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WELCOME SSNAIKTNAU
ENT 807PLANT HEALTH DIAGNOSTICS AND MANAGEMENT
CPPS,TNAU,COIMBATORE-641 003
NAME :SABHAVAT SRINIVASNAIKID. NO: 2015800506YEAR: I Ph. D (2015)DEPT.: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
Taxonomic position Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : ThysanopteraFamily : ThripidaeGenus : Thrips & others
Bladderfoot/Woodlouse/fringed Common name –Thysanoptera-thrips World wide 6000/777 genera/ 60 fossil Permothrips longipennis Martynov, 1935 Pest & Predator (Size : 0.5 to 14 mm)-Aphids, Mites Asymmetrical mouthparts-unique Yellow, yellowish-brown or black Disturb-Run/Leap/Curving-abdomen Thripidae comprises at least 1700 species It is important pest species. Sueo Nakahara, 2005 & Imms, 1977
Thysanos ("fringe")pteron ("wing")
1744 -Physapus - De Geer 1758- Thrips - Linnaeus 1836-Thysanoptera-Haliday
Terebrantia Tubulifera
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Family:
Family : Phlaeothripidae
1. Aeolothripidae2. Thripidae
Wing venation is present
Wing venation is absent
Imms, 1977
Terebrantia
Tubulifera
Imms, 1977
Phytophagous, Pollinophagous Mycetophagous, Predaceous Foliage and flower/pollen/fruit/gall Vectors for the plant pathogens Yield loss is 35 % to 55 % Small size and high reproductive capacity 1090 host-plant species in 15 monocot
& 69 dicot families world wide >100 species are major pests of crop plants
(Parrella et al. 2003)
A.Phytophagous B. Predators
C. Vectors
94 percent of the animal vectors are the arthropods Arthropods
I. Aphids II. Leafhoppers/
Planthoppers
III. WhitefliesThrips
Mites
vMBs/coccids
S.No Based on the retention
Based on the route
Latest Classification
i) Non Persistent Stylet borne Non circulative a) Non persistent b) Semi persistent
ii) Semi-persistent Circulative Circulative a) Circulative b) Circu-propagate.
iii) Persistent
Reddy, 2010
Moritz and Mound, 2004
VECTORS- THRIPS
Frankliniella occidentalis (The Western flower thrips)F. schultzeiF. fusca (Tobacco thrips)F. intonsaF. bispinosaF. zucchiniF. geminaF. cephalicaThrips tabaci (The onion thrips)T. palmiT. setosusScirtothrips dorsalisCeratothrioides claratrisDictyothrips betae (Riley et al, 2011)
14 species of thrips transmitting tospoviruses
F. occidentalis F. schultzei F. fusca F. intonsa
F. bispinosa F. zucchini F. gemina F. cephalica
T. tabaci. T. palmi T. setosus C. claratris
Agrios, 2005
The thrips- tospovirus relationship is uniqueCirculative and propagative manner and are transstadially passed in the vector (it can transmit throughout life ) (Nagata & Peters, 2001)Acquisition- First & early second instar immature larvae (5min)Transmission-Second instar larvae just before pupation and adult (30 min)
(Chatzivassiliou et al., 2002)
The primary salivary glands, midgut, and visceral muscles of the first larval stage are compressed into one area of the thorax where they lie in direct contact with one another through the early second instar stage
The virus moves from the midgut and muscles to the salivary gland when these tissues lie in direct proximity to one another in the larval insect
Moritz et al., 2004
As insect grows, the brain and primary salivary glands move forward, while the first midgut loop moves back into the metathorax, resulting in spatial separation of these organs and preventing virus movement between these tissues
Moritz et al., 2004Moritz et al., 2004
Riley et al., 2011
www.omafra.gov.on.ca
Both nymphs and adults will suck the sap Under surface of the leaf between the veins and vein lets Asymmetrical piercing mouthparts-unique Lacerate and suck the oozing sap Host range: brinjal, cotton, groundnut, castor, bottle gourd, guava, tea.
A. Before stylet penetration no contact of the mouth cone with the leaf surface B. Insertion of the mandibleC. Insertion of the maxillary stylets D. Feeding of the sapE. Stops penetration and mouth cone contact
Chisholm and Lewis, 1984
Curling upward, crumbling and shedding Bronzing, flecking, silvering Browning and early flower drop Virus symptoms may resemble other plant disease symptoms or nutritional issues. Wilting, Black streaking, Necrotic black spots,
Concentric circles of light and dark coloration
Vasantha raj david, 2012
1. Field diagnosis1.Morphological 2.Molecular
Onion: Thrips tabaci Winter season –Diapause –Debris Spring –fly to new field Parthenogenic reproduction young leaves in centre of onion neck I, II instars are active feeders Prepupa and Pupa –resting –soil/
scales Crowded-move to tip of the plant White to silvery in colour Reduced bulb size iris yellow spot virus
Tiny black “tar” spots of thrips excrement are evident on leaves with heavy feeding injury
1. Field diagnosis
Both nymphs and adults lacerate the tender leaves and suck the plant sap, causing yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings
Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base is the typical symptom of attack
Damage both in nursery and main field Affected nurseries- pale yellow colour with
brown tips On passing the wet palm over the top of the
seedlings a large number of black adults and yellowish nymphs stick to the palm
Rice Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis
Vasantha raj david, 2012
2. Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Upward curling and crinklingStunted growthFruit scarification
Mite
1. Field diagnosis
1. Field diagnosis
Groundnut thrips
White patches appearing on the lower surface of the leaves and distortion of young leaflets.
Dull yellowish-green patches of the upper leaf surface and brown coloured (necrotic) areas on the lower surface
Vasantha raj david, 2012
Rose thrips damage
Browning and flower drop
Vasantha raj david, 2012
Fringed wings
Tarsal bladder
Asymmetrical mouthparts
Chirothrips aculeatus Scolothrips longicornis
Limothrips angulicornis Tenothrips frici
Aptinothrips stylifer Frankliniella occidentalis
Bregmatothrips bournieri Limothrips angulicornis
Mirab-balou, 2013
Frankliniella occidentalis Thrips alliorum
Tenothrips frici Anaphothrips obscurus
Rubiothrips vitis
Chirothrips aculeatus
Megalurothrips distalis
Mirab-balou, 2013
Mirab-balou, 2013
Thrips palmi, T. tabaci, Frankliniella intonsa and F. occidentalis
Collected from the different quarantine stationsLysis buffer used for isolation of the DNALTS2 Marker Designed Primers: PAL-ITS2F2 (5′ -TGTGATGTACGTGCACTGGA-3′), TAB-ITS2F4(5′ -AACGATTHCCAGACTGCCC-3′), INT-ITS2F1(5′ -GACCAGACTGTTCCGAGA-3′), OCC-ITS2F6(5′-T GGTCGCTTCACCGCTTCCCG-3′), ThripsITS2R3 (5′-CTCTCCTGAACWGAGGTCG-3′) 3.5 percent gel electrophoresis
Restriction enzyme RsaI 4 Percent agarose gel
T. Tabaci
Frankliniella intonsa
F. occidentalis
Frankliniella tenuicornis
3.0 %
4 %RSaI
Nakahara and Minoura 2015
25/5 wet palmsTop unopened leavesCount 25 plants randomlyNo./Leaf=1/Leaf
Rice
Other crops
Raghumurthi, 2010
1. Cultural control Grow tolerant varieties like ALR 3, Robut 33-1, Kadiri 3 and ICGS 86031
Uproot and destroy severely infected plants. Setting up of blue sticky traps at rate of 12 per
hectare in the field will check the thrips population2. Mechanical control
3. Biological Control Conserve bio agents like flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird beetles (coccinellids), praying mantis, green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grass hoppers, dragon flies and spiders.
Dhaliwal, 2012
4. Chemical control
Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS 7g/kg against aphids, leafhoppers and thrips upto 8 weeks
Spray Monochrotophos 36 SL 600 ml/ha Methyldemeton 25 EC 600 ml in 600 lit of water. Monocrotophos 320 ml mixed with neem oil 1lit and 1kg soap powder
mixed in 200lit of water twice at 10days interval. Neem oil or pungam oil at 2ml/ha will be very effective Spraying of fipronil 5 SC at 1.5-2.0ml/ha Thiacloprid 21.7 per cent SC 125ml/ha Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG at 40g/ha @ 25, 45 and 60 DAS NSKE 5% Imidacloprid 200 SL @100 ml
Dhaliwal, 2012
Common insects under thysanoptera-Thrips Economic important family-Thripidae Unique characters of thrips-fringed wings/tarsal bladder/asymmetrical mouthparts Economic importance of thrips-Phytophagous, predatory, insect vectors Total no. of species -6000 under 777 genera Meaning of Thysanoptera- Thysanos-fringed; Ptera-wings Thysanoptera order name given by –Haliday Typical character of thrips when you disturb it-curving its abdomen and run and
leap Wing venation is present in –Terebrantia and absent in -tubulifera Major plant virus transmitting order-Hemiptera and insect-aphids Thrips are the circulative and propagative manner of virus transmission Type of virus transmitted by thrips-tospovirus Number of nymphal instars-2 Oviposition site-inside the plant tissue by ovipositor Resting stages –prepupa and pupa Symptoms-curling, crumbling, browning, wilting and shedding, tip drying, silvering Damage assessment by counting -25/5 wet palms; 1/leaf Management: cultural, biological, mechanical, chemical etc.,
THANKYOU