Thursday Lecture – Plant Beverages with Caffeine

Reading: Textbook, Chapter 13

Quiz

Quiz

1.The alkaloid from this New World plant passes into the brain more rapidly than heroine or cocaine and is thus highly addictive – what is the name of the alkaloid and what is the name of the plant?

2.The world’s most widely used psychoactive drug is caffeine, which is produced by a variety of different plants – name a plant source of caffeine originally native to the New World and one originally native to the Old World.

Caffeine and Theobromine – Mild Stimulants

caffeine theobromine

- alkaloids (note N, ring structure)

- “methylated xanthines”= methylxanthines

Caffeine and Theobromine – Mild Stimulants

caffeine theobromine

- alkaloids (note N, ring structure)

- “methylated xanthines”= methylxanthines

Effects of Caffeine:

- central nervous system stimulant

Caffeine and Theobromine – Mild Stimulants

caffeine theobromine

- alkaloids (note N, ring structure)

- “methylated xanthines”= methylxanthines

Effects of Caffeine:

- central nervous system stimulant

- mild diuretic

Caffeine and Theobromine – Mild Stimulants

caffeine theobromine

- alkaloids (note N, ring structure)

- “methylated xanthines”= methylxanthines

Effects of Caffeine:

- central nervous system stimulant

- mild diuretic (makes you go “pee”)

Caffeine and Theobromine – Mild Stimulants

caffeine theobromine

- alkaloids (note N, ring structure)

- “methylated xanthines”= methylxanthines

Effects of Caffeine:

- central nervous system stimulant

- mild diuretic

Mode of action:

- interferes with enzyme, so that adrenaline remains active alert feeling

Caffeine and Theobromine – Mild Stimulants

caffeine theobromine

- alkaloids (note N, ring structure)

- “methylated xanthines”= methylxanthines

Effects of Caffeine:

- central nervous system stimulant

- mild diuretic

Mode of action:

- interferes with enzyme, so that adrenaline remains active alert feeling

- blocks adenosine receptors inhibits sleep signals

Caffeine and Theobromine – Mild Stimulants

caffeine theobromine

- alkaloids (note N, ring structure)

- “methylated xanthines”= methylxanthines

Effects of Caffeine:

- central nervous system stimulant

- mild diuretic

Mode of action:

- interferes with enzyme, so that adrenaline remains active alert feeling

- blocks adenosine receptors inhibits sleep signals

Note: latter activity also interacts with dopamine receptors

Health Effects of Caffeine

Most widely used psychoactive drug

- small amounts no long term effects have been noted

Health Effects of Caffeine

Most widely used psychoactive drug

- small amounts no long term effects have been noted

- even small amounts taken regularly can produce withdrawal if stopped (often manifested as headaches)

Health Effects of Caffeine

Most widely used psychoactive drug

- small amounts no long term effects have been noted

- even small amounts taken regularly can produce withdrawal if stopped (often manifested as headaches)

- large amounts adverse symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia

Health Effects of Caffeine

Most widely used psychoactive drug

- small amounts no long term effects have been noted

- even small amounts taken regularly can produce withdrawal if stopped (often manifested as headaches)

- large amounts adverse symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia

- dose-dependent, so that effects on young, unborn

NOTE: current recommendations, pregnant women should reduce or eliminate caffeine consumption during pregnancy

Health Effects of Caffeine

Most widely used psychoactive drug

- small amounts no long term effects have been noted

- even small amounts taken regularly can produce withdrawal if stopped (often manifested as headaches)

- large amounts adverse symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia

- dose-dependent, so that effects on young, unborn

NOTE: current recommendations, pregnant women should reduce or eliminate caffeine consumption during pregnancy

- effects on other animals can be different, e.g. dogs, cats, birds

Major Plant Sources of Caffeine

Coffee – Coffea arabica and related species

Chocolate – Theobroma cacao

Tea – Camellia sinensis

Major Plant Sources of Caffeine

Coffee – Coffea arabica and related species

Chocolate – Theobroma cacao

Tea – Camellia sinensis

Other sources of caffeine:

- Mate, Ilex paraguariensis

- Guaraná, Paullinia capana

- Kola, Cola nitida

Tea –Beverage of the WorldCamellia sinensis – Theaceae

Shrub, native to China

Tea – In the Field

Tea Shrubs are grown in large plantations

Picking is done by hand – only the shoot tips are taken

Tea – Processing

Tea Types

White tea – leaves are dried only; weak

Tea Types

White tea – leaves are dried only; weak

Green tea – leaves are steamed (destroys fermentation enzymes), dried, and rolled; weak

Tea Types

White tea – leaves are dried only; weak

Green tea – leaves are steamed (destroys fermentation enzymes), dried, and rolled; weak

Black tea – leaves are withered, rolled, fermented, dried; strong

Tea Types

White tea – leaves are dried only; weak

Green tea – leaves are steamed (destroys fermentation enzymes), dried, and rolled; weak

Black tea – leaves are withered, rolled, fermented, dried; strong

Oolong tea – intermediate between black and green – short fermentation

Food of the Gods

Theobroma cacao – Sterculiaceae

Understory tree, native to New World

Cacao - the Cauliflorous Tree

Main Varieties:

Criollo (“native”) – best quality, worst yield, worst disease tolerance

Cacao - the Cauliflorous Tree

Main Varieties:

Criollo (“native”) – best quality, worst yield, worst disease tolerance

Forastero (“foreign”) – worst quality, best yield, best disease tolerance

Cacao - the Cauliflorous Tree

Main Varieties:

Criollo (“native”) – best quality, worst yield, worst disease tolerance

Forastero (“foreign”) – worst quality, best yield, best disease tolerance

Trinitario – hybrid of other two, intermediate in quality, yield, and disease tolerance

Cacao - the Cauliflorous Tree

Cacao - the Tropical Crop

Chocolate ChemistryCaffeine – less than coffee (chocolate bar 30 mg; cup coffee, 100 mg)

Theobromine – stimulates heart muscle

Chocolate ChemistryCaffeine – less than coffee (chocolate bar 30 mg; cup coffee, 100 mg)

Theobromine – stimulates heart muscle

Phenylethylamine – reputed to be “mood elevator”, antidepressant

- found in brain; low levels linked to depression; chocolate contains low levels of PEA; knowledge of chemistry still incomplete

Chocolate ChemistryCaffeine – less than coffee (chocolate bar 30 mg; cup coffee, 100 mg)

Theobromine – stimulates heart muscle

Phenylethylamine – reputed to be “mood elevator”, antidepressant

- found in brain; low levels linked to depression; chocolate contains low levels of PEA; knowledge of chemistry still incomplete

Chocolate Myths:

- chocolate does not cause acne

Chocolate ChemistryCaffeine – less than coffee (chocolate bar 30 mg; cup coffee, 100 mg)

Theobromine – stimulates heart muscle

Phenylethylamine – reputed to be “mood elevator”, antidepressant

- found in brain; low levels linked to depression; chocolate contains low levels of PEA; knowledge of chemistry still incomplete

Chocolate Myths:

- chocolate does not cause acne

- chocolate is not a trigger for migraines

Chocolate ChemistryCaffeine – less than coffee (chocolate bar 30 mg; cup coffee, 100 mg)

Theobromine – stimulates heart muscle

Phenylethylamine – reputed to be “mood elevator”, antidepressant

- found in brain; low levels linked to depression; chocolate contains low levels of PEA; knowledge of chemistry still incomplete

Chocolate Myths:

- chocolate does not cause acne

- chocolate is not a trigger for migraines

- chocolate is probably not an aphrodisiac

Chocolate ChemistryCaffeine – less than coffee (chocolate bar 30 mg; cup coffee, 100 mg)

Theobromine – stimulates heart muscle

Phenylethylamine – reputed to be “mood elevator”, antidepressant

- found in brain; low levels linked to depression; chocolate contains low levels of PEA; knowledge of chemistry still incomplete

Chocolate Myths:

