ISSN: JBR Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Research The International Open Access JBR Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Research Editor-in-Chiefs Paul JL Zhang University of Pennsylvania, USA Beamon Agarwal University of Pennsylvania, USA Roberto Manfredi University of Bologna, Italy Executive Editors Rajendra Badgaiyan University at Buffalo, USA Kuruvilla George Deakin University, Australia T his article was originally published in a journal by OMICS Publishing Group, and the attached copy is provided by OMICS Publishing Group for the author’s benefit and for the benefit of the author’s institution, for commercial/research/educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues that you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are requested to cite properly. Available online at: OMICS Publishing Group (www.omicsonline.org) Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/jcdr.1000106
Transcript
ISSN:
JBR Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Research
The International Open AccessJBR Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Research Editor-in-Chiefs
Paul JL ZhangUniversity of Pennsylvania, USA
Beamon Agarwal University of Pennsylvania, USA
Roberto Manfredi University of Bologna, Italy
Executive Editors
Rajendra Badgaiyan University at Buffalo, USA
Kuruvilla GeorgeDeakin University, Australia
This article was originally published in a journal by OMICS Publishing Group, and the attached copy is provided by OMICS
Publishing Group for the author’s benefit and for the benefit of the author’s institution, for commercial/research/educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues that you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator.
All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are requested to cite properly.
Available online at: OMICS Publishing Group (www.omicsonline.org)
Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/jcdr.1000106
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000106J Clin Diagn ResISSN: JCDR, an open access journal
Research Article Open Access
Bello et al., J Clin Diagn Res 2014, 2:1http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/jcdr.1000106
Research Article Open Access
JBR Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Research
The Prenatal Development of Thyroid Gland in one Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius): Histomorphological StudyBello A1*, Onu E1, Sonfada ML1, Shehu SA1, Jimoh MI1, Olushola O1 and Umaru MA2
1Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria2Department of Theriogenology and Animal production, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: Bello A, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria, Tel: 23408039687589; E-mail: [email protected]
Received December 12, 2013; Accepted February 10, 2014; Published February 15, 2014
Citation: Bello A, Onu E, Sonfada ML, Shehu SA, Jimoh MI, et al. (2014) The Prenatal Development of Thyroid Gland in one Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius): Histomorphological Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2: 106. doi: 10.4172/jcdr.1000106
AbstractThis study aimed at investigating the prenatal development of the thyroid gland of the one humped camel using
standard histomorphometric methods. In the experiment, fifteen foetuses obtained from Sokoto metropolitan abattoir at different gestational ages were used for the study. The fetuses were weighed, grouped and aged. The approximate age of the fetuses was estimated from the crown vertebral rump length (CVRL) and samples were categorized into first, second and third trimester. In all the foetuses the gland was grossly bi-lateral and cylindrical in shaped with smooth external surface. Histologically, the thyroid gland consisted of a connective tissue capsule and trabeculae extending from the capsule into the paranchyma of the gland, which divided it into lobules at variable degree base on gestational ages. Each lobule consisted of two sized follicles in variable numbers, the large and small in second trimester. The large follicles were lined by cuboidal epithelium, while the small follicles were lined by columnar epithelium at third trimester. The follicles had colloid material in their lumen, resembling an apocrine secretion from the lining epithelial cells. The para follicular or C-cells were not seen in the thyroid glands of camel prenatally.
Keywords: Camel; Histomorphology; Thyroid gland; Prenatal development
IntroductionThyroid gland is an endocrine gland which secretes thyroglobulin,
triiodothyronine and thyroxin hormones [1]. Thyroxin plays an important role in metabolism of the animal body. Thyroid gland consists of follicles lined by follicular cells. The interfollicular space has been reported to be filled with connective tissue [2,3]. Thyroid glands have important role in growth and development of fetus during pregnancy and maintaining metabolic homeostasis in mammals [4]. The thyroid gland is the first endocrine gland to appear on the embryonic period. Its organogenesis begins when the medium endoderm cells start getting thick, forming a diverticulum, in the primitive pharynx floor [5]. This diverticulum descends, and at the seventh week of pregnancy it stops at cervical spine height. The follicles cells, responsible for hormonal biosynthesis, derive almost completely of the primary thyroid. The differentiations begin when the migration finishes.
Research work on the morphology, physiology, pathology, gross and developmental anatomy of various organs and system has been reported in different countries by many researchers on foetal and adult camel, but little of such studies have been conducted on the histological changes of the thyroid gland of the camel fetus [2,4,5]. Thus, paucity of information on the prenatal development of camel thyroid gland; hence the present study was undertaken to bridge the information gap.
Materials and MethodsThe study was carried out on 35 foetuses of the one-humped camel
collected from the metropolitan abattoir, Sokoto at different gestational ages. The collected foetuses were then taken to the Veterinary Anatomy laboratory of Usmanu Danfodiyo University; where the weight and age of the foetus were determined. The foetal body weight was measured using electrical (digital) weighing balance for the smaller foetuses and compression spring balance (AT-1422), size C-1, sensitivity of 20 kg×50 g in Kilogram for the bigger foetuses. The approximate age of the foetuses was estimated by using the following formula adopted by Sonfada [6].
[GA=(CVRL + 23.99)/0.366]
Where GA (Gestational Age) is in days
CVRL (Crown Vertebral Rump Length) is measured as a curved line along the vertebral column from the point of the anterior fontanel or the frontal bone following the vertebral curvature to the base of the tail. Based on this, foetal samples were divided into 3 main groups as adopted by Sonfada [6]:
1st trimester=below 130 days2nd trimester=131- 260 days3rd trimester=261 - 390 days Histological samples of thyroid gland were examined grossly and
weight using electrical (digital) weighing balance, size A-1, sensitivity of 0.1 g × 0.01 g in gram. About 1 cm2 thick of sample from each group was collected and fixed in 10% formalin solution. After fixation was achieved, the tissue sample was processed for paraffin blocks preparation. The sections of 5-6 µm were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin for routine morphology. The standard sections were examined under light microscope and micrographs taken using motic camera with 5.0 mega pixel.
Results and DiscussionAlthough, thyroid gland is the first endocrine gland to appear on
Citation: Bello A, Onu E, Sonfada ML, Shehu SA, Jimoh MI, et al. (2014) The Prenatal Development of Thyroid Gland in one Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius): Histomorphological Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2: 106. doi: 10.4172/jcdr.1000106
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000106J Clin Diagn ResISSN: JCDR, an open access journal
the embryonic period, many forms of the thyroid gland can be found in different domestic animals fetuses during early development, a similar type of growth to the one found in this research. In camels, the thyroid gland in the body was within the first ring of trachea, consisting of two lobes on both side and an isthmus connecting these lobes which became prominent with advancement of gestation. This is similar to other reported large animals like cattle and buffaloes [7,8]. The gland appeared reddish brown in colour which is in concordance with the findings of Schwartz and Dioli [9].
Histologically, the thyroid gland consisted of a connective tissue capsule composed of undifferentiated collagenous fibers at first trimester, which differentiate into coarse and fine collagenous fibers at second trimester. The presence of Fibroblast and small blood vessels in the capsule marked the third trimester. At third trimester, the trabeