed
ge
0.05
-0.3
m
Car
pha
nivi
cola
B
road
-lea
f F
low
er-r
ush
Sed
ge
0.1-
0.3
m
Cas
sini
a m
onti
cola
M
ount
ain
Cas
sini
a H
erb
0.3-
2.0
m
Cas
sini
a ni
vali
s O
chre
Cas
sini
a H
erb
to 1
.3 m
Cel
mis
ia c
osti
nian
a C
arpe
t Sno
w-d
aisy
H
erb
0.15
m
Cel
mis
ia la
tifo
lia
Vic
tori
an S
now
-dai
sy
Her
b 0.
28-0
.45
m
Cel
mis
ia s
eric
ophy
lla
Sil
ky S
now
-dai
sy
Her
b 0.
10-0
.45
m
Cel
mis
ia to
men
tell
a S
ilve
r S
now
-dai
sy
Her
b to
0.6
m
Che
nopo
dium
car
inat
um
Kee
led
Goo
sefo
ot
Her
b to
0.6
m
Che
nopo
dium
ero
sum
P
aper
y G
oose
foot
H
erb
to 1
.5 m
Chi
logl
otti
s je
anes
ii M
ount
ain
Bir
d-or
chid
H
erb
to 0
.55
m
Chi
logl
otti
s X
pes
cott
iana
B
ronz
e B
ird-
orch
id
Her
b to
0.0
8 m
Cli
mac
ium
den
droi
des
Mar
sh T
ree-
mos
s M
osse
s an
d L
iver
wor
ts
Gro
undc
over
Col
oban
thus
aff
inis
A
lpin
e C
olob
anth
H
erb
to 0
.6 m
Coo
pern
ooki
a ba
rbat
a P
urpl
e C
oope
rnoo
kia
Shr
ub
to 1
.0 m
Cop
rosm
a m
oore
i T
urqu
oise
Cop
rosm
a S
hrub
to
0.1
0 m
Page 48 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t C
opro
sma
niva
lis
Sno
w C
opro
sma
Shr
ub
Gro
undc
over
Cop
rosm
a pe
rpus
illa
sub
sp. p
erpu
sill
a C
reep
ing
Cop
rosm
a S
hrub
G
roun
dcov
er
Cor
rea
law
renc
eana
var
. lat
robe
ana
(mon
tane
red
) R
ed M
ount
ain-
corr
ea
Tre
e or
Shr
ub
0.6-
5.0
m
Cor
unas
tyli
s ar
rect
a E
rect
Mid
ge-o
rchi
d H
erb
to 0
.2 m
Cor
unas
tyli
s de
nsa
Den
se M
idge
-orc
hid
Her
b to
0.0
4 m
Cor
unas
tyli
s ec
topa
B
rind
abel
la M
idge
-orc
hid
Her
b 0.
10-0
.25
m
Cor
unas
tyli
s nu
da
Tin
y M
idge
-orc
hid
Her
b 0.
05-0
.3 m
Cor
ybas
his
pidu
s B
rist
ly H
elm
et-o
rchi
d H
erb
to 0
.15m
Cra
sped
ia a
deno
phor
a S
tick
y B
illy
-but
tons
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Cra
sped
ia a
lba
Whi
te B
illy
-but
tons
H
erb
0.09
-0.1
5 m
Cra
sped
ia a
uran
tia
Ora
nge
Bil
ly-b
utto
ns
Her
b 0.
15-0
.6 m
Cra
sped
ia c
roca
ta
Cri
mso
n B
illy
-but
tons
H
erb
0.12
-0.5
2 m
Cra
sped
ia ja
mes
ii
Gre
en B
illy
-but
tons
H
erb
0.25
-0.8
m
Cra
sped
ia la
mic
ola
Bog
Bil
ly-b
utto
ns
Her
b 0.
2-0.
5 m
Cry
ptan
dra
spec
iosa
sub
sp. s
peci
osa
Mou
ntai
n C
rypt
andr
a S
hrub
to
1.0
m
Cul
len
tena
x T
ough
Scu
rf-p
ea
Her
b to
0.5
m
Cym
bono
tus
law
soni
anus
B
ear's
-ear
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Cyp
erus
con
cinn
us
Tri
m F
lat-
sedg
e S
edge
0.
15-0
.65
m
Cyp
erus
fulv
us
Sti
cky
Sed
ge
Sed
ge
0.25
-0.5
m
Cyp
erus
gra
cili
s S
lend
er F
lat-
sedg
e S
edge
0.
1-0.
4 m
Cyp
hant
hera
alb
ican
s su
bsp.
alb
ican
s H
oary
Ray
-flo
wer
H
erb
to 3
.0 m
Cys
topt
eris
tasm
anic
a B
ritt
le B
ladd
er-f
ern
Fer
n to
0.3
5 m
Dam
pier
a fu
sca
Kyd
ra D
ampi
era
Shr
ub
to 0
.3 m
Dam
pier
a ga
lbra
ithi
ana
Lic
ola
Dam
pier
a S
hrub
0.
2-1.
0 m
Dam
pier
a pu
rpur
ea
Mou
ntai
n D
ampi
era
Shr
ub
to 1
.0 m
Dav
iesi
a m
imos
oide
s su
bsp.
acr
is
Blu
nt-l
eaf
Bit
ter-
pea
Shr
ub
1.0-
2.0
m
Dav
iesi
a w
yatt
iana
L
ong-
leaf
Bit
ter-
pea
Shr
ub
1-2.
5 m
Der
wen
tia
nive
a M
ilfo
il S
peed
wel
l S
hrub
to
0.5
m
Des
cham
psia
cae
spit
osa
Tuf
ted
Hai
r-gr
ass
Gra
ss
to 1
.5 m
Des
mod
ium
bra
chyp
odum
L
arge
Tic
k-tr
efoi
l H
erb
to 0
.6 m
Page 49Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t D
eyeu
xia
affi
nis
All
ied
Ben
t-gr
ass
Gra
ss
to 0
.3 m
Dey
euxi
a ca
rina
ta
Kee
led
Ben
t-gr
ass
Gra
ss
to 0
.5 m
Dey
euxi
a cr
assi
uscu
la
Thi
ck B
ent-
gras
s G
rass
to
0.6
m
Dey
euxi
a de
cipi
ens
Dev
ious
Ben
t-gr
ass
Gra
ss
to 1
.0 m
Dey
euxi
a pu
ngen
s N
arro
w-l
eaf
Ben
t-gr
ass
Gra
ss
to 1
.0 m
Dey
euxi
a ta
lari
ata
Ski
rted
Ben
t-gr
ass
Gra
ss
0.25
-1.1
m
Dil
lwyn
ia p
rost
rata
M
atte
d P
arro
t-pe
a S
hrub
P
rost
rate
Dil
lwyn
ia s
iebe
ri
Sie
ber's
Par
rot-
pea
Shr
ub
0.5-
2.0
m
Dip
lasp
is n
ivis
S
now
Pen
nyw
ort
Her
b to
0.1
2 m
Dip
odiu
m h
amil
toni
anum
Y
ello
w H
yaci
nth-
orch
id
Orc
hid
0.4-
0.8
m
Dis
cari
a ni
tida
S
hini
ng A
ncho
r P
lant
S
hrub
2.
0-5.
0 m
Dis
cari
a pu
besc
ens
Aus
tral
ian
Anc
hor
Pla
nt
Shr
ub
0.4-
2.5
m
Diu
ris
ochr
oma
Pal
e G
olde
n M
oths
O
rchi
d to
0.4
m
Diu
ris
pedu
ncul
ata
Sm
all S
nake
Orc
hid
Orc
hid
0.06
-0.1
8 m
Diu
ris
punc
tata
var
. pun
ctat
a P
urpl
e D
iuri
s O
rchi
d 0.
3-0.
6 m
Doc
kril
lia
stri
olat
a su
bsp.
str
iola
ta
Str
eake
d R
ock-
orch
id
Orc
hid
to 0
.4 m
Dod
onae
a bo
roni
ifol
ia
Hai
ry H
op-b
ush
Shr
ub
to 2
.0 m
Dod
onae
a rh
ombi
foli
a B
road
-lea
f H
op-b
ush
Shr
ub
to 2
.0 m
Dra
bast
rum
alp
estr
e M
ount
ain
Cre
ss
Her
b to
0.3
m
Dre
pano
clad
us p
olyg
amus
S
hore
Fea
ther
-mos
s M
osse
s an
d L
iver
wor
ts
Gro
undc
over
Dro
sera
arc
turi
A
lpin
e S
unde
w
Her
b to
0.1
0 m
Enn
eapo
gon
grac
ilis
S
lend
er B
ottl
e-w
ashe
rs
Gra
sses
to
0.7
m
Epa
cris
cel
ata
Cry
ptic
Hea
th
Shr
ub
0.2-
0.6
m
Epa
cris
gla
cial
is
Red
dish
Bog
-hea
th
Shr
ub
0.05
-0.3
m
Epa
cris
mic
roph
ylla
var
. rho
mbi
foli
a M
ount
ain
Cor
al H
eath
S
hrub
to
1.0
m
Epa
cris
pet
roph
ila
Sno
w H
eath
S
hrub
0.
3-0.
6 m
Epi
lobi
um b
runn
esce
ns s
ubsp
. bea
ugle
hole
i B
og W
illo
w-h
erb
Her
b to
0.0
7 m
Epi
lobi
um c
urti
siae
B
ald-
seed
ed W
illo
w-h
erb
Her
b to
0.1
5 m
Epi
lobi
um s
arm
enta
ceum
M
ount
ain
Wil
low
-her
b H
erb
to 0
.40
m
Page 50 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t E
pilo
bium
tasm
anic
um
Sno
w W
illo
w-h
erb
Her
b to
0.1
5 m
Eri
gero
n co
nyzo
ides
D
aisy
Fle
aban
e H
erb
0.4-
0.8
m
Eri
gero
n ni
tidu
s S
tick
y F
leab
ane
Her
b 0.
02-0
.16
m
Eri
gero
n ta
sman
icus
T
asm
ania
n F
leab
ane
Her
b to
0.3
m
Eri
ocau
lon
scar
iosu
m
Com
mon
Pip
ewor
t H
erb
to 0
.08
m
Euc
alyp
tus
aff.
rub
ida
(Mor
oka)
M
orok
a C
andl
ebar
k T
ree
to 4
0.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
bosi
stoa
na
Coa
st G
rey-
box
Tre
e to
50.
0 m
Euc
alyp
tus
dent
icul
ata
Err
inun
dra
Shi
ning
Gum
T
ree
to 6
0.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
elae
ophl
oia
Oli
ve M
alle
e T
ree
to 1
2.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
fulg
ens
Gre
en S
cent
bark
T
ree
to 2
0.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
glau
cesc
ens
Tin
gari
ngy
Gum
T
ree
to 2
0.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
glob
ulus
sub
sp. m
aide
nii
Mai
den'
s G
um
Tre
e to
40.
0 m
Euc
alyp
tus
kybe
anen
sis
Mal
lee
Ash
T
ree
to 1
5.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
mac
arth
urii
C
amde
n W
ooly
butt
T
ree
to 4
0.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
mit
chel
lian
a B
uffa
lo S
alle
e T
ree
to 1
5.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
negl
ecta
O
meo
Gum
T
ree
to 1
0.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
pauc
iflo
ra s
ubsp
. ace
rina
B
aw B
aw S
ally
T
ree
to 2
0.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
pauc
iflo
ra s
ubsp
. hed
raia
B
ogon
g S
ally
T
ree
to 2
0.0
m
Euc
alyp
tus
perr
inia
na
Spi
nnin
g G
um
Tre
e to
20.
0 m
Euc
alyp
tus
robe
rtso
nii s
ubsp
. hem
isph
aeri
ca
Rob
erts
ons
Pep
perm
int
Tre
e to
30
m
Euc
alyp
tus
saxa
tili
s R
ock
Mal
lee
Tre
e to
8.0
m
Euc
hito
n ni
tidu
lus
Shi
ning
Cud
wee
d H
erb
Pro
stra
te
Euc
hito
n tr
aver
sii
Mat
Cud
wee
d H
erb
Pro
stra
te
Euc
hito
n um
bric
ola
Cli
ff C
udw
eed
Her
b to
0.1
5 m
Eup
hras
ia c
auda
ta
Tai
led
Eye
brig
ht
Her
b to
0.4
m
Eup
hras
ia c
olli
na s
ubsp
. div
ersi
colo
r P
urpl
e E
yebr
ight
H
erb
to 0
.35
m
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
Thi
ck E
yebr
ight
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
subs
p. c
rass
iusc
ula
Thi
ck E
yebr
ight
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
subs
p. e
glan
dulo
sa
Thi
ck E
yebr
ight
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
subs
p. g
land
ulif
era
Thi
ck E
yebr
ight
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Page 51Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t E
uphr
asia
eic
hler
i B
ogon
g E
yebr
ight
H
erb
to 0
.15
m
Eup
hras
ia g
ibbs
iae
subs
p. s
ubgl
abri
foli
a B
road
Eye
brig
ht
Her
b to
0.1
5 m
Eup
hras
ia la
sian
ther
a H
airy
Eye
brig
ht
Her
b to
0.3
m
Eup
hras
ia s
cabr
a R
ough
Eye
brig
ht
Her
b to
0.5
Ew
arti
a nu
bige
na
Sil
ver
Ew
arti
a H
erb
to 0
.10
m
Fim
bris
tyli
s di
chot
oma
Com
mon
Fri
nge-
sedg
e S
edge
to
1.0
m
Fim
bris
tyli
s ve
lata
V
eile
d F
ring
e-se
dge
Sed
ge
0.05
-0.2
5 m
Fis
side
ns s
tric
tus
Wat
er P
ocke
t-m
oss
Mos
s G
roun
dcov
er
Gah
nia
mic
rost
achy
a S
lend
er S
aw-s
edge
S
edge
0.
2-0.
45 m
Gen
tian
a ba
euer
leni
i B
aeue
rlen
s G
enti
an
Her
b 0.
02-0
.04
m
Gen
tian
ella
pol
yspe
res
Ear
ly F
ores
t-ge
ntia
n H
erb
0.12
-0.4
m
Ger
aniu
m n
egle
ctum
S
wam
p C
rane
's-b
ill
Her
b to
0.1
m
Ger
aniu
m p
oten
till
oide
s va
r. a
bdit
um
Sof
t Cra
ne's
-bil
l H
erb
to 0
.5 m
Ger
aniu
m s
essi
lifl
orum
sub
sp. b
revi
caul
e A
lpin
e C
rane
's-b
ill
Her
b to
0.1
5 m
Ger
aniu
m s
olan
deri
var
. sol
ande
ri s
.s.
Aus
tral
Cra
ne's
-bil
l H
erb
to 0
.5 m
Gin
gidi
a ha
rvey
ana
Sle
nder
Gin
gidi
a H
erb
to 0
.5 m
Glo
ssoc
ardi
a bi
dens
C
obbl
er's
Tac
k H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Glo
ssos
tigm
a cl
eist
anth
um
Sm
all-
flow
er M
ud-m
at
Her
b M
at-f
orm
ing
Gly
cine
latr
obea
na
Clo
ver
Gly
cine
H
erb
0.02
-0.0
3 m
Goo
deni
a he
tero
phyl
la s
ubsp
. het
erop
hyll
a V
aria
ble
Goo
deni
a H
erb
to 0
.4 m
Goo
deni
a m
acm
illa
nii
Pin
nate
Goo
deni
a S
hrub
to
0.5
m
Goo
dia
med
icag
inea
W
este
rn G
olde
n-ti
p S
hrub
to
2.0
m
Gra
mm
itis
poe
ppig
iana
A
lpin
e F
inge
r-fe
rn
Fer
n M
at-f
orm
ing
Gra
tiol
a na
na
Mat
ted
Bro
okli
me
Her
b P
rost
rate
Gra
tiol
a pu
mil
o D
war
f B
rook
lim
e H
erb
0.04
-0.1
8 m
Gre
vill
ea a
lpiv
aga
Buf
falo
Gre
vill
ea
Shr
ub
to 1
.0 m
Gre
vill
ea b
revi
foli
a C
obbe
ras
Gre
vill
ea
Shr
ub
to 3
.0 m
Gre
vill
ea c
hrys
opha
ea
Gol
den
Gre
vill
ea
Shr
ub
to 2
.5 m
Gre
vill
ea m
ique
lian
a O
val-
leaf
Gre
vill
ea
Shr
ub
to 2
.5 m
Page 52 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t G
revi
llea
miq
ueli
ana
subs
p. m
ique
lian
a O
val-
leaf
Gre
vill
ea
Shr
ub
to 2
.5 m
Gre
vill
ea m
ique
lian
a su
bsp.
mor
oka
Mor
oka
Gre
vill
ea
Shr
ub
to 2
.5 m
Gre
vill
ea n
euro
phyl
la s
ubsp
. neu
roph
ylla
G
rani
te G
revi
llea
S
hrub
to
2.5
m
Gre
vill
ea p
achy
lost
yla
Buc
han
Riv
er G
revi
llea
S
hrub
to
1.5
m
Gre
vill
ea p
olyc
hrom
a T
ulla
ch A
rd G
revi
llea
S
hrub
1.