- chocolate does not cause acne

- chocolate is not a trigger for migraines

- chocolate is probably not an aphrodisiac

NOTE: chocolate “craving” is probably real; reasons, mechanism are unclear

Cacao - Processing

1. Seeds are spread out and allowed to ferment

2. Fermented seeds are dried and roasted

3. Seed coats are removed

4. “Nibs” are ground, which produces a thick liquid called chocolate liquor (non-alcoholic)

5. Chocolate liquor is fed through a high pressure press which separates the fat (cocoa butter) from the solids (cocoa powder)

6. The cocoa butter and cocoa powder can be recombined together with sugar or milk to produce chocolate

Cacao – Processing 2

Notes:

Chocolate liquor is intensely flavored, bitter – diluted with water and flavored it provides a drink – this is how Montezuma and other Aztec royalty would have consumed it, flavored with vanilla and chili pepper

Cacao – Processing 2

Notes:

Chocolate liquor is intensely flavored, bitter – diluted with water and flavored it provides a drink – this is how Montezuma and other Aztec royalty would have consumed it, flavored with vanilla and chili pepper

Cocoa powder contains the chocolate flavor – it can be darkened and the flavor intensified by treating with alkalinization = “Dutching”

Cacao – Processing 2

Notes:

Chocolate liquor is intensely flavored, bitter – diluted with water and flavored it provides a drink – this is how Montezuma and other Aztec royalty would have consumed it, flavored with vanilla and chili pepper

Cocoa powder contains the chocolate flavor – it can be darkened and the flavor intensified by treating with alkalinization = “Dutching”

Cocoa butter is the fat – it is tasteless but has the distinctive property of melting at about the human body temperature

Cacao – Processing 3

Further Notes:

Two other processes are critical to the production of chocolate

Conching – the chocolate is placed in a machine and mixed with steel beads, the heat generated by friction alters the texture of the cocoa/sugar particles. The highest quality chocolate is conched for about 72 hrs, low quality chocolates only for about 4-6 hrs

Tempering – chocolate is heated to enhance the development of crystals of cocoa butter with the proper characteristics: snap rather than crumble and melt at body temperature

Chocolate – the Products

Unsweetened: Chocolate liquor + cocoa butter, no sugar

-- mole sauce etc.

Chocolate – the Products

Unsweetened: Chocolate liquor + cocoa butter, no sugar

-- mole sauce etc.

Semisweet and bittersweet – sugar added

Chocolate – the Products

Unsweetened: Chocolate liquor + cocoa butter, no sugar

-- mole sauce etc.

Milk chocoloate – has milk solids + sugar + unsweetened chocolate

Semisweet and bittersweet – sugar added

Coffee – Out of Africa

1. Discovery in Ethiopia (goats, goatherds, goddesses?)

Coffee – Out of Africa

2. 1600s – spread to Europe of coffee drinking

Coffee – Out of Africa

3. 1700s – Dutch plantations in East Indies (“Java”)

Coffee – Out of Africa

4. French take (smuggle?) coffee to West Indies (Martinique)

Coffee – Out of Africa

5. Coffee production starts in Brazil (now #1 producer)

Coffee arabicaCoffea – member of Rubiaceae

- Shrubs

- Fruit = berry

- Pericarp, seed coats removed seed used

This Bean is a BerryThe coffee fruit is a berry, sometimes called a “cherry”

The “bean” is the interior of the seed, with the seed wall removed

Hand-picking selects the best quality fruits

Coffee Processing

1. Seeds dried, fermented (chemical fermentation)

2. Seeds roasted (hot air)

3. Seeds ground, brewed

Coffee Issues1. Pollution

- processing of coffee (in beneficios) large amount of water

2. Disease

- fungal diseases wiped out coffee production in Sri Lanka (Ceylon)

- fungal diseases still threaten crops in Brazil

3. Shade vs. sun coffee

- traditionally, coffee grown under shade

coffee plantations preserve biodiversity

4. Decaffeination – solvent vs. water extraction

- solvent extraction caffeine recovered, sold

Thursday Lecture – Alcoholic Beverages

Reading: Textbook, Chapter 14