0-3.
0 m
Gre
vill
ea v
icto
riae
sub
sp. n
ival
is
Kos
cius
zko
Gre
vill
ea
Shr
ub
to 4
.0 m
Gre
vill
ea v
icto
riae
sub
sp. v
icto
riae
R
oyal
Gre
vill
ea
Shr
ub
to 4
.0 m
Gre
vill
ea w
illi
sii
Roc
k G
revi
llea
S
hrub
0.
5-5.
0 m
Gyn
atri
x m
acro
phyl
la
Gip
psla
nd H
emp
Bus
h S
hrub
to
3.0
m
Hak
ea li
ssos
perm
a M
ount
ain
Nee
dlew
ood
Shr
ub
to 4
.0 m
Hal
orag
oden
dron
bae
uerl
enii
Shr
ubby
Ras
pwor
t S
hrub
to
1.5
m
Hel
ichr
ysum
ade
noph
orum
B
ranc
hed
Eve
rlas
ting
H
erb
0.15
-0.3
m
Hel
ichr
ysum
ade
noph
orum
var
. wad
dell
iae
Bra
nche
d E
verl
asti
ng
Her
b 0.
15-0
.3 m
Her
poli
rion
nov
ae-z
elan
diae
S
ky L
ily
Her
b M
at-f
orm
ing
Hib
bert
ia d
iffu
sa
Wed
ge G
uine
a-fl
ower
S
hrub
to
0.3
m
Hib
bert
ia h
erm
anni
ifol
ia
Out
crop
Gui
nea-
flow
er
Shr
ub
to 1
.5 m
Hib
bert
ia p
edun
cula
ta
Sta
lked
Gui
nea-
flow
er
Shr
ub
to 0
.3 m
Hib
bert
ia s
path
ulat
a R
ock
Gui
nea-
flow
er
Shr
ub
to 1
.5 m
Hie
roch
loe
subm
utic
a A
lpin
e H
oly-
gras
s G
rass
to
0.7
m
Hov
ea c
orri
ckia
e G
loss
y H
ovea
S
hrub
to
5.0
m
Hov
ea m
agni
brac
tea
Lar
ge-b
ract
Hov
ea
Shr
ub
to 2
.5 m
Hup
erzi
a au
stra
lian
a F
ir C
lubm
oss
Mos
ses
and
Liv
erw
orts
G
roun
dcov
er
Hyb
anth
us m
onop
etal
us
Sle
nder
Vio
let-
bush
H
erb
to 0
.6 m
Iren
epha
rsus
mag
icus
E
lusi
ve C
ress
H
erb
to 0
.8 m
Isol
epis
alp
ina
Tas
man
Clu
b-se
dge
Sed
ge
to 0
.1 m
Isol
epis
gau
dich
audi
ana
Ben
ambr
a C
lub-
sedg
e S
edge
to
0.0
4 m
Isol
epis
mon
tiva
ga
Fog
Clu
b-se
dge
Sed
ge
to 0
.4 m
Junc
us a
ntar
ctic
us
Cus
hion
Rus
h R
ush
to 0
.12
m
Junc
us b
revi
brac
teus
A
lpin
e R
ush
Rus
h 0.
45-1
.25
m
Junc
us fa
lcat
us
Sic
kle-
leaf
Rus
h R
ush
0.1-
0.35
m
Page 53Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t Ju
ncus
pha
eant
hus
Dar
k-fl
ower
Rus
h R
ush
0.3-
1.0
m
Kel
leri
a la
xa
Sno
w D
aphn
e S
hrub
to
0.0
3 m
Koe
leri
a m
acra
ntha
C
rest
ed H
air-
gras
s G
rass
to
0.6
m
Kun
zea
pedu
ncul
aris
x p
hyli
coid
es
Riv
er B
urga
n hy
brid
S
hrub
2.
0-5.
0 m
Lac
hnag
rost
is m
eion
ecte
s A
lpin
e B
low
n-gr
ass
Gra
ss
to 0
.2 m
Lac
hnag
rost
is s
cabr
a R
ough
Blo
wn-
gras
s G
rass
0.
6-0.
8 m
Lax
man
nia
grac
ilis
S
lend
er W
ire-
lily
H
erb
to 0
.4 m
Lei
onem
a bi
lobu
m s
ubsp
. ser
rula
tum
T
ooth
ed L
eion
ema
Shr
ub
to 4
.0 m
Lei
onem
a la
mpr
ophy
llum
S
hiny
Lei
onem
a S
hrub
to
2.0
m
Lei
onem
a la
mpr
ophy
llum
sub
sp. l
ampr
ophy
llum
S
hiny
Lei
onem
a S
hrub
to
2.0
m
Lep
torh
ynch
os e
long
atus
L
anky
But
tons
H
erb
to 0
.4 m
Lep
torh
ynch
os s
quam
atus
sub
sp. a
lpin
us
Alp
ine
But
tons
H
erb
0.1-
0.4
m
Lep
tosp
erm
um ji
nger
a S
trin
gyba
rk T
ea-t
ree
Shr
ub
to 2
.0 m
Les
pede
za ju
ncea
sub
sp. s
eric
ea
Chi
nese
Les
pede
za
Shr
ub
0.6-
1.2
m
Leu
coch
rysu
m a
lbic
ans
subs
p. a
lbic
ans
var.
bu
ffal
oens
is
Buf
falo
Sun
ray
Her
b to
0.4
5 m
Leu
coch
rysu
m a
lbic
ans
subs
p. a
lpin
um
Alp
ine
Sun
ray
Her
b to
0.4
5 m
Leu
coch
rysu
m a
lbic
ans
var.
tric
olor
H
oary
Sun
ray
Her
b to
0.1
5 m
Leu
copo
gon
atte
nuat
us
Gre
y B
eard
-hea
th
Shr
ub
0.2-
0.6
m
Leu
copo
gon
mic
roph
yllu
s va
r. p
ilib
undu
s H
airy
Bea
rd-h
eath
S
hrub
to
1.0
m
Leu
copo
gon
pili
fer
Thr
eady
Bea
rd-h
eath
S
hrub
0.
02-0
.1 m
Leu
copo
gon
ripa
rius
R
iver
Bea
rd-h
eath
S
hrub
to
1.0
m
Lin
dsae
a m
icro
phyl
la
Lac
y W
edge
-fer
n F
ern
0.15
-0.5
m
Lob
elia
gel
ida
Sno
w P
rati
a H
erb
M
at-f
orm
ing
Log
ania
gra
niti
ca
Mou
ntai
n L
ogan
ia
Shr
ub
to 1
.5 m
Lom
andr
a or
eoph
ila
Mou
ntai
n M
at-r
ush
Rus
h 0.
25-0
.5 m
Luz
ula
acut
ifol
ia s
ubsp
. acu
tifo
lia
Sha
rp-l
eaf
Woo
drus
h R
ush
0.03
-0.2
m
Luz
ula
alpe
stri
s T
usso
ck W
oodr
ush
Rus
h to
0.2
m
Luz
ula
atra
ta
Sle
nder
Woo
drus
h R
ush
0.14
-0.2
5 m
Lyc
opod
ium
sca
rios
um
Spr
eadi
ng C
lubm
oss
Mos
ses
and
Liv
erw
orts
G
roun
dcov
er
Page 54 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t M
eesi
a m
uell
eri
Hum
p M
oss
Mos
ses
and
Liv
erw
orts
G
roun
dcov
er
Mon
otoc
a or
eoph
ila
Mou
ntai
n B
room
-hea
th
Shr
ub
0.2-
2.5
m
Mon
otoc
a ro
tund
ifol
ia
Tra
ilin
g M
onot
oca
Shr
ub
to 0
.3 m
Mue
hlen
beck
ia a
xill
aris
M
atte
d L
ignu
m
Shr
ub
Pro
stra
te
Mue
hlen
beck
ia d
icli
na s
ubsp
. 1
Tw
iggy
Lig
num
S
hrub
to
1.0
m
Myo
poru
m fl
orib
undu
m
Sle
nder
Myo
poru
m
Shr
ub
to 3
.0 m
Myr
ioph
yllu
m a
lpin
um
Alp
ine
Wat
er-m
ilfo
il
Her
b P
rost
rate
Nem
atol
epis
squ
amea
S
atin
woo
d T
ree
or S
hrub
to
12.
0 m
Nem
atol
epis
squ
amea
sub
sp. c
oria
cea
Har
sh N
emat
olep
is
Tre
e or
Shr
ub
to 1
2.0
m
Nic
otia
na s
uave
olen
s A
ustr
al T
obac
co
Her
b to
1.5
m
Nym
phoi
des
gem
inat
a O
pen
Mar
shw
ort
Her
b G
row
s on
sur
face
of
wat
er
Nym
phoi
des
mon
tana
E
ntir
e M
arsh
wor
t H
erb
Gro
ws
on s
urfa
ce o
f w
ater
Ole
aria
ade
noph
ora
Sce
nted
Dai
sy-b
ush
Shr
ub
0.6-
0.9
m
Ole
aria
bre
vipe
dunc
ulat
a R
usty
Dai
sy-b
ush
Shr
ub
to 1
.0 m
Ole
aria
fros
tii
Bog
ong
Dai
sy-b
ush
Shr
ub
to 1
.0 m
Ole
aria
iodo
chro
a V
iole
t Dai
sy-b
ush
Shr
ub
to 1
.0 m
Ole
aria
phl
ogop
appa
var
. fla
vesc
ens
Dus
ty D
aisy
-bus
h S
hrub
to
1.0
m
Oph
iogl
ossu
m r
etic
ulat
um
Sta
lked
Add
er's
-ton
gue
Her
b to
0.4
m
Ore
obol
us o
xyca
rpus
sub
sp. o
xyca
rpus
T
uft-
rush
H
erb
to 0
.1 m
Ore
obol
us p
umil
io s
ubsp
. pum
ilio
A
lpin
e T
uft-
rush
H
erb
to 0
.1 m
Ore
omyr
rhis
arg
ente
a S
ilve
ry C
arra
way
H
erb
to 0
.02
m
Ore
omyr
rhis
bre
vipe
s B
ranc
hed
Car
away
H
erb
0.1-
0.4
m
Ore
omyr
rhis
pul
vini
fica
C
ushi
on C
araw
ay
Her
b 0.
02-0
.1 m
Ort
hotr
ichu
m r
upes
tre
Gra
nite
Bri
stle
-mos
s M
osse
s an
d L
iver
wor
ts
Gro
undc
over
Osc
hatz
ia c
unei
foli
a W
edge
Osc
hatz
ia
Her
b to
0.2
m
Oxa
lis
mag
ella
nica
S
now
drop
Woo
d-so
rrel
H
erb
0.05
-0.1
m
Ozo
tham
nus
adna
tus
Win
ged
Eve
rlas
ting
S
hrub
1.
0-2.
0 m
Ozo
tham
nus
alpi
nus
Alp
ine
Eve
rlas
ting
S
hrub
0.
75-1
.0 m
Ozo
tham
nus
roge
rsia
nus
Nun
nion
g E
verl
asti
ng
Shr
ub
to 2
.5 m
Ozo
tham
nus
stir
ling
ii
Ove
ns E
verl
asti
ng
Shr
ub
to 3
.0 m
Page 55Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t P
aran
tenn
aria
uni
ceps
P
aran
tenn
aria
H
erb
0.01
-0.0
3 m
Par
sons
ia e
ucal
ypto
phyl
la
Gar
galo
o C
lim
ber
Cli
mbe
r
Pel
argo
nium
hel
msi
i A
lpin
e S
tork
's-b
ill
Her
b to
0.2
5 m
Pen
tach
ondr
a pu
mil
a C
arpe
t Hea
th
Shr
ub
Pro
stra
te
Per
soon
ia a
rbor
ea
Tre
e G
eebu
ng
Tre
e 5.
0-10
.0 m
Per
soon
ia a
sper
ula
Mou
ntai
n G
eebu
ng
Shr
ub
to 2
.0 m
Per
soon
ia s
ilva
tica
F
ores
t Gee
bung
T
ree
or S
hrub
to
9.0
m
Per
soon
ia s
ubve
luti
na
Vel
vety
Gee
bung
T
ree
or S
hrub
to
4.5
m
Phe
bali
um g
land
ulos
um
Gla
ndul
ar P
heba
lium
S
hrub
0.
5-2.
5 m
Phe
bali
um g
land
ulos
um s
ubsp
. 2 (
Sno
wy
Riv
er)
Sno
wy
Riv
er P
heba
lium
S
hrub
0.
5-2.
5 m
Phe
bali
um s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. alp
inum
A
lpin
e P
heba
lium
S
hrub
1.
0-7.
0 m
Phe
bali
um s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. arg
ente
um
Sil
very
Phe
bali
um
Shr
ub
to 7
.0 m
Phe
bali
um s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. ozo
tham
noid
es
Mou
ntai
n P
heba
lium
S
hrub
1.
0-7.
0 m
Phe
bali
um s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. squ
amul
osum
F
ores
t Phe
bali
um
Shr
ub
1.0-
7.0
m
Phi
loth
eca
myo
poro
ides
sub
sp. b
revi
pedu
ncul
ata
Sug
gan
Bug
gan
Wax
-flo
wer
S
hrub
to
2.0
m
Phi
lydr
um la
nugi
nosu
m
Woo
lly
Wat
erli
ly
Lil
y to
2.0
m
Pic
ris
squa
rros
a S
quat
Pic
ris
Her
b 0.
2-1.
2 m
Pim
elea
axi
flor
a su
bsp.
alp
ina
Alp
ine
Boo
tlac
e B
ush
Shr
ub
to 1
.0 m
Pim
elea
bif
lora
M
atte
d R
ice-
flow
er
Shr
ub
Pro
stra
te
Pim
elea
cur
vifl
ora
var.
cur
vifl
ora
S
hrub
0.
02-1
.5 m
Pim
elea
ligu
stri
na s
ubsp
. cil
iata
F
ring
ed R
ice-
flow
er
Shr
ub
to 1
.5 m
Pim
elea
lini
foli
a su
bsp.
cae
sia
Sle
nder
Ric
e-fl
ower
S
hrub
to
0.5
m
Pim
elea
pau
cifl
ora
Poi
son
Ric
e-fl
ower
S
hrub
to
3.0
m
Pla
ntag
o al
pest
ris
Vei
ned
Pla
ntai
n H
erb
0.08
-0.1
6 m
Pla
ntag
o gl
acia
lis
Sm
all S
tar-
plan
tain
H
erb
0.02
-0.0
4 m
Pla
ntag
o m
uell
eri
Sta
r P
lant
ain
Her
b 0.
02-0
.08
m
Pla
tysa
ce e
rico
ides
H
eath
Pla
tysa
ce
Shr
ub
0.1-
0.5
m
Poa
cli
vico
la
Fin
e-le
af S
now
-gra
ss
Gra
ss
to 0
.6 m
Poa
hoo
keri
H
ooke
r's T
usso
ck-g
rass
G
rass
to
0.5
m
Page 56 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t P
oa h
otha
men
sis
var.
par
vifl
ora
Sof
t Led
ge-g
rass
G
rass
0.
15-0
.9 m
Poa
labi
llar
dier
ei v
ar. a
cris
S
harp
Mou
ntai
n T
usso
ck-g
rass
G
rass
to
1.2
m
Poa
ort
hocl
ada
Avo
n T
usso
ck-g
rass
G
rass
to
0.3
m
Poa
pet
roph
ila
Roc
k T
usso
ck-g
rass
G
rass
to
0.7
m
Poa
sax
icol
a R
ock
Poa
G
rass
to
1.0
m
Pod
olep
is h
iera
cioi
des
Lon
g P
odol
epis
H
erb
to 0
.7 m
Pod
olep
is s
p. a
ff. r
obus
ta (
N.E
. Alp
s)
Hig
h-pl
ain
Pod
olep
is
Her
b to
0.6
m
Pol
ygal
a ja
poni
ca
Dw
arf
Mil
kwor
t H
erb
0.1-
0.2
m
Pom
ader
ris
andr
omed
ifol
ia s
ubsp
. and
rom
edif
olia
A
ndro
med
a P
omad
erri
s S
hrub
1.
0-2.
0 m
Pom
ader
ris
betu
lina
sub
sp. b
etul
ina
Bir
ch P
omad
erri
s S
hrub
1.
0-4.
0 m
Pom
ader
ris
brun
nea
Ruf
ous
Pom
ader
ris
Shr
ub
2.0-
3.0
m
Pom
ader
ris
cost
ata
Vei
ned
Pom
ader
ris
Shr
ub
1.0-
3.0
m
Pom
ader
ris
coto
neas
ter
Cot
onea
ster
Pom
ader
ris
Shr
ub
1.0-
2.0
m
Pom
ader
ris
erio
ceph
ala
Woo
lly-
head
Pom
ader
ris
Shr
ub
to 3
.0 m
Pom
ader
ris
heli
anth
emif
olia
B
lunt
-lea
f P
omad
erri
s S
hrub
1.
0-2.
0 m
Pom
ader
ris
heli
anth
emif
olia
sub
sp. h
ispi
da
Blu
nt-l
eaf
Pom
ader
ris
Shr
ub
1.0-
2.0
m
Pom
ader
ris
heli
anth
emif
olia
sub
sp. m
inor
B
lunt
-lea
f P
omad
erri
s S
hrub
1.
0-2.
0 m
Pom
ader
ris
oblo
ngif
olia
S
now
y R
iver
Pom
ader
ris
Shr
ub
1.0-
2.5
m
Pom
ader
ris
pall
ida
Pal
e P
omad
erri
s S
hrub
1.
0-2.
0 m
Pom
ader
ris
pauc
iflo
ra
Mou
ntai
n P
omad
erri
s S
hrub
to
3.0
m
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icif
olia
S
lend
er P
omad
erri
s S
hrub
1.
0-2.
0 m
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icif
olia
sub
sp. e
rico
ides
S
lend
er P
omad
erri
s S
hrub
1.
0-2.
0 m
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icif
olia
sub
sp. p
hyli
cifo
lia
Sle
nder
Pom
ader
ris
Shr
ub
1.0-
2.0
m
Pom
ader
ris
pili
fera
sub
sp. p
ilif
era
Str
iped
Pom
ader
ris
Shr
ub
to 3
.0 m
Pom
ader
ris
subc
apit
ata
Con
vex
Pom
ader
ris
Shr
ub
to 2
.0 m
Por
anth
era
oreo
phil
a M
ount
ain
Por
anth
era
Her
b to
0.3
m
Pra
soph
yllu
m fr
ench
ii
Mar
oon
Lee
k-or
chid
H
erb
to 0
.6 m
Pra
soph
yllu
m li
ndle
yanu
m
Gre
en L
eek-
orch
id
Her
b 0.
1-0.
35 m
Pra
soph
yllu
m n
ipho
pedi
um
Mar
sh L
eek-
orch
id
Her
b 0.
2-0.
3 m
Pra
soph
yllu
m r
etro
flex
um
Kia
ndra
Lee
k O
rchi
d H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Page 57Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t P
raso
phyl
lum
sph
acel
atum
L
arge
Alp
ine
Lee
k-or
chid
H
erb
0.2-
0.4
m
Pro
stan
ther
a de
cuss
ata
Den
se M
int-
bush
S
hrub
to
2.0
m
Pro
stan
ther
a m
onti
cola
B
uffa
lo M
int-
bush
S
hrub
1-
2.5
m
Pro
stan
ther
a ph
ylic
ifol
ia
Spi
ked
Min
t-bu
sh
Shr
ub
0.3-
2 m
Pro
stan
ther
a rh
ombe
a S
park
ling
Min
t-bu
sh
Shr
ub
0.5-
2 m
Pro
stan
ther
a sa
xico
la v
ar. b
ract
eola
ta
Sle
nder
Min
t-bu
sh
Shr
ub
0.5-
2 m
Pro
stan
ther
a w
alte
ri
Mon
key
Min
t-bu
sh
Shr
ub
0.1-
2 m
Pse
udan
thus
orb
icul
aris
T
angl
ed P
seud
anth
us
Shr
ub
1.0-
2.0
m
Psi
lotu
m n
udum
S
kele
ton
For
k-fe
rn
Fer
n 0.
15-0
.6 m
Psy
chro
phil
a in
trol
oba
Alp
ine
Mar
sh-m
arig
old
Her
b 0.
05-0
.1 m
Pte
rost
ylis
aes
tiva
L
ong-
tong
ue S
umm
er-
gree
nhoo
d H
erb
to 0
.35
m
Pte
rost
ylis
coc
cina
S
carl
et G
reen
hood
H
erb
to 0
.20
m
Pte
rost
ylis
cuc
ulla
ta
Lea
fy G
reen
hood
H
erb
to 0
.20
m
Pte
rost
ylis
fisc
hii
Fis
ch's
Gre
enho
od
Her
b to
0.2
5 m
Pte
rost
ylis
laxa
A
ntel
ope
Gre
enho
od
Her
b to
0.4
m
Pte
rost
ylis
ore
ophi
la
Blu
e-to
ngue
Gre
enho
od
Her
b to
0.1
5 m
Pte
rost
ylis
sp.
aff
. cyc
noce
phal
a (A
lpin
e)
Alp
ine
Sw
an G
reen
hood
H
erb
to 0
.2 m
Pte
rost
ylis
X a
enig
ma
Eni
gmat
ic G
reen
hood
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Pte
rost
ylis
X in
gens
S
harp
Gre
enho
od
Her
b 0.
03-0
.035
m
Pul
tena
ea c
apit
ella
ta
Har
d-he
ad B
ush-
pea
Shr
ub
to 0
.15
m
Pul
tena
ea fa
scic
ulat
a A
lpin
e B
ush-
pea
Shr
ub
Pro
stra
te
Pul
tena
ea m
icro
phyl
la
Spr
eadi
ng B
ush-
pea
Shr
ub
Ere
ct to
Pro
stra
te
Pul
tena
ea p
olif
olia
D
usky
Bus
h-pe
a S
hrub
to
1.0
m
Pul
tena
ea s
ubsp
icat
a L
ow B
ush-
pea
Shr
ub
to 0
.7 m
Pul
tena
ea te
nell
a D
elic
ate
Bus
h-pe
a S
hrub
to
0.4
cm
Pul
tena
ea w
illi
amso
nii
Hig
hlan
d B
ush-
pea
Shr
ub
to 3
.0 m
Ran
uncu
lus
anem
oneu
s A
nem
one
But
terc
up
Her
b to
0.3
m
Ran
uncu
lus
coll
inus
S
traw
berr
y B
utte
rcup
H
erb
to 0
.22
m
Ran
uncu
lus
eich
leri
anus
E
ichl
er's
But
terc
up
Her
b to
0.3
m
Page 58 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t R
anun
culu
s gu
nnia
nus
Gun
n's
Alp
ine
But
terc
up
Her
b to
0.1
8 m
Ran
uncu
lus
mil
lani
i D
war
f B
utte
rcup
H
erb
to 0
.08
m
Ran
uncu
lus
mue
ller
i F
elte
d B
utte
rcup
H
erb
to 0
.16
m
Ran
uncu
lus
vict
orie
nsis
V
icto
rian
But
terc
up
Her
b to
0.3
m
Rhy
tido
spor
um in
cons
picu
um
Alp
ine
Mar
iant
h S
hrub
<
0.1
m
Ric
hea
vict
oria
na
Ser
pent
Hea
th
Shr
ub
0.3-
2.0
m
Rul
ingi
a da
syph
ylla
K
erra
wan
g S
hrub
1.
0-4.
0 m
Rut
idos
is le
iole
pis
Mon
aro
Gol
den
Dai
sy
Her
b 0.
1-0.
3 m
Rut
idos
is le
ptor
rhyn
choi
des
But
ton
Wri
nkle
wor
t H
erb
to 0
.35
m
Ryt
idos
perm
a au
stra
le
Sou
ther
n S
heep
-gra
ss
Gra
ss
0.02
-0.8
m
Ryt
idos
perm
a ni
vico
la
Sno
w W
alla
by-g
rass
G
rass
to
0.3
m
Ryt
idos
perm
a pu
mil
um
Fel
dmar
k G
rass
G
rass
to
0.0
6 m
Ryt
idos
perm
a vi
cker
yae
Per
ishe
r W
alla
by-g
rass
G
rass
to
0.3
m
Sagi
na n
amad
gi
Nat
ive
Pea
rlw
ort
Her
b to
0.5
m
Sam
olus
val
eran
dii
Wat
er P
impe
rnel
H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Sann
anth
a cr
enul
ata
Fer
n-le
af B
aeck
ea
Shr
ub
to 3
.0 m
Schi
zacm
e m
onta
na v
ar. m
onta
na
Mou
ntai
n M
itre
wor
t H
erb
to 0
.3 m
Schi
zeil
ema
frag
oseu
m
Alp
ine
Pen
nyw
ort
Her
b to
0.1
2 m
Scir
pus
poly
stac
hyus
L
arge
-hea
d C
lub-
sedg
e S
edge
to
2.0
m
Scle
rant
hus
broc
kiei
B
rock
Kna
wel
H
erb
to 0
.12
m
Scle
rant
hus
dian
der
Tuf
ted
Kna
wel
H
erb
to 0
.10
m
Scle
rant
hus
fasc
icul
atus
S
prea
ding
Kna
wel
H
erb
to 0
.15
m
Scle
rant
hus
sing
ulif
loru
s M
ossy
Kna
wel
H
erb
to 0
.24
m
Sene
cio
dias
chid
es
Shi
ngle
Fir
ewee
d H
erb
0.5-
1.0
m
Sene
cio
dist
alil
obat
us
Dis
tal-
lobe
Fir
ewee
d H
erb
to 0
.5 m
Sene
cio
exte
nsus
A
lpin
e F
irew
eed
Her
b to
0.5
m
Sene
cio
geor
gian
us
Gre
y F
irew
eed
Her
b to
0.6
m
Sene
cio
inte
rpos
itus
T
able
land
Fir
ewee
d H
erb
to 0
.5 m
Sene
cio
lage
nifo
rmis
M
onar
o F
irew
eed
Her
b to
0. 4
m
Sene
cio
pect
inat
us v
ar. m
ajor
A
lpin
e G
roun
dsel
H
erb
0.1-
0.25
m
Page 59Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t Se
neci
o pi
nnat
ifol
ius
var.
alp
inus
S
now
fiel
d G
roun
dsel
H
erb
to 1
.0 m
Sicy
os a
ustr
alis
S
tar
Cuc
umbe
r H
erb
Cli
mbi
ng H
erb
Sola
num
line
arif
oliu
m
Mou
ntai
n K
anga
roo
App
le
Shr
ub
to 4
.0 m
Spor
obol
us c
rebe
r W
este
rn R
at-t
ail G
rass
G
rass
to
1.3
m
Stac
khou
sia
pulv
inar
is
Alp
ine
Sta
ckho
usia
H
erb
to 0
.1 m
Styl
idiu
m m
onta
num
A
lpin
e T
rigg
erpl
ant
Her
b to
0.3
m
Swai
nson
a be
hria
na
Sou
ther
n S
wai
nson
-pea
H
erb
to 0
.15
cm
Swai
nson
a m
icro
phyl
la
Sm
all-
leaf
Sw
ains
on-p
ea
Her
b to
0.6
m
Swai
nson
a se
rice
a S
ilky
Sw
ains
on-p
ea
Her
b to
0.1
m
Tar
axac
um a
rist
um
Mou
ntai
n D
ande
lion
H
erb
to 0
.06
m
Tas
man
nia
vick
eria
na
Baw
Baw
Pep
per
Shr
ub
0.5-
1.2
m
Tet
rarr
hena
turf
osa
Sm
ooth
Ric
e-gr
ass
Gra
ss
to 1
.3 m
Tet
rath
eca
proc
umbe
ns
Mou
ntai
n P
ink-
bell
s S
hrub
to
0.1
0 m
Tet
rath
eca
sten
ocar
pa
Lon
g P
ink-
bell
s S
hrub
1-
1.5
m
Tet
rath
eca
suba
phyl
la
Lea
fles
s P
ink-
bell
s S
hrub
to
0.8
m
The
lym
itra
alp
icol
a m
s.
Alp
ine
Sun
-orc
hid
Her
b 0.
15-0
.5 m
The
lym
itra
cir
cum
sept
a N
aked
Sun
-orc
hid
Her
b to
0.6
m
The
lym
itra
sim
ulat
a G
race
ful S
un-o
rchi
d H
erb
to 0
.4 m
The
sium
aus
tral
e A
ustr
al T
oad-
flax
H
erb
to 0
.4 m
Thr
ypto
men
e m
icra
ntha
R
ibbe
d T
hryp
tom
ene
Shr
ub
to 2
.0 m
Tor
tula
and
erss
onii
Scr
ew M
oss
Mos
ses
and
Liv
erw
orts
G
roun
dcov
er
Tra
chym
ene
hum
ilis
A
lpin
e T
rach
ymen
e H
erb
0.1-
0.3
m
Tra
chym
ene
hum
ilis
sub
sp. b
revi
scap
a A
lpin
e T
rach
ymen
e H
erb
0.1-
0.3
m
Tra
chym
ene
hum
ilis
sub
sp. h
umil
is
Alp
ine
Tra
chym
ene
Her
b to
0.4
m
Tri
pogo
n lo
liif
orm
is
Rye
Bee
tle-
gras
s G
rass
to
0.4
m
Tro
choc
arpa
cla
rkei
L
ilac
Ber
ry
Shr
ub
to 0
.3 m
Unc
inia
com
pact
a C
ompa
ct H
ook-
sedg
e S
edge
0.
08-0
.35
m
Unc
inia
sul
cata
S
mal
l Hoo
k-se
dge
Sed
ge
0.10
-0.1
5 m
Utr
icul
aria
mon
anth
os
Tas
man
ian
Bla
dder
wor
t H
erb
0.03
-0.0
5 m
Page 60 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e G
row
th F
orm
H
eigh
t V
iola
bet
onic
ifol
ia s
ubsp
. nov
agui
neen
sis
Flo
odpl
ain
Vio
let
Her
b 0.
01-0
.08
m
Vio
la c
aley
ana
Sw
amp
Vio
let
Her
b to
0.3
m
Vio
la fu
scov
iola
cea
Dus
ky V
iole
t H
erb
0.05
-0.2
m
Vit
tadi
nia
tenu
issi
ma
Del
icat
e N
ew H
olla
nd D
aisy
H
erb
to 0
.4 m
Wah
lenb
ergi
a de
nsif
olia
F
airy
Blu
ebel
l H
erb
0.07
-0.3
m
Wah
lenb
ergi
a pl
anif
lora
sub
sp. p
lani
flor
a F
lat B
lueb
ell
Her
b 0.
12-0
.7 m
Wes
trin
gia
crem
noph
ila
Sno
wy
Riv
er W
estr
ingi
a S
hrub
to
0.5
m
Wes
trin
gia
glab
ra
Vio
let W
estr
ingi
a S
hrub
0.
5-1
m
Wes
trin
gia
luci
da
Shi
ning
Wes
trin
gia
Shr
ub
to 0
.5 m
Wes
trin
gia
seni
foli
a A
lpin
e W
estr
ingi
a S
hrub
to
2.0
m
Wit
tste
inia
vac
cini
acea
B
aw B
aw B
erry
S
hrub
to
0.4
m
Wur
mbe
a bi
glan
dulo
sa s
ubsp
. big
land
ulos
a G
land
ular
Ear
ly N
ancy
H
erb
0.03
5-0.
3 m
Xan
thos
ia s
tell
ata
Sta
r X
anth
osia
S
ub-S
hrub
to
0.2
m
Xer
ochr
ysum
pal
ustr
e S
wam
p E
verl
astin
g H
erb
0.05
-0.5
m
Zie
ria
citr
iodo
ra
Lem
on-s
cent
ed Z
ieri
a S
hrub
to
0.1
5 m
Zie
ria
cyti
soid
es
Dow
ny Z
ieri
a S
hrub
to
3.0
m
Zie
ria
robu
sta
Rou
nd-l
eaf
Zie
ria
Shr
ub
to 2
.5 m
Zie
ria
smit
hii s
ubsp
. sm
ithi
i S
andf
ly Z
ieri
a S
hrub
to
2.0
m
Page 61Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Tab
le 5
. Att
ribu
tes
of t
hrea
tene
d pl
ant
spec
ies
acro
ss t
he A
ustr
alia
n A
lps
and
the
likel
y im
pact
s of
intr
oduc
ed d
eer.
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Abr
otan
ella
niv
igen
a 1
1 1
1
Abu
tilon
oxy
carp
um v
ar. s
ubsa
gitta
tum
1
1 1
1
1
Aca
cia
alpi
na
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
amoe
na
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
bine
rvia
1
1 1
1 1
1
Aca
cia
boor
man
ii 1
1 1
1 1
1
Aca
cia
dalla
chia
na
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
daw
soni
i 1
1 1
1 1
1
Aca
cia
dean
ei
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
dean
ei s
ubsp
. pau
ciju
ga
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
dora
toxy
lon
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
how
ittii
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
infe
cund
a 1
1 1
1 1
1
Aca
cia
kybe
anen
sis
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
lani
gera
var
. gra
cilip
es
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
lani
gera
var
. lan
iger
a 1
1 1
1 1
1
Aca
cia
luca
sii
1 1
1
1
1
1
Aca
cia
penn
iner
vis
var.
pen
nine
rvis
1
1 1
1 1
1
Aca
cia
phle
boph
ylla
1
1 1
1 1
1
Aca
cia
subt
iline
rvis
1
1 1
1 1
1
Aca
cia
tabu
la
1 1
1
1
1
Aci
phyl
la g
laci
alis
1
1 1
1
Aci
phyl
la s
impl
icifo
lia
1 1
1 1
Page 62 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Acr
otha
mnu
s m
onta
nus
1 1
1
1
A
crot
rich
e le
ucoc
arpa
1
1 1
1
Act
inot
us fo
rsyt
hii
1 1
1
1
A
ctin
otus
form
osum
1
1 1
1
Adi
antu
m h
ispi
dulu
m
1 1
1
1
A
dria
na u
rtic
oide
s va
r. u
rtic
oide
s 1
1 1
1
Agr
ostis
aus
tral
iens
is
1 1
1
A
gros
tis m
uelle
rian
a 1
1 1
Alc
hem
illa
sp. 1
1
1 1
1
Alm
alee
a ca
pita
ta
1 1
1
1
1
Am
mob
ium
ala
tum
1
1 1
1
1
Arg
yrot
egiu
m n
itidu
lum
1
1 1
1
Arg
yrot
egiu
m p
olio
chlo
rum
1
1 1
1
Ari
stid
a ca
lyci
na v
ar. c
alyc
ina
1 1
1
A
rthr
opod
ium
sp.
1 (
robu
st g
lauc
ous)
1
1 1
1
Asp
leni
um a
ppen
dicu
latu
m s
ubsp
. app
endi
cula
tum
1
1 1
1
Asp
leni
um h
ooke
rian
um
1 1
1
A
sple
nium
tric
hom
anes
1
1 1
Asp
leni
um tr
icho
man
es s
ubsp
. qua
driv
alen
s 1
1 1
Asp
leni
um tr
icho
man
es s
ubsp
. tri
chom
anes
1
1 1
Ast
rotr
icha
asp
erifo
lia s
ubsp
. 2
1 1
1
1
A
stro
tric
ha li
near
is
1 1
1
1
A
stro
tric
ha s
p. 4
1
1 1
1
Aus
tral
opyr
um r
etro
frac
tum
1
1 1
Aus
tral
opyr
um v
elut
inum
1
1 1
Page 63Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Aus
trod
anth
onia
alp
icol
a 1
1 1
Aus
trod
anth
onia
ore
ophi
la
1 1
1
A
ustr
ofes
tuca
eri
opod
a 1
1 1
Aus
tros
tipa
nivi
cola
1
1 1
Bae
ckea
latif
olia
1
1 1
1
Ban
ksia
can
ei
1 1
1
1
1
B
arba
rea
gray
i 1
1 1
1
Bar
tram
ia m
ossm
ania
na
1 1
1
1
B
erty
a cu
nnin
gham
ii su
bsp.
pub
iram
ula
1 1
1
1
1
B
erty
a fin
dlay
i 1
1 1
1 1
Bey
eria
lasi
ocar
pa
1 1
1
1
1
B
eyer
ia v
isco
sa
1 1
1
1
1
B
lech
num
vul
cani
cum
1
1 1
1
Bor
onia
alg
ida
1 1
1
1 1
B
oron
ia c
itrat
a 1
1 1
1
1
Bor
onia
ledi
folia
1
1 1
1
1
Bor
onia
nan
a va
r. p
ubes
cens
1
1 1
1
Bos
siae
a br
acte
osa
1 1
1
1
1
Bos
siae
a ri
pari
a 1
1 1
1
1
Bot
rych
ium
aus
tral
e 1
1 1
1
Bra
chyd
ontiu
m in
term
ediu
m
1 1
1
1
B
rach
ysco
me
obov
ata
1 1
1
1
B
rach
ysco
me
petr
ophi
la
1 1
1
1
B
rach
ysco
me
ptyc
hoca
rpa
1 1
1
1
Page 64 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Bra
chys
com
e ra
dica
ns
1 1
1
1
B
rach
ysco
me
ripa
ria
1 1
1
1
B
rach
ysco
me
sp. 3
1
1 1
1
Bra
chys
com
e ta
dgel
lii
1 1
1
1
C
alad
enia
aes
tiva
1 1
1
1
C
alad
enia
con
colo
r 1
1 1
1
Cal
aden
ia fl
avov
iren
s 1
1 1
1
Cal
aden
ia h
ildae
1
1 1
1
Cal
liste
mon
sub
ulat
us
1 1
1
1
C
allit
rich
e um
bona
ta
1 1
1
1
C
alot
is g
land
ulos
a 1
1 1
1
Cal
otis
lapp
ulac
ea
1 1
1
1
C
alot
is p
ubes
cens
1
1 1
1
Car
dam
ine
asto
niae
1
1 1
1
Car
dam
ine
fran
klin
ensi
s 1
1 1
1
Car
dam
ine
mic
roth
rix
1 1
1
1
C
arda
min
e pa
pilla
ta
1 1
1
1
C
arex
als
ophi
la
1 1
1
C
arex
arc
heri
1
1 1
Car
ex b
lake
i 1
1 1
Car
ex c
anes
cens
1
1 1
Car
ex c
apill
acea
1
1 1
Car
ex c
epha
lote
s 1
1 1
Car
ex c
hlor
anth
a 1
1 1
Car
ex e
chin
ata
1 1
1
Page 65Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Car
ex h
ypan
dra
1 1
1
C
arex
jack
iana
1
1 1
Car
ex p
aupe
ra
1 1
1
C
arex
ral
eigh
ii 1
1 1
Car
pha
alpi
na
1 1
1
C
arph
a ni
vico
la
1 1
1
C
assi
nia
mon
ticol
a 1
1 1
Cas
sini
a ni
valis
1
1 1
Cel
mis
ia c
ostin
iana
1
1 1
1
Cel
mis
ia la
tifol
ia
1 1
1
1
C
elm
isia
ser
icop
hylla
1
1 1
1
Cel
mis
ia to
men
tella
1
1 1
1
Che
nopo
dium
car
inat
um
1 1
1
1
C
heno
podi
um e
rosu
m
1 1
1
1
C
hilo
glot
tis je
anes
ii 1
1 1
1
Chi
logl
ottis
X p
esco
ttian
a 1
1 1
1
Clim
aciu
m d
endr
oide
s 1
1 1
1
Col
oban
thus
affi
nis
1 1
1
C
oope
rnoo
kia
barb
ata
1 1
1
1
C
opro
sma
moo
rei
1 1
1
1
C
opro
sma
niva
lis
1 1
1
C
opro
sma
perp
usill
a su
bsp.
per
pusi
lla
1 1
1
C
orre
a la
wre
ncea
na v
ar. l
atro
bean
a (m
onta
ne r
ed)
1 1
1
1
1 1
C
orun
asty
lis a
rrec
ta
1 1
1 1
Page 66 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Cor
unas
tylis
den
sa
1 1
1
1
C
orun
asty
lis e
ctop
a 1
1 1
1
Cor
unas
tylis
nud
a 1
1 1
1
Cor
ybas
his
pidu
s 1
1 1
1
Cra
sped
ia a
deno
phor
a 1
1 1
1
Cra
sped
ia a
lba
1 1
1
1
C
rasp
edia
aur
antia
1
1 1
1
Cra
sped
ia c
roca
ta
1 1
1
1
C
rasp
edia
jam
esii
1 1
1
1
C
rasp
edia
lam
icol
a 1
1 1
1
Cry
ptan
dra
spec
iosa
sub
sp. s
peci
osa
1 1
1
1
C
ulle
n te
nax
1 1
1
1
C
ymbo
notu
s la
wso
nian
us
1 1
1
1
C
yper
us c
onci
nnus
1
1 1
Cyp
erus
fulv
us
1 1
1
C
yper
us g
raci
lis
1 1
1
C
ypha
nthe
ra a
lbic
ans
subs
p. a
lbic
ans
1 1
1
1
C
ysto
pter
is ta
sman
ica
1 1
1
D
ampi
era
fusc
a 1
1 1
Dam
pier
a ga
lbra
ithia
na
1 1
1
1
D
ampi
era
purp
urea
1
1 1
1
Dav
iesi
a m
imos
oide
s su
bsp.
acr
is
1 1
1
1
1
Dav
iesi
a w
yatti
ana
1 1
1
1
1
Der
wen
tia n
ivea
1
1 1
Des
cham
psia
cae
spito
sa
1 1
1
Page 67Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Des
mod
ium
bra
chyp
odum
1
1 1
1
Dey
euxi
a af
finis
1
1 1
Dey
euxi
a ca
rina
ta
1 1
1
D
eyeu
xia
cras
sius
cula
1
1 1
Dey
euxi
a de
cipi
ens
1 1
1
D
eyeu
xia
pung
ens
1 1
1
D
eyeu
xia
tala
riat
a 1
1 1
Dill
wyn
ia p
rost
rata
1
1 1
1
Dill
wyn
ia s
iebe
ri
1 1
1
1
1
Dip
lasp
is n
ivis
1
1 1
Dip
odiu
m h
amilt
onia
num
1
1 1
1
Dis
cari
a ni
tida
1 1
1
1
1
D
isca
ria
pube
scen
s 1
1 1
1 1
Diu
ris
ochr
oma
1 1
1
1
D
iuri
s pe
dunc
ulat
a 1
1 1
1
Diu
ris
punc
tata
var
. pun
ctat
a 1
1 1
1
Doc
krill
ia s
trio
lata
sub
sp. s
trio
lata
1
1 1
1
Dod
onae
a bo
roni
ifolia
1
1 1
1
Dod
onae
a rh
ombi
folia
1
1 1
1
Dra
bast
rum
alp
estr
e 1
1 1
1
Dre
pano
clad
us p
olyg
amus
1
1 1
1
Dro
sera
arc
turi
1
1 1
1
Enn
eapo
gon
grac
ilis
1 1
1
E
pacr
is c
elat
a 1
1 1
1
Page 68 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Epa
cris
gla
cial
is
1 1
1
E
pacr
is m
icro
phyl
la v
ar. r
hom
bifo
lia
1 1
1
1
E
pacr
is p
etro
phila
1
1 1
Epi
lobi
um b
runn
esce
ns s
ubsp
. bea
ugle
hole
i 1
1 1
Epi
lobi
um c
urtis
iae
1 1
1
E
pilo
bium
sar
men
tace
um
1 1
1
E
pilo
bium
tasm
anic
um
1 1
1
E
rige
ron
cony
zoid
es
1 1
1
1
E
rige
ron
nitid
us
1 1
1
1
E
rige
ron
tasm
anic
us
1 1
1
1
E
rioc
aulo
n sc
ario
sum
1
1 1
1
Euc
alyp
tus
aff.
rub
ida
(Mor
oka)
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
Euc
alyp
tus
bosi
stoa
na
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
E
ucal
yptu
s de
ntic
ulat
a 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
Euc
alyp
tus
elae
ophl
oia
1 1
1
1
1 1
E
ucal
yptu
s fu
lgen
s 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
Euc
alyp
tus
glau
cesc
ens
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
E
ucal
yptu
s gl
obul
us s
ubsp
. mai
deni
i 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
Euc
alyp
tus
kybe
anen
sis
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
E
ucal
yptu
s m
acar
thur
ii 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
Euc
alyp
tus
mitc
helli
ana
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
E
ucal
yptu
s ne
glec
ta
1 1
1
1
1 1
E
ucal
yptu
s pa
ucifl
ora
subs
p. a
ceri
na
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
E
ucal
yptu
s pa
ucifl
ora
subs
p. h
edra
ia
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
E
ucal
yptu
s pe
rrin
iana
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
Page 69Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Euc
alyp
tus
robe
rtso
nii s
ubsp
. hem
isph
aeri
ca
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
E
ucal
yptu
s sa
xatil
is
1 1
1
1
1 1
E
uchi
ton
nitid
ulus
1
1 1
1
Euc
hito
n tr
aver
sii
1 1
1
1
E
uchi
ton
umbr
icol
a 1
1 1
1
Eup
hras
ia c
auda
ta
1 1
1
1
E
uphr
asia
col
lina
subs
p. d
iver
sico
lor
1 1
1
1
E
uphr
asia
cra
ssiu
scul
a 1
1 1
1
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
subs
p. c
rass
iusc
ula
1 1
1
1
E
uphr
asia
cra
ssiu
scul
a su
bsp.
egl
andu
losa
1
1 1
1
Eup
hras
ia c
rass
iusc
ula
subs
p. g
land
ulife
ra
1 1
1
1
E
uphr
asia
eic
hler
i 1
1 1
1
Eup
hras
ia g
ibbs
iae
subs
p. s
ubgl
abri
folia
1
1 1
1
Eup
hras
ia la
sian
ther
a 1
1 1
1
Eup
hras
ia s
cabr
a 1
1 1
1
Ew
artia
nub
igen
a 1
1 1
Fim
bris
tylis
dic
hoto
ma
1 1
1
F
imbr
isty
lis v
elat
a 1
1 1
Fis
side
ns s
tric
tus
1 1
1
1
G
ahni
a m
icro
stac
hya
1 1
1
G
entia
na b
aeue
rlen
ii 1
1 1
1
Gen
tiane
lla p
olys
pere
s 1
1 1
1
Ger
aniu
m n
egle
ctum
1
1 1
1
Ger
aniu
m p
oten
tillo
ides
var
. abd
itum
1
1 1
1
Page 70 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Ger
aniu
m s
essi
liflo
rum
sub
sp. b
revi
caul
e 1
1 1
1
Ger
aniu
m s
olan
deri
var
. sol
ande
ri s
.s.
1 1
1
1
G
ingi
dia
harv
eyan
a 1
1 1
1
Glo
ssoc
ardi
a bi
dens
1
1 1
1
Glo
ssos
tigm
a cl
eist
anth
um
1 1
1
1
G
lyci
ne la
trob
eana
1
1 1
1
Goo
deni
a he
tero
phyl
la s
ubsp
. het
erop
hylla
1
1 1
Goo
deni
a m
acm
illan
ii 1
1 1
1
Goo
dia
med
icag
inea
1
1 1
1
Gra
mm
itis
poep
pigi
ana
1 1
1
G
ratio
la n
ana
1 1
1
1
G
ratio
la p
umilo
1
1 1
1
Gre
ville
a al
piva
ga
1 1
1
1
1
G
revi
llea
brev
ifolia
1
1 1
1
1
Gre
ville
a ch
ryso
phae
a 1
1 1
1
1
Gre
ville
a m
ique
liana
1
1 1
1
1
Gre
ville
a m
ique
liana
sub
sp. m
ique
liana
1
1 1
1
1
Gre
ville
a m
ique
liana
sub
sp. m
orok
a 1
1 1
1
1
Gre
ville
a ne
urop
hylla
sub
sp. n
euro
phyl
la
1 1
1
1
1
G
revi
llea
pach
ylos
tyla
1
1 1
1
1
Gre
ville
a po
lych
rom
a 1
1 1
1
1
Gre
ville
a vi
ctor
iae
subs
p. n
ival
is
1 1
1
1
1
G
revi
llea
vict
oria
e su
bsp.
vic
tori
ae
1 1
1
1
1
G
revi
llea
will
isii
1 1
1
1
1
G
ynat
rix
mac
roph
ylla
1
1 1
1
Page 71Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Hak
ea li
ssos
perm
a 1
1 1
1 1
Hal
orag
oden
dron
bae
uerl
enii
1 1
1
1
H
elic
hrys
um a
deno
phor
um
1 1
1
H
elic
hrys
um a
deno
phor
um v
ar. w
adde
lliae
1
1 1
Her
polir
ion
nova
e-ze
land
iae
1 1
1
1
H
ibbe
rtia
diff
usa
1 1
1
H
ibbe
rtia
her
man
niifo
lia
1 1
1
1
H
ibbe
rtia
ped
uncu
lata
1
1 1
Hib
bert
ia s
path
ulat
a 1
1 1
1
Hie
roch
loe
subm
utic
a 1
1 1
Hov
ea c
orri
ckia
e 1
1 1
1 1
1
Hov
ea m
agni
brac
tea
1 1
1
1
1
Hup
erzi
a au
stra
liana
1
1 1
1
Hyb
anth
us m
onop
etal
us
1 1
1
1
Ir
enep
hars
us m
agic
us
1 1
1
1
Is
olep
is a
lpin
a 1
1 1
Isol
epis
gau
dich
audi
ana
1 1
1
Is
olep
is m
ontiv
aga
1 1
1
Ju
ncus
ant
arct
icus
1
1 1
Junc
us b
revi
brac
teus
1
1 1
Junc
us fa
lcat
us
1 1
1
Ju
ncus
pha
eant
hus
1 1
1
K
elle
ria
laxa
1
1 1
Koe
leri
a m
acra
ntha
1
1 1
Page 72 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Kun
zea
pedu
ncul
aris
x p
hylic
oide
s 1
1 1
1 1
1
Lach
nagr
ostis
mei
onec
tes
1 1
1
La
chna
gros
tis s
cabr
a 1
1 1
Laxm
anni
a gr
acili
s 1
1 1
1
Leio
nem
a bi
lobu
m s
ubsp
. ser
rula
tum
1
1 1
1
Leio
nem
a la
mpr
ophy
llum
1
1 1
1
Leio
nem
a la
mpr
ophy
llum
sub
sp. l
ampr
ophy
llum
1
1 1
1
Lept
orhy
ncho
s el
onga
tus
1 1
1
Le
ptor
hync
hos
squa
mat
us s
ubsp
. alp
inus
1
1 1
Lept
ospe
rmum
jing
era
1 1
1
1
1 1
Le
sped
eza
junc
ea s
ubsp
. ser
icea
1
1 1
1
Leuc
ochr
ysum
alb
ican
s su
bsp.
alb
ican
s va
r.
buffa
loen
sis
1 1
1
1
Le
ucoc
hrys
um a
lbic
ans
subs
p. a
lpin
um
1 1
1
1
Le
ucoc
hrys
um a
lbic
ans
var.
tric
olor
1
1 1
1
Leuc
opog
on a
ttenu
atus
1
1 1
1
Leuc
opog
on m
icro
phyl
lus
var.
pili
bund
us
1 1
1
1
Le
ucop
ogon
pili
fer
1 1
1
Le
ucop
ogon
rip
ariu
s 1
1 1
1
Lind
saea
mic
roph
ylla
1
1 1
Lobe
lia g
elid
a 1
1 1
1
Loga
nia
gran
itica
1
1 1
1
Lom
andr
a or
eoph
ila
1 1
1
Lu
zula
acu
tifol
ia s
ubsp
. acu
tifol
ia
1 1
1
Lu
zula
alp
estr
is
1 1
1
Lu
zula
atr
ata
1 1
1
Page 73Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Lyco
podi
um s
cari
osum
1
1 1
1
Mee
sia
mue
lleri
1
1 1
1
Mon
otoc
a or
eoph
ila
1 1
1
1
M
onot
oca
rotu
ndifo
lia
1 1
1
M
uehl
enbe
ckia
axi
llari
s 1
1 1
Mue
hlen
beck
ia d
iclin
a su
bsp.
1
1 1
1
1
M
yopo
rum
flor
ibun
dum
1
1 1
1 1
Myr
ioph
yllu
m a
lpin
um
1 1
1
N
emat
olep
is s
quam
ea
1 1
1
1
1 1
N
emat
olep
is s
quam
ea s
ubsp
. cor
iace
a 1
1 1
1 1
1
Nic
otia
na s
uave
olen
s 1
1 1
1
Nym
phoi
des
gem
inat
a 1
1 1
1
Nym
phoi
des
mon
tana
1
1 1
1
Ole
aria
ade
noph
ora
1 1
1
1
O
lear
ia b
revi
pedu
ncul
ata
1 1
1
1
O
lear
ia fr
ostii
1
1 1
1
Ole
aria
iodo
chro
a 1
1 1
1
Ole
aria
phl
ogop
appa
var
. fla
vesc
ens
1 1
1
1
O
phio
glos
sum
ret
icul
atum
1
1 1
1
Ore
obol
us o
xyca
rpus
sub
sp. o
xyca
rpus
1
1 1
1
Ore
obol
us p
umili
o su
bsp.
pum
ilio
1 1
1
1
O
reom
yrrh
is a
rgen
tea
1 1
1
1
O
reom
yrrh
is b
revi
pes
1 1
1
1
O
reom
yrrh
is p
ulvi
nific
a 1
1 1
1
Page 74 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Ort
hotr
ichu
m r
upes
tre
1 1
1
1
O
scha
tzia
cun
eifo
lia
1 1
1
1
O
xalis
mag
ella
nica
1
1 1
1
Ozo
tham
nus
adna
tus
1 1
1
1
O
zoth
amnu
s al
pinu
s 1
1 1
1
Ozo
tham
nus
roge
rsia
nus
1 1
1
1
O
zoth
amnu
s st
irlin
gii
1 1
1
1
P
aran
tenn
aria
uni
ceps
1
1 1
Par
sons
ia e
ucal
ypto
phyl
la
1 1
1
P
elar
goni
um h
elm
sii
1 1
1
1
P
enta
chon
dra
pum
ila
1 1
1
P
erso
onia
arb
orea
1
1 1
1 1
Per
soon
ia a
sper
ula
1 1
1
1
1
P
erso
onia
silv
atic
a 1
1 1
1 1
Per
soon
ia s
ubve
lutin
a 1
1 1
1 1
Phe
baliu
m g
land
ulos
um
1 1
1
1
P
heba
lium
gla
ndul
osum
sub
sp. 2
(Sn
owy
Riv
er)
1 1
1
1
P
heba
lium
squ
amul
osum
sub
sp. a
lpin
um
1 1
1
1
P
heba
lium
squ
amul
osum
sub
sp. a
rgen
teum
1
1 1
1
Phe
baliu
m s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. ozo
tham
noid
es
1 1
1
1
P
heba
lium
squ
amul
osum
sub
sp. s
quam
ulos
um
1 1
1
1
P
hilo
thec
a m
yopo
roid
es s
ubsp
. bre
vipe
dunc
ulat
a 1
1 1
1
Phi
lydr
um la
nugi
nosu
m
1 1
1
1
P
icri
s sq
uarr
osa
1 1
1
1
1
P
imel
ea a
xiflo
ra s
ubsp
. alp
ina
1 1
1
1
Page 75Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Pim
elea
bifl
ora
1 1
1
P
imel
ea c
urvi
flora
var
. cur
viflo
ra
1 1
1
1
P
imel
ea li
gust
rina
sub
sp. c
iliat
a 1
1 1
1
Pim
elea
lini
folia
sub
sp. c
aesi
a 1
1 1
1
Pim
elea
pau
ciflo
ra
1 1
1
1
P
lant
ago
alpe
stri
s 1
1 1
1
Pla
ntag
o gl
acia
lis
1 1
1
1
P
lant
ago
mue
lleri
1
1 1
1
Pla
tysa
ce e
rico
ides
1
1 1
1
Poa
cliv
icol
a 1
1 1
Poa
hoo
keri
1
1 1
Poa
hot
ham
ensi
s va
r. p
arvi
flora
1
1 1
Poa
labi
llard
iere
i var
. acr
is
1 1
1
P
oa o
rtho
clad
a 1
1 1
Poa
pet
roph
ila
1 1
1
P
oa s
axic
ola
1 1
1
P
odol
epis
hie
raci
oide
s 1
1 1
1
Pod
olep
is s
p. a
ff. r
obus
ta (
N.E
. Alp
s)
1 1
1
1
P
olyg
ala
japo
nica
1
1 1
1
Pom
ader
ris
andr
omed
ifolia
sub
sp. a
ndro
med
ifolia
1
1 1
1 1
Pom
ader
ris
betu
lina
subs
p. b
etul
ina
1 1
1
1
1
P
omad
erri
s br
unne
a 1
1 1
1 1
Pom
ader
ris
cost
ata
1 1
1
1
1
P
omad
erri
s co
tone
aste
r 1
1 1
1 1
Page 76 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Pom
ader
ris
erio
ceph
ala
1 1
1
1
1
P
omad
erri
s he
liant
hem
ifolia
1
1 1
1 1
Pom
ader
ris
helia
nthe
mifo
lia s
ubsp
. his
pida
1
1 1
1 1
Pom
ader
ris
helia
nthe
mifo
lia s
ubsp
. min
or
1 1
1
1
1
P
omad
erri
s ob
long
ifolia
1
1 1
1 1
Pom
ader
ris
palli
da
1 1
1
1
1
P
omad
erri
s pa
ucifl
ora
1 1
1
1
1
P
omad
erri
s ph
ylic
ifolia
1
1 1
1 1
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icifo
lia s
ubsp
. eri
coid
es
1 1
1
1
1
P
omad
erri
s ph
ylic
ifolia
sub
sp. p
hylic
ifolia
1
1 1
1 1
Pom
ader
ris
pilif
era
subs
p. p
ilife
ra
1 1
1
1
1
P
omad
erri
s su
bcap
itata
1
1 1
1 1
Por
anth
era
oreo
phila
1
1 1
1
Pra
soph
yllu
m fr
ench
ii 1
1 1
1
Pra
soph
yllu
m li
ndle
yanu
m
1 1
1
1
P
raso
phyl
lum
nip
hope
dium
1
1 1
1
Pra
soph
yllu
m r
etro
flexu
m
1 1
1
1
P
raso
phyl
lum
sph
acel
atum
1
1 1
1
Pro
stan
ther
a de
cuss
ata
1 1
1
1
1
P
rost
anth
era
mon
ticol
a 1
1 1
1 1
Pro
stan
ther
a ph
ylic
ifolia
1
1 1
1 1
Pro
stan
ther
a rh
ombe
a 1
1 1
1 1
Pro
stan
ther
a sa
xico
la v
ar. b
ract
eola
ta
1 1
1
1
1
P
rost
anth
era
wal
teri
1
1 1
1 1
Pse
udan
thus
orb
icul
aris
1
1 1
1 1
Page 77Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Psi
lotu
m n
udum
1
1 1
Psy
chro
phila
intr
olob
a 1
1 1
1
Pte
rost
ylis
aes
tiva
1 1
1
1
P
tero
styl
is c
occi
na
1 1
1
1
P
tero
styl
is c
ucul
lata
1
1 1
1
Pte
rost
ylis
fisc
hii
1 1
1
1
P
tero
styl
is la
xa
1 1
1
1
P
tero
styl
is o
reop
hila
1
1 1
1
Pte
rost
ylis
sp.
aff.
cyc
noce
phal
a (A
lpin
e)
1 1
1
1
P
tero
styl
is X
aen
igm
a 1
1 1
1
Pte
rost
ylis
X i
ngen
s 1
1 1
1
Pul
tena
ea c
apite
llata
1
1 1
1
Pul
tena
ea fa
scic
ulat
a 1
1 1
1
Pul
tena
ea m
icro
phyl
la
1 1
1
1
Pul
tena
ea p
olifo
lia
1 1
1
1
1
Pul
tena
ea s
ubsp
icat
a 1
1 1
1
1
Pul
tena
ea te
nella
1
1 1
1
1
Pul
tena
ea w
illia
mso
nii
1 1
1
1
1
Ran
uncu
lus
anem
oneu
s 1
1 1
1
Ran
uncu
lus
colli
nus
1 1
1
1
R
anun
culu
s ei
chle
rian
us
1 1
1
1
R
anun
culu
s gu
nnia
nus
1 1
1
1
R
anun
culu
s m
illan
ii 1
1 1
1
Ran
uncu
lus
mue
lleri
1
1 1
1
Page 78 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Ran
uncu
lus
vict
orie
nsis
1
1 1
1
Rhy
tidos
poru
m in
cons
picu
um
1 1
1
R
iche
a vi
ctor
iana
1
1 1
1
Rul
ingi
a da
syph
ylla
1
1 1
1
Rut
idos
is le
iole
pis
1 1
1
1
R
utid
osis
lept
orrh
ynch
oide
s 1
1 1
1
Ryt
idos
perm
a au
stra
le
1 1
1
R
ytid
ospe
rma
nivi
cola
1
1 1
Ryt
idos
perm
a pu
milu
m
1 1
1
R
ytid
ospe
rma
vick
erya
e 1
1 1
Sagi
na n
amad
gi
1 1
1
1
Sa
mol
us v
aler
andi
i 1
1 1
1
Sann
anth
a cr
enul
ata
1 1
1
Sc
hiza
cme
mon
tana
var
. mon
tana
1
1 1
Schi
zeile
ma
frag
oseu
m
1 1
1
1
Sc
irpu
s po
lyst
achy
us
1 1
1
Sc
lera
nthu
s br
ocki
ei
1 1
1
Sc
lera
nthu
s di
ande
r 1
1 1
Scle
rant
hus
fasc
icul
atus
1
1 1
Scle
rant
hus
sing
ulifl
orus
1
1 1
Sene
cio
dias
chid
es
1 1
1
Se
neci
o di
stal
iloba
tus
1 1
1
Se
neci
o ex
tens
us
1 1
1
Se
neci
o ge
orgi
anus
1
1 1
Sene
cio
inte
rpos
itus
1 1
1
Page 79Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Sene
cio
lage
nifo
rmis
1
1 1
Sene
cio
pect
inat
us v
ar. m
ajor
1
1 1
Sene
cio
pinn
atifo
lius
var.
alp
inus
1
1 1
Sicy
os a
ustr
alis
1
1 1
Sola
num
line
arifo
lium
1
1 1
1
1
Spor
obol
us c
rebe
r 1
1 1
Stac
khou
sia
pulv
inar
is
1 1
1
St
ylid
ium
mon
tanu
m
1 1
1
1
Sw
ains
ona
behr
iana
1
1 1
1
1
Swai
nson
a m
icro
phyl
la
1 1
1
1
1
Swai
nson
a se
rice
a 1
1 1
1
1
Tara
xacu
m a
rist
um
1 1
1
1
Ta
sman
nia
vick
eria
na
1 1
1
1
Te
trar
rhen
a tu
rfos
a 1
1 1
Tetr
athe
ca p
rocu
mbe
ns
1 1
1
Te
trat
heca
ste
noca
rpa
1 1
1
1
Te
trat
heca
sub
aphy
lla
1 1
1
1
Th
elym
itra
alpi
cola
ms.
1
1 1
1
Thel
ymitr
a ci
rcum
sept
a 1
1 1
1
Thel
ymitr
a si
mul
ata
1 1
1
1
Th
esiu
m a
ustr
ale
1 1
1
1
Th
rypt
omen
e m
icra
ntha
1
1 1
1
Tort
ula
ande
rsso
nii
1 1
1
1
Tr
achy
men
e hu
mili
s 1
1 1
1
Page 80 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Species likely to be palatable
Deer can trample species
Deer can access species
Grazing/browsing effects likely on
young plants only
Species particularly
susceptible to one-off grazing event
Species vulnerable to antler rubbing
Species vulnerable to being thrashed
by antlers
Secondary Compounds
High N
Trac
hym
ene
hum
ilis
subs
p. b
revi
scap
a 1
1 1
1
Trac
hym
ene
hum
ilis
subs
p. h
umili
s 1
1 1
1
Trip
ogon
lolii
form
is
1 1
1
Tr
ocho
carp
a cl
arke
i 1
1 1
Unc
inia
com
pact
a 1
1 1
Unc
inia
sul
cata
1
1 1
Utr
icul
aria
mon
anth
os
1 1
1
1
V
iola
bet
onic
ifolia
sub
sp. n
ovag
uine
ensi
s 1
1 1
1
Vio
la c
aley
ana
1 1
1
1
V
iola
fusc
ovio
lace
a 1
1 1
1
Vitt
adin
ia te
nuis
sim
a 1
1 1
1
Wah
lenb
ergi
a de
nsifo
lia
1 1
1
1
W
ahle
nber
gia
plan
iflor
a su
bsp.
pla
niflo
ra
1 1
1
1
W
estr
ingi
a cr
emno
phila
1
1
1 1
Wes
trin
gia
glab
ra
1 1
1
1
1
W
estr
ingi
a lu
cida
1
1 1
1 1
Wes
trin
gia
seni
folia
1
1 1
1 1
Witt
stei
nia
vacc
inia
cea
1 1
1
1
W
urm
bea
bigl
andu
losa
sub
sp. b
igla
ndul
osa
1 1
1
1
X
anth
osia
ste
llata
1
1 1
Xer
ochr
ysum
pal
ustr
e 1
1 1
1
1
Zier
ia c
itrio
dora
1
1 1
1
Zier
ia c
ytis
oide
s 1
1 1
1 1
1
Zier
ia r
obus
ta
1 1
1
1
1 1
Zi
eria
sm
ithii
subs
p. s
mith
ii 1
1 1
1 1
1
Page 81Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Step 3: Likely Impacts Given Habitat Preferences of Threatened Flora Some threatened flora species may be more likely to be impacted upon because their distribution in the landscape overlaps with areas preferred as habitat by introduced deer. For example, across the Victorian Alps Tolsma (2009) and Tolsma et al. (2012) reported wallowing behaviour by Sambar Deer in bog and mossbed systems. Any threatened flora species closely associated with bogs or mossbeds are likely to be impacted upon by deer where wallowing occurs since it results in severe degradation of vegetation and the creation instead of bare muddy earth. Similarly, in the Yarra Ranges in Victoria, Forsyth et al. (2009) looked at habitat preferences of Sambar Deer by undertaking faecal pellet counts and determining the relationship between the abundance of those pellets and various attributes of the landscape. One of the most important predictors of faecal pellet abundance was distance to water, with more deer faeces closer to water and fewer at distance from water. If this pattern is repeated elsewhere across the broader landscape it likely means that threatened plants growing in riparian and otherwise moist sites are potentially at higher risk than those growing away from such sites. For the purposes of the current risk analysis, several expert botanists were independently consulted and asked to identify threatened plants recorded from the Australian Alps that were known to favour bog habitats, riparian habitats or otherwise moist sites. Botanists consulted included Dr Keith McDougall and Genevieve Wright from NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Dr David Cheal (independent consultant) and Arn Tolsma from the Victorian Department of Water, Environment, Land and Planning. Each was asked to consider the list of threatened flora generated here and identify which plants could be considered to be strongly associated with either bogs, riparian areas or moist sites. While each botanist consulted did not have complete knowledge of the full species list, their combined expertise covered all listed species. Furthermore, there was remarkable congruence in the assignment of plants to each of the three categories, where appropriate and where knowledge of the plant species in question was shared: put simply, when a species was categorised as being bog-dependent, for example, that classification was consistent across botanists that also knew about the habitat preference of that species. Thus, in Table 6 below, species that are either “Bog Associated”, “Riparian Associated” or otherwise occur in “Moist Sites” are indicated with a “1”. Such species may be particularly impacted upon by the wallowing activity of Sambar Deer and might be candidates for closer assessment and monitoring in the field. Outside of the association of Sambar Deer with moist areas of the landscape, the habitat preferences of other species of introduced deer in the Australian Alps are poorly known. At a general level, however, Fallow Deer are known to occupy open woodland systems or otherwise occur at the edge of forest and open country (Mulley 2008). In a similar way then, it may be possible to identify plants in the list of species from across the Australian Alps that associate with woodlands and/or open habitats. Rather than do that here, conservation management staff from across the Alps should be able to identify for their area of jurisdiction such habitats and relate to that to the threatened flora list provided here. Ultimately, building a picture of deer density across the Australian Alps would prove very useful – a map where areas of high abundance of the different deer species are illustrated. That could then be overlayed on to distribution maps for each of the threatened flora in the list, to see where zones of particular conflict might occur.
Page 82 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Tab
le 6
. Thr
eate
ned
plan
t sp
ecie
s ac
ross
the
Aus
tral
ian
Alp
s th
at a
re la
rgel
y re
stri
cted
to
bogs
, rip
aria
n an
d ot
herw
ise
moi
st s
itua
tion
s.
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
A
brot
anel
la n
ivig
ena
Sno
w-w
ort
1 A
buti
lon
oxyc
arpu
m v
ar. s
ubsa
gitt
atum
F
lann
el W
eed
1 A
caci
a al
pina
A
lpin
e W
attl
e
1
Aca
cia
amoe
na
Boo
mer
ang
Wat
tle
1 A
caci
a bi
nerv
ia
Coa
st M
yall
Aca
cia
boor
man
ii
Sno
wy
Riv
er W
attl
e
1
Aca
cia
dall
achi
ana
Cat
kin
Wat
tle
1 A
caci
a da
wso
nii
Pov
erty
Wat
tle
A
caci
a de
anei
D
eane
's W
attl
e
Aca
cia
dean
ei s
ubsp
. pau
ciju
ga
Dea
ne's
Wat
tle
A
caci
a do
rato
xylo
n C
urra
wan
g
1
Aca
cia
how
itti
i S
tick
y W
attl
e
Aca
cia
infe
cund
a F
amin
e W
attl
e
Aca
cia
kybe
anen
sis
Kyb
ean
Wat
tle
A
caci
a la
nige
ra v
ar. g
raci
lipe
s W
ooll
y W
attl
e
Aca
cia
lani
gera
var
. lan
iger
a W
ooll
y W
attl
e
Aca
cia
luca
sii
Woo
lly-
bear
Wat
tle
A
caci
a pe
nnin
ervi
s va
r. p
enni
nerv
is
Hic
kory
Wat
tle
A
caci
a ph
lebo
phyl
la
Buf
falo
Sal
low
-wat
tle
A
caci
a su
btil
iner
vis
Net
-vei
ned
Wat
tle
A
caci
a ta
bula
W
omba
rgo
Wat
tle
Aci
phyl
la g
laci
alis
S
now
Aci
phyl
l
Aci
phyl
la s
impl
icif
olia
M
ount
ain
Aci
phyl
l 1
Acr
otha
mnu
s m
onta
nus
Sno
w B
eard
-hea
th
A
crot
rich
e le
ucoc
arpa
T
all A
crot
rich
e
Act
inot
us fo
rsyt
hii
Rid
ge F
lann
el-f
low
er
A
ctin
otus
form
osum
B
lack
Ste
m
A
dian
tum
his
pidu
lum
R
ough
Mai
denh
air
A
dria
na u
rtic
oide
s va
r. u
rtic
oide
s E
aste
rn B
itte
r-bu
sh
A
gros
tis
aust
rali
ensi
s T
iny
Ben
t
1
Agr
osti
s m
uell
eria
na
Mue
ller
's B
ent
1
Page 83Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
A
lche
mil
la s
p. 1
L
ady'
s M
antl
e
Alm
alee
a ca
pita
ta
Sle
nder
Par
rot-
pea
1 A
mm
obiu
m a
latu
m
Win
ged
Eve
rlas
ting
Arg
yrot
egiu
m n
itid
ulum
S
hini
ng C
udw
eed
Arg
yrot
egiu
m p
olio
chlo
rum
G
rey-
gree
n C
udw
eed
1
A
rist
ida
caly
cina
var
. cal
ycin
a D
ark
Wir
e-gr
ass
A
rthr
opod
ium
sp.
1 (
robu
st g
lauc
ous)
T
all V
anil
la-l
ily
A
sple
nium
app
endi
cula
tum
sub
sp. a
ppen
dicu
latu
m
Gro
und
Spl
eenw
ort
A
sple
nium
hoo
keri
anum
M
aide
nhai
r S
plee
nwor
t
Asp
leni
um tr
icho
man
es
Com
mon
Spl
eenw
ort
1 A
sple
nium
tric
hom
anes
sub
sp. q
uadr
ival
ens
Com
mon
Spl
eenw
ort
A
sple
nium
tric
hom
anes
sub
sp. t
rich
oman
es
Com
mon
Spl
eenw
ort
A
stro
tric
ha a
sper
ifol
ia s
ubsp
. 2
Bog
ong
Sta
r-ha
ir
A
stro
tric
ha li
near
is
Nar
row
-lea
f S
tar-
hair
Ast
rotr
icha
sp.
4
Thi
ck-l
eaf
Sta
r-ha
ir
A
ustr
alop
yrum
ret
rofr
actu
m
Com
b W
heat
-gra
ss
A
ustr
alop
yrum
vel
utin
um
Mou
ntai
n W
heat
-gra
ss
A
ustr
odan
thon
ia a
lpic
ola
Cra
g W
alla
by-g
rass
Aus
trod
anth
onia
ore
ophi
la
Mou
ntai
n W
alla
by-g
rass
Aus
trof
estu
ca e
riop
oda
Sno
w F
escu
e
Aus
tros
tipa
niv
icol
a A
lpin
e S
pear
-gra
ss
B
aeck
ea la
tifo
lia
Sub
alpi
ne B
aeck
ea
B
anks
ia c
anei
M
ount
ain
Ban
ksia
Bar
bare
a gr
ayi
Nat
ive
Win
terc
ress
1
Bar
tram
ia m
ossm
ania
na
Tal
l App
le-m
oss
B
erty
a cu
nnin
gham
ii s
ubsp
. pub
iram
ula
Sti
cky
Ber
tya
Ber
tya
find
layi
M
ount
ain
Ber
tya
1
B
eyer
ia la
sioc
arpa
W
alla
by-b
ush
B
eyer
ia v
isco
sa
Pin
kwoo
d
Ble
chnu
m v
ulca
nicu
m
Mou
ntai
n W
ater
-fer
n
Bor
onia
alg
ida
Alp
ine
Bor
onia
Bor
onia
cit
rata
L
emon
Bor
onia
Bor
onia
ledi
foli
a S
how
y B
oron
ia
B
oron
ia n
ana
var.
pub
esce
ns
Dw
arf
Bor
onia
Page 84 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
B
ossi
aea
brac
teos
a M
ount
ain
Lea
fles
s B
ossi
aea
Bos
siae
a ri
pari
a R
iver
Lea
fles
s B
ossi
aea
1
B
otry
chiu
m a
ustr
ale
Aus
tral
Moo
nwor
t
Bra
chyd
onti
um in
term
ediu
m
Bog
ong
Bri
stle
-lea
f M
oss
Bra
chys
com
e ob
ovat
a B
aw B
aw D
aisy
1
Bra
chys
com
e pe
trop
hila
R
ock
Dai
sy
B
rach
ysco
me
ptyc
hoca
rpa
Tin
y D
aisy
Bra
chys
com
e ra
dica
ns
Mar
sh D
aisy
1
Bra
chys
com
e ri
pari
a S
now
y R
iver
Dai
sy
B
rach
ysco
me
sp. 3
M
ount
ain
Dai
sy
B
rach
ysco
me
tadg
elli
i T
adge
ll's
Dai
sy
1
Cal
aden
ia a
esti
va
Mou
ntai
n S
umm
er S
pide
r-or
chid
Cal
aden
ia c
onco
lor
Cri
mso
n S
pide
r-or
chid
Cal
aden
ia fl
avov
iren
s S
umm
er S
pide
r-or
chid
Cal
aden
ia h
ilda
e H
oney
Hoo
d-or
chid
Cal
list
emon
sub
ulat
us
Dw
arf
Bot
tleb
rush
Cal
litr
iche
um
bona
ta
Win
ged
Wat
er-s
tarw
ort
C
alot
is g
land
ulos
a M
auve
Bur
r-da
isy
C
alot
is la
ppul
acea
Y
ello
w B
urr-
dais
y
Cal
otis
pub
esce
ns
Max
Mue
ller
's B
urr-
dais
y
Car
dam
ine
asto
niae
S
prea
ding
Bit
ter-
cres
s 1
Car
dam
ine
fran
klin
ensi
s F
rank
lin
Bit
ter-
cres
s
1
Car
dam
ine
mic
roth
rix
Eas
tern
Bit
ter-
cres
s
Car
dam
ine
papi
llat
a F
ores
t Bit
ter-
cres
s
1
Car
ex a
lsop
hila
F
ores
t Sed
ge
Car
ex a
rche
ri
Arc
her's
Sed
ge
1
Car
ex b
lake
i A
lpin
e S
edge
1
Car
ex c
anes
cens
S
hort
Sed
ge
1
Car
ex c
apil
lace
a H
air
Sed
ge
1
Car
ex c
epha
lote
s W
ire-
head
Sed
ge
1
C
arex
chl
oran
tha
Gre
en-t
op S
edge
1
Page 85Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
C
arex
ech
inat
a S
tar
Sed
ge
1
Car
ex h
ypan
dra
Alp
ine
Fen
-sed
ge
1
Car
ex ja
ckia
na
Car
pet S
edge
1
Car
ex p
aupe
ra
Dw
arf
Sed
ge
Car
ex r
alei
ghii
R
alei
gh S
edge
1
Car
pha
alpi
na
Sm
all F
low
er-r
ush
1
Car
pha
nivi
cola
B
road
-lea
f F
low
er-r
ush
1
C
assi
nia
mon
tico
la
Mou
ntai
n C
assi
nia
1 C
assi
nia
niva
lis
Och
re C
assi
nia
C
elm
isia
cos
tini
ana
Car
pet S
now
-dai
sy
C
elm
isia
lati
foli
a V
icto
rian
Sno
w-d
aisy
Cel
mis
ia s
eric
ophy
lla
Sil
ky S
now
-dai
sy
Cel
mis
ia to
men
tell
a S
ilve
r S
now
-dai
sy
1
C
heno
podi
um c
arin
atum
K
eele
d G
oose
foot
Che
nopo
dium
ero
sum
P
aper
y G
oose
foot
Chi
logl
otti
s je
anes
ii M
ount
ain
Bir
d-or
chid
Chi
logl
otti
s X
pes
cott
iana
B
ronz
e B
ird-
orch
id
C
lim
aciu
m d
endr
oide
s M
arsh
Tre
e-m
oss
C
olob
anth
us a
ffin
is
Alp
ine
Col
oban
th
C
oope
rnoo
kia
barb
ata
Pur
ple
Coo
pern
ooki
a
Cop
rosm
a m
oore
i T
urqu
oise
Cop
rosm
a
Cop
rosm
a ni
vali
s S
now
Cop
rosm
a
1
Cop
rosm
a pe
rpus
illa
sub
sp. p
erpu
sill
a C
reep
ing
Cop
rosm
a
Cor
rea
law
renc
eana
var
. lat
robe
ana
(mon
tane
red
) R
ed M
ount
ain-
corr
ea
1
C
orun
asty
lis
arre
cta
Ere
ct M
idge
-orc
hid
C
orun
asty
lis
dens
a D
ense
Mid
ge-o
rchi
d
Cor
unas
tyli
s ec
topa
B
rind
abel
la M
idge
Orc
hid
C
orun
asty
lis
nuda
T
iny
Mid
ge-o
rchi
d
Cor
ybas
his
pidu
s B
rist
ly H
elm
et-o
rchi
d
Cra
sped
ia a
deno
phor
a S
tick
y B
illy
-but
tons
Cra
sped
ia a
lba
Whi
te B
illy
-but
tons
1
Cra
sped
ia a
uran
tia
Ora
nge
Bil
ly-b
utto
ns
Cra
sped
ia c
roca
ta
Cri
mso
n B
illy
-but
tons
1
Page 86 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
C
rasp
edia
jam
esii
G
reen
Bil
ly-b
utto
ns
Cra
sped
ia la
mic
ola
Bog
Bil
ly-b
utto
ns
1
C
rypt
andr
a sp
ecio
sa s
ubsp
. spe
cios
a M
ount
ain
Cry
ptan
dra
C
ulle
n te
nax
Tou
gh S
curf
-pea
Cym
bono
tus
law
soni
anus
B
ear's
-ear
Cyp
erus
con
cinn
us
Tri
m F
lat-
sedg
e
Cyp
erus
fulv
us
Sti
cky
Sed
ge
C
yper
us g
raci
lis
Sle
nder
Fla
t-se
dge
C
ypha
nthe
ra a
lbic
ans
subs
p. a
lbic
ans
Hoa
ry R
ay-f
low
er
Cys
topt
eris
tasm
anic
a B
ritt
le B
ladd
er-f
ern
1
D
ampi
era
fusc
a K
ydra
Dam
pier
a
Dam
pier
a ga
lbra
ithi
ana
Lic
ola
Dam
pier
a
Dam
pier
a pu
rpur
ea
Mou
ntai
n D
ampi
era
D
avie
sia
mim
osoi
des
subs
p. a
cris
B
lunt
-lea
f B
itte
r-pe
a
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iesi
a w
yatt
iana
L
ong-
leaf
Bit
ter-
pea
D
erw
enti
a ni
vea
Mil
foil
Spe
edw
ell
1
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cham
psia
cae
spit
osa
Tuf
ted
Hai
r-gr
ass
1
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esm
odiu
m b
rach
ypod
um
Lar
ge T
ick-
tref
oil
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eyeu
xia
affi
nis
All
ied
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t-gr
ass
1
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euxi
a ca
rina
ta
Kee
led
Ben
t-gr
ass
1
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eyeu
xia
cras
sius
cula
T
hick
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t-gr
ass
D
eyeu
xia
deci
pien
s D
evio
us B
ent-
gras
s
Dey
euxi
a pu
ngen
s N
arro
w-l
eaf
Ben
t-gr
ass
D
eyeu
xia
tala
riat
a S
kirt
ed B
ent-
gras
s
Dil
lwyn
ia p
rost
rata
M
atte
d P
arro
t-pe
a
Dil
lwyn
ia s
iebe
ri
Sie
ber's
Par
rot-
pea
Dip
lasp
is n
ivis
S
now
Pen
nyw
ort
1
D
ipod
ium
ham
ilto
nian
um
Yel
low
Hya
cint
h-or
chid
Dis
cari
a ni
tida
S
hini
ng A
ncho
r P
lant
1
Dis
cari
a pu
besc
ens
Aus
tral
ian
Anc
hor
Pla
nt
D
iuri
s oc
hrom
a P
ale
Gol
den
Mot
hs
D
iuri
s pe
dunc
ulat
a S
mal
l Sna
ke O
rchi
d
Diu
ris
punc
tata
var
. pun
ctat
a P
urpl
e D
iuri
s
Page 87Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
D
ockr
illi
a st
riol
ata
subs
p. s
trio
lata
S
trea
ked
Roc
k-or
chid
1
Dod
onae
a bo
roni
ifol
ia
Hai
ry H
op-b
ush
D
odon
aea
rhom
bifo
lia
Bro
ad-l
eaf
Hop
-bus
h
Dra
bast
rum
alp
estr
e M
ount
ain
Cre
ss
D
repa
nocl
adus
pol
ygam
us
Sho
re F
eath
er-m
oss
Dro
sera
arc
turi
A
lpin
e S
unde
w
1
E
nnea
pogo
n gr
acil
is
Sle
nder
Bot
tle-
was
hers
Epa
cris
cel
ata
Cry
ptic
Hea
th
1
Epa
cris
gla
cial
is
Red
dish
Bog
-hea
th
1
E
pacr
is m
icro
phyl
la v
ar. r
hom
bifo
lia
Mou
ntai
n C
oral
Hea
th
Epa
cris
pet
roph
ila
Sno
w H
eath
1 1
Epi
lobi
um b
runn
esce
ns s
ubsp
. bea
ugle
hole
i B
og W
illo
w-h
erb
1
E
pilo
bium
cur
tisi
ae
Bal
d-se
eded
Wil
low
-her
b
1
Epi
lobi
um s
arm
enta
ceum
M
ount
ain
Wil
low
-her
b
1
Epi
lobi
um ta
sman
icum
S
now
Wil
low
-her
b
1
Eri
gero
n co
nyzo
ides
D
aisy
Fle
aban
e
Eri
gero
n ni
tidu
s S
tick
y F
leab
ane
E
rige
ron
tasm
anic
us
Tas
man
ian
Fle
aban
e
Eri
ocau
lon
scar
iosu
m
Com
mon
Pip
ewor
t
Euc
alyp
tus
aff.
rub
ida
(Mor
oka)
M
orok
a C
andl
ebar
k
Euc
alyp
tus
bosi
stoa
na
Coa
st G
rey-
box
E
ucal
yptu
s de
ntic
ulat
a E
rrin
undr
a S
hini
ng G
um
E
ucal
yptu
s el
aeop
hloi
a O
live
Mal
lee
E
ucal
yptu
s fu
lgen
s G
reen
Sce
ntba
rk
E
ucal
yptu
s gl
auce
scen
s T
inga
ring
y G
um
1 E
ucal
yptu
s gl
obul
us s
ubsp
. mai
deni
i M
aide
n's
Gum
Euc
alyp
tus
kybe
anen
sis
Mal
lee
Ash
Euc
alyp
tus
mac
arth
urii
C
amde
n W
ooly
butt
Euc
alyp
tus
mit
chel
lian
a B
uffa
lo S
alle
e
Euc
alyp
tus
negl
ecta
O
meo
Gum
Euc
alyp
tus
pauc
iflo
ra s
ubsp
. ace
rina
B
aw B
aw S
ally
Euc
alyp
tus
pauc
iflo
ra s
ubsp
. hed
raia
B
ogon
g S
ally
Euc
alyp
tus
perr
inia
na
Spi
nnin
g G
um
1 E
ucal
yptu
s ro
bert
soni
i sub
sp. h
emis
phae
rica
R
ober
tson
s P
eppe
rmin
t
Page 88 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
E
ucal
yptu
s sa
xati
lis
Roc
k M
alle
e
Euc
hito
n ni
tidu
lus
Shi
ning
Cud
wee
d 1
1
Euc
hito
n tr
aver
sii
Mat
Cud
wee
d
1
Euc
hito
n um
bric
ola
Cli
ff C
udw
eed
1
Eup
hras
ia c
auda
ta
Tai
led
Eye
brig
ht
1 1
E
uphr
asia
col
lina
sub
sp. d
iver
sico
lor
Pur
ple
Eye
brig
ht
E
uphr
asia
cra
ssiu
scul
a T
hick
Eye
brig
ht
E
uphr
asia
cra
ssiu
scul
a su
bsp.
cra
ssiu
scul
a T
hick
Eye
brig
ht
E
uphr
asia
cra
ssiu
scul
a su
bsp.
egl
andu
losa
T
hick
Eye
brig
ht
E
uphr
asia
cra
ssiu
scul
a su
bsp.
gla
ndul
ifer
a T
hick
Eye
brig
ht
E
uphr
asia
eic
hler
i B
ogon
g E
yebr
ight
Eup
hras
ia g
ibbs
iae
subs
p. s
ubgl
abri
foli
a B
road
Eye
brig
ht
E
uphr
asia
lasi
anth
era
Hai
ry E
yebr
ight
Eup
hras
ia s
cabr
a R
ough
Eye
brig
ht
E
war
tia
nubi
gena
S
ilve
r E
war
tia
F
imbr
isty
lis
dich
otom
a C
omm
on F
ring
e-se
dge
F
imbr
isty
lis
vela
ta
Vei
led
Fri
nge-
sedg
e
Fis
side
ns s
tric
tus
Wat
er P
ocke
t-m
oss
G
ahni
a m
icro
stac
hya
Sle
nder
Saw
-sed
ge
G
enti
ana
baeu
erle
nii
Bae
uerl
ens
Gen
tian
Gen
tian
ella
pol
yspe
res
Ear
ly F
ores
t-ge
ntia
n
Ger
aniu
m n
egle
ctum
S
wam
p C
rane
's-b
ill
G
eran
ium
pot
enti
lloi
des
var.
abd
itum
S
oft C
rane
's-b
ill
G
eran
ium
ses
sili
flor
um s
ubsp
. bre
vica
ule
Alp
ine
Cra
ne's
-bil
l
1
Ger
aniu
m s
olan
deri
var
. sol
ande
ri s
.s.
Aus
tral
Cra
ne's
-bil
l
Gin
gidi
a ha
rvey
ana
Sle
nder
Gin
gidi
a
1
Glo
ssoc
ardi
a bi
dens
C
obbl
er's
Tac
k
Glo
ssos
tigm
a cl
eist
anth
um
Sm
all-
flow
er M
ud-m
at
1
G
lyci
ne la
trob
eana
C
love
r G
lyci
ne
G
oode
nia
hete
roph
ylla
sub
sp. h
eter
ophy
lla
Var
iabl
e G
oode
nia
G
oode
nia
mac
mil
lani
i P
inna
te G
oode
nia
G
oodi
a m
edic
agin
ea
Wes
tern
Gol
den-
tip
G
ram
mit
is p
oepp
igia
na
Alp
ine
Fin
ger-
fern
1
Page 89Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
G
rati
ola
nana
M
atte
d B
rook
lim
e
1
Gra
tiol
a pu
mil
o D
war
f B
rook
lim
e
1
Gre
vill
ea a
lpiv
aga
Buf
falo
Gre
vill
ea
G
revi
llea
bre
vifo
lia
Cob
bera
s G
revi
llea
Gre
vill
ea c
hrys
opha
ea
Gol
den
Gre
vill
ea
G
revi
llea
miq
ueli
ana
Ova
l-le
af G
revi
llea
Gre
vill
ea m
ique
lian
a su
bsp.
miq
ueli
ana
Ova
l-le
af G
revi
llea
Gre
vill
ea m
ique
lian
a su
bsp.
mor
oka
Mor
oka
Gre
vill
ea
G
revi
llea
neu
roph
ylla
sub
sp. n
euro
phyl
la
Gra
nite
Gre
vill
ea
G
revi
llea
pac
hylo
styl
a B
ucha
n R
iver
Gre
vill
ea
G
revi
llea
pol
ychr
oma
Tul
lach
Ard
Gre
vill
ea
G
revi
llea
vic
tori
ae s
ubsp
. niv
alis
K
osci
uszk
o G
revi
llea
1
Gre
vill
ea v
icto
riae
sub
sp. v
icto
riae
R
oyal
Gre
vill
ea
G
revi
llea
wil
lisi
i R
ock
Gre
vill
ea
G
ynat
rix
mac
roph
ylla
G
ipps
land
Hem
p B
ush
H
akea
liss
ospe
rma
Mou
ntai
n N
eedl
ewoo
d
Hal
orag
oden
dron
bae
uerl
enii
Shr
ubby
Ras
pwor
t
Hel
ichr
ysum
ade
noph
orum
B
ranc
hed
Eve
rlas
ting
Hel
ichr
ysum
ade
noph
orum
var
. wad
dell
iae
Bra
nche
d E
verl
asti
ng
H
erpo
liri
on n
ovae
-zel
andi
ae
Sky
Lil
y
1
Hib
bert
ia d
iffu
sa
Wed
ge G
uine
a-fl
ower
Hib
bert
ia h
erm
anni
ifol
ia
Out
crop
Gui
nea-
flow
er
H
ibbe
rtia
ped
uncu
lata
S
talk
ed G
uine
a-fl
ower
Hib
bert
ia s
path
ulat
a R
ock
Gui
nea-
flow
er
Hie
roch
loe
subm
utic
a A
lpin
e H
oly-
gras
s 1
1
Hov
ea c
orri
ckia
e G
loss
y H
ovea
Hov
ea m
agni
brac
tea
Lar
ge-b
ract
Hov
ea
Hup
erzi
a au
stra
lian
a F
ir C
lubm
oss
1
H
yban
thus
mon
opet
alus
S
lend
er V
iole
t-bu
sh
Ir
enep
hars
us m
agic
us
Elu
sive
Cre
ss
Is
olep
is a
lpin
a T
asm
an C
lub-
sedg
e
Isol
epis
gau
dich
audi
ana
Ben
ambr
a C
lub-
sedg
e
1
Isol
epis
mon
tiva
ga
Fog
Clu
b-se
dge
1
Junc
us a
ntar
ctic
us
Cus
hion
Rus
h 1
Page 90 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
Ju
ncus
bre
vibr
acte
us
Alp
ine
Rus
h
1
Junc
us fa
lcat
us
Sic
kle-
leaf
Rus
h 1
Junc
us p
haea
nthu
s D
ark-
flow
er R
ush
1
K
elle
ria
laxa
S
now
Dap
hne
K
oele
ria
mac
rant
ha
Cre
sted
Hai
r-gr
ass
K
unze
a pe
dunc
ular
is x
phy
lico
ides
R
iver
Bur
gan
hybr
id
Lac
hnag
rost
is m
eion
ecte
s A
lpin
e B
low
n-gr
ass
1
L
achn
agro
stis
sca
bra
Rou
gh B
low
n-gr
ass
L
axm
anni
a gr
acil
is
Sle
nder
Wir
e-li
ly
L
eion
ema
bilo
bum
sub
sp. s
erru
latu
m
Too
thed
Lei
onem
a
Lei
onem
a la
mpr
ophy
llum
S
hiny
Lei
onem
a
Lei
onem
a la
mpr
ophy
llum
sub
sp. l
ampr
ophy
llum
S
hiny
Lei
onem
a
Lep
torh
ynch
os e
long
atus
L
anky
But
tons
Lep
torh
ynch
os s
quam
atus
sub
sp. a
lpin
us
Alp
ine
But
tons
Lep
tosp
erm
um ji
nger
a S
trin
gyba
rk T
ea-t
ree
L
espe
deza
junc
ea s
ubsp
. ser
icea
C
hine
se L
espe
deza
Leu
coch
rysu
m a
lbic
ans
subs
p. a
lbic
ans
var.
bu
ffal
oens
is
Buf
falo
Sun
ray
L
euco
chry
sum
alb
ican
s su
bsp.
alp
inum
A
lpin
e S
unra
y
Leu
coch
rysu
m a
lbic
ans
var.
tric
olor
H
oary
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ray
L
euco
pogo
n at
tenu
atus
G
rey
Bea
rd-h
eath
Leu
copo
gon
mic
roph
yllu
s va
r. p
ilib
undu
s H
airy
Bea
rd-h
eath
Leu
copo
gon
pili
fer
Thr
eady
Bea
rd-h
eath
Leu
copo
gon
ripa
rius
R
iver
Bea
rd-h
eath
Lin
dsae
a m
icro
phyl
la
Lac
y W
edge
-fer
n
Lob
elia
gel
ida
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w P
rati
a
Log
ania
gra
niti
ca
Mou
ntai
n L
ogan
ia
L
oman
dra
oreo
phil
a M
ount
ain
Mat
-rus
h
Luz
ula
acut
ifol
ia s
ubsp
. acu
tifo
lia
Sha
rp-l
eaf
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drus
h
Luz
ula
alpe
stri
s T
usso
ck W
oodr
ush
Luz
ula
atra
ta
Sle
nder
Woo
drus
h 1
Lyc
opod
ium
sca
rios
um
Spr
eadi
ng C
lubm
oss
M
eesi
a m
uell
eri
Hum
p M
oss
Page 91Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
M
onot
oca
oreo
phil
a M
ount
ain
Bro
om-h
eath
Mon
otoc
a ro
tund
ifol
ia
Tra
ilin
g M
onot
oca
Mue
hlen
beck
ia a
xill
aris
M
atte
d L
ignu
m
1
M
uehl
enbe
ckia
dic
lina
sub
sp. 1
T
wig
gy L
ignu
m
M
yopo
rum
flor
ibun
dum
S
lend
er M
yopo
rum
Myr
ioph
yllu
m a
lpin
um
Alp
ine
Wat
er-m
ilfo
il
1
N
emat
olep
is s
quam
ea
Sat
inw
ood
N
emat
olep
is s
quam
ea s
ubsp
. cor
iace
a H
arsh
Nem
atol
epis
Nic
otia
na s
uave
olen
s A
ustr
al T
obac
co
1
N
ymph
oide
s ge
min
ata
Ope
n M
arsh
wor
t
Nym
phoi
des
mon
tana
E
ntir
e M
arsh
wor
t
1
Ole
aria
ade
noph
ora
Sce
nted
Dai
sy-b
ush
O
lear
ia b
revi
pedu
ncul
ata
Rus
ty D
aisy
-bus
h
1
Ole
aria
fros
tii
Bog
ong
Dai
sy-b
ush
O
lear
ia io
doch
roa
Vio
let D
aisy
-bus
h
Ole
aria
phl
ogop
appa
var
. fla
vesc
ens
Dus
ty D
aisy
-bus
h
1
Oph
iogl
ossu
m r
etic
ulat
um
Sta
lked
Add
er's
-ton
gue
Ore
obol
us o
xyca
rpus
sub
sp. o
xyca
rpus
T
uft-
rush
1
Ore
obol
us p
umil
io s
ubsp
. pum
ilio
A
lpin
e T
uft-
rush
1
Ore
omyr
rhis
arg
ente
a S
ilve
r C
araw
ay
O
reom
yrrh
is b
revi
pes
Bra
nche
d C
araw
ay
Ore
omyr
rhis
pul
vini
fica
C
ushi
on C
araw
ay
1
1 O
rtho
tric
hum
rup
estr
e G
rani
te B
rist
le-m
oss
Osc
hatz
ia c
unei
foli
a W
edge
Osc
hatz
ia
1
O
xali
s m
agel
lani
ca
Sno
wdr
op W
ood-
sorr
el
O
zoth
amnu
s ad
natu
s W
inge
d E
verl
asti
ng
Ozo
tham
nus
alpi
nus
Alp
ine
Eve
rlas
ting
1
Ozo
tham
nus
roge
rsia
nus
Nun
nion
g E
verl
asti
ng
O
zoth
amnu
s st
irli
ngii
O
vens
Eve
rlas
ting
Par
ante
nnar
ia u
nice
ps
Par
ante
nnar
ia
1
P
arso
nsia
euc
alyp
toph
ylla
G
arga
loo
P
elar
goni
um h
elm
sii
Alp
ine
Sto
rk's
-bil
l
1
Pen
tach
ondr
a pu
mil
a C
arpe
t Hea
th
Page 92 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
P
erso
onia
arb
orea
T
ree
Gee
bung
Per
soon
ia a
sper
ula
Mou
ntai
n G
eebu
ng
P
erso
onia
sil
vati
ca
For
est G
eebu
ng
P
erso
onia
sub
velu
tina
V
elve
ty G
eebu
ng
P
heba
lium
gla
ndul
osum
G
land
ular
Phe
bali
um
Phe
bali
um g
land
ulos
um s
ubsp
. 2 (
Sno
wy
Riv
er)
Sno
wy
Riv
er P
heba
lium
1
Phe
bali
um s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. alp
inum
A
lpin
e P
heba
lium
Phe
bali
um s
quam
ulos
um s
ubsp
. arg
ente
um
Sil
very
Phe
bali
um
P
heba
lium
squ
amul
osum
sub
sp. o
zoth
amno
ides
M
ount
ain
Phe
bali
um
P
heba
lium
squ
amul
osum
sub
sp. s
quam
ulos
um
For
est P
heba
lium
Phi
loth
eca
myo
poro
ides
sub
sp. b
revi
pedu
ncul
ata
Sug
gan
Bug
gan
Wax
-flo
wer
Phi
lydr
um la
nugi
nosu
m
Woo
lly
Wat
erli
ly
P
icri
s sq
uarr
osa
Squ
at P
icri
s
Pim
elea
axi
flor
a su
bsp.
alp
ina
Alp
ine
Boo
tlac
e B
ush
P
imel
ea b
iflo
ra
Mat
ted
Ric
e-fl
ower
Pim
elea
cur
vifl
ora
var.
cur
vifl
ora
Pim
elea
ligu
stri
na s
ubsp
. cil
iata
F
ring
ed R
ice-
flow
er
1
P
imel
ea li
nifo
lia
subs
p. c
aesi
a S
lend
er R
ice-
flow
er
P
imel
ea p
auci
flor
a P
oiso
n R
ice-
flow
er
Pla
ntag
o al
pest
ris
Vei
ned
Pla
ntai
n 1
1 1
Pla
ntag
o gl
acia
lis
Sm
all S
tar-
plan
tain
1
Pla
ntag
o m
uell
eri
Sta
r P
lant
ain
1
P
laty
sace
eri
coid
es
Hea
th P
laty
sace
Poa
cli
vico
la
Fin
e-le
af S
now
-gra
ss
P
oa h
ooke
ri
Hoo
ker's
Tus
sock
-gra
ss
P
oa h
otha
men
sis
var.
par
vifl
ora
Sof
t Led
ge-g
rass
Poa
labi
llar
dier
ei v
ar. a
cris
S
harp
Mou
ntai
n T
usso
ck-
gras
s
1
Poa
ort
hocl
ada
Avo
n T
usso
ck-g
rass
Poa
pet
roph
ila
Roc
k T
usso
ck-g
rass
Poa
sax
icol
a R
ock
Poa
Pod
olep
is h
iera
cioi
des
Lon
g P
odol
epis
Pod
olep
is s
p. a
ff. r
obus
ta (
N.E
. Alp
s)
Hig
h-pl
ain
Pod
olep
is
Page 93Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d
R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
P
olyg
ala
japo
nica
D
war
f M
ilkw
ort
P
omad
erri
s an
drom
edif
olia
sub
sp. a
ndro
med
ifol
ia
And
rom
eda
Pom
ader
ris
Pom
ader
ris
betu
lina
sub
sp. b
etul
ina
Bir
ch P
omad
erri
s
1
Pom
ader
ris
brun
nea
Ruf
ous
Pom
ader
ris
P
omad
erri
s co
stat
a V
eine
d P
omad
erri
s
Pom
ader
ris
coto
neas
ter
Cot
onea
ster
Pom
ader
ris
1
P
omad
erri
s er
ioce
phal
a W
ooll
y-he
ad P
omad
erri
s
Pom
ader
ris
heli
anth
emif
olia
B
lunt
-lea
f P
omad
erri
s
Pom
ader
ris
heli
anth
emif
olia
sub
sp. h
ispi
da
Blu
nt-l
eaf
Pom
ader
ris
P
omad
erri
s he
lian
them
ifol
ia s
ubsp
. min
or
Blu
nt-l
eaf
Pom
ader
ris
P
omad
erri
s ob
long
ifol
ia
Sno
wy
Riv
er P
omad
erri
s
Pom
ader
ris
pall
ida
Pal
e P
omad
erri
s
1
Pom
ader
ris
pauc
iflo
ra
Mou
ntai
n P
omad
erri
s
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icif
olia
S
lend
er P
omad
erri
s
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icif
olia
sub
sp. e
rico
ides
S
lend
er P
omad
erri
s
1
Pom
ader
ris
phyl
icif
olia
sub
sp. p
hyli
cifo
lia
Sle
nder
Pom
ader
ris
P
omad
erri
s pi
life
ra s
ubsp
. pil
ifer
a S
trip
ed P
omad
erri
s
Pom
ader
ris
subc
apit
ata
Con
vex
Pom
ader
ris
1
P
oran
ther
a or
eoph
ila
Mou
ntai
n P
oran
ther
a
Pra
soph
yllu
m fr
ench
ii
Mar
oon
Lee
k-or
chid
Pra
soph
yllu
m li
ndle
yanu
m
Gre
en L
eek-
orch
id
P
raso
phyl
lum
nip
hope
dium
M
arsh
Lee
k-or
chid
Pra
soph
yllu
m r
etro
flex
um
Kia
ndra
Lee
k O
rchi
d
Pra
soph
yllu
m s
phac
elat
um
Lar
ge A
lpin
e L
eek-
orch
id
1 P
rost
anth
era
decu
ssat
a D
ense
Min
t-bu
sh
P
rost
anth
era
mon
tico
la
Buf
falo
Min
t-bu
sh
P
rost
anth
era
phyl
icif
olia
S
pike
d M
int-
bush
Pro
stan
ther
a rh
ombe
a S
park
ling
Min
t-bu
sh
P
rost
anth
era
saxi
cola
var
. bra
cteo
lata
S
lend
er M
int-
bush
Pro
stan
ther
a w
alte
ri
Mon
key
Min
t-bu
sh
P
seud
anth
us o
rbic
ular
is
Tan
gled
Pse
udan
thus
Psi
lotu
m n
udum
S
kele
ton
For
k-fe
rn
P
sych
roph
ila
intr
olob
a A
lpin
e M
arsh
-mar
igol
d
1
Page 94 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
Pte
rost
ylis
aes
tiva
L
ong-
tong
ue S
umm
er-
gree
nhoo
d
Pte
rost
ylis
coc
cina
S
carl
et G
reen
hood
Pte
rost
ylis
cuc
ulla
ta
Lea
fy G
reen
hood
Pte
rost
ylis
fisc
hii
Fis
ch's
Gre
enho
od
P
tero
styl
is la
xa
Ant
elop
e G
reen
hood
Pte
rost
ylis
ore
ophi
la
Blu
e-to
ngue
Gre
enho
od
1 P
tero
styl
is s
p. a
ff. c
ycno
ceph
ala
(Alp
ine)
A
lpin
e S
wan
Gre
enho
od
P
tero
styl
is X
aen
igm
a E
nigm
atic
Gre
enho
od
P
tero
styl
is X
inge
ns
Sha
rp G
reen
hood
Pul
tena
ea c
apit
ella
ta
Har
d-he
ad B
ush-
pea
1
P
ulte
naea
fasc
icul
ata
Alp
ine
Bus
h-pe
a
Pul
tena
ea m
icro
phyl
la
Spr
eadi
ng B
ush-
pea
1
P
ulte
naea
pol
ifol
ia
Dus
ky B
ush-
pea
P
ulte
naea
sub
spic
ata
Low
Bus
h-pe
a
Pul
tena
ea te
nell
a D
elic
ate
Bus
h-pe
a
Pul
tena
ea w
illi
amso
nii
Hig
hlan
d B
ush-
pea
R
anun
culu
s an
emon
eus
Ane
mon
e B
utte
rcup
1
Ran
uncu
lus
coll
inus
S
traw
berr
y B
utte
rcup
1
Ran
uncu
lus
eich
leri
anus
E
ichl
er's
But
terc
up
Ran
uncu
lus
gunn
ianu
s G
unn'
s A
lpin
e B
utte
rcup
1
1
Ran
uncu
lus
mil
lani
i D
war
f B
utte
rcup
1
Ran
uncu
lus
mue
ller
i F
elte
d B
utte
rcup
1
1
Ran
uncu
lus
vict
orie
nsis
V
icto
rian
But
terc
up
R
hyti
dosp
orum
inco
nspi
cuum
A
lpin
e M
aria
nth
R
iche
a vi
ctor
iana
S
erpe
nt H
eath
Rul
ingi
a da
syph
ylla
K
erra
wan
g
Rut
idos
is le
iole
pis
Mon
aro
Gol
den
Dai
sy
R
utid
osis
lept
orrh
ynch
oide
s B
utto
n W
rink
lew
ort
R
ytid
ospe
rma
aust
rale
S
outh
ern
She
ep-g
rass
Ryt
idos
perm
a ni
vico
la
Sno
w W
alla
by-g
rass
1
Ryt
idos
perm
a pu
mil
um
Fel
dmar
k G
rass
Ryt
idos
perm
a vi
cker
yae
Per
ishe
r W
alla
by-g
rass
1
Page 95Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
Sa
gina
nam
adgi
N
ativ
e P
earl
wor
t 1
Sam
olus
val
eran
dii
Wat
er P
impe
rnel
Sann
anth
a cr
enul
ata
Fer
n-le
af B
aeck
ea
Sc
hiza
cme
mon
tana
var
. mon
tana
M
ount
ain
Mit
rew
ort
Schi
zeil
ema
frag
oseu
m
Alp
ine
Pen
nyw
ort
1
Scir
pus
poly
stac
hyus
L
arge
-hea
d C
lub-
sedg
e
1
Scle
rant
hus
broc
kiei
B
rock
Kna
wel
Scle
rant
hus
dian
der
Tuf
ted
Kna
wel
Scle
rant
hus
fasc
icul
atus
S
prea
ding
Kna
wel
Scle
rant
hus
sing
ulif
loru
s M
ossy
Kna
wel
Sene
cio
dias
chid
es
Shi
ngle
Fir
ewee
d
Sene
cio
dist
alil
obat
us
Dis
tal-
lobe
Fir
ewee
d
Sene
cio
exte
nsus
A
lpin
e F
irew
eed
Se
neci
o ge
orgi
anus
G
rey
Fir
ewee
d
Sene
cio
inte
rpos
itus
T
able
land
Fir
ewee
d
Sene
cio
lage
nifo
rmis
M
onar
o F
irew
eed
Se
neci
o pe
ctin
atus
var
. maj
or
Alp
ine
Gro
unds
el
Se
neci
o pi
nnat
ifol
ius
var.
alp
inus
S
now
fiel
d G
roun
dsel
Sicy
os a
ustr
alis
S
tar
Cuc
umbe
r
Sola
num
line
arif
oliu
m
Mou
ntai
n K
anga
roo
App
le
Sp
orob
olus
cre
ber
Wes
tern
Rat
-tai
l Gra
ss
St
ackh
ousi
a pu
lvin
aris
A
lpin
e S
tack
hous
ia
St
ylid
ium
mon
tanu
m
Alp
ine
Tri
gger
plan
t
Swai
nson
a be
hria
na
Sou
ther
n S
wai
nson
-pea
1
Swai
nson
a m
icro
phyl
la
Sm
all-
leaf
Sw
ains
on-p
ea
Sw
ains
ona
seri
cea
Sil
ky S
wai
nson
-pea
Tar
axac
um a
rist
um
Mou
ntai
n D
ande
lion
Tas
man
nia
vick
eria
na
Baw
Baw
Pep
per
T
etra
rrhe
na tu
rfos
a S
moo
th R
ice-
gras
s
Tet
rath
eca
proc
umbe
ns
Mou
ntai
n P
ink-
bell
s
Tet
rath
eca
sten
ocar
pa
Lon
g P
ink-
bell
s
Tet
rath
eca
suba
phyl
la
Lea
fles
s P
ink-
bell
s
The
lym
itra
alp
icol
a m
s.
Alp
ine
Sun
-orc
hid
1 1
T
hely
mit
ra c
ircu
mse
pta
Nak
ed S
un-o
rchi
d
Page 96 Threatened Flora at Potential Risk from Introduced Deer Impacts across the Australian Alps
Scie
ntif
ic N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
e B
og A
ssoc
iate
d R
ipar
ian
Ass
ocia
ted
Moi
st S
ites
T
hely
mit
ra s
imul
ata
Gra
cefu
l Sun
-orc
hid
T
hesi
um a
ustr
ale
Aus
tral
Toa
d-fl
ax
T
hryp
tom
ene
mic
rant
ha
Rib
bed
Thr
ypto
men
e
Tor
tula
and
erss
onii
Scr
ew M
oss
T
rach
ymen
e hu
mil
is
Alp
ine
Tra
chym
ene
T
rach
ymen
e hu
mil
is s
ubsp
. bre
visc
apa
Alp
ine
Tra
chym
ene
T
rach
ymen
e hu
mil
is s
ubsp
. hum
ilis
A
lpin
e T
rach
ymen
e
Tri
pogo
n lo
liif
orm
is
Rye
Bee
tle-
gras
s
Tro
choc
arpa
cla
rkei
L
ilac
Ber
ry
U
ncin
ia c
ompa
cta
Com
pact
Hoo
k-se
dge
U
ncin
ia s
ulca
ta
Sm
all H
ook-
sedg
e
Utr
icul
aria
mon
anth
os
Tas
man
ian
Bla
dder
wor
t 1
Vio
la b
eton
icif
olia
sub
sp. n
ovag
uine
ensi
s F
lood
plai
n V
iole
t
Vio
la c
aley
ana
Sw
amp
Vio
let
V
iola
fusc
ovio
lace
a D
usky
Vio
let
V
itta
dini
a te
nuis
sim
a D
elic
ate
New
Hol
land
Dai
sy
W
ahle
nber
gia
dens
ifol
ia
Fai
ry B
lueb
ell
W
ahle
nber
gia
plan
iflo
ra s
ubsp
. pla
nifl
ora
Fla
t Blu
ebel
l
Wes
trin
gia
crem
noph
ila
Sno
wy
Riv
er W
estr
ingi
a
Wes
trin
gia
glab
ra
Vio
let W
estr
ingi
a
Wes
trin
gia
luci
da
Shi
ning
Wes
trin
gia
W
estr
ingi
a se
nifo
lia
Alp
ine
Wes
trin
gia
W
itts
tein
ia v
acci
niac
ea
Baw
Baw
Ber
ry
W
urm
bea
bigl
andu
losa
sub
sp. b
igla
ndul
osa
Gla
ndul
ar E
arly
Nan
cy
X
anth
osia
ste
llat
a S
tar
Xan
thos
ia
Xer
ochr
ysum
pal
ustr
e S
wam
p E
verl
asti
ng
1
Z
ieri
a ci
trio
dora
L
emon
-sce
nted
Zie
ria
Z
ieri
a cy
tiso
ides
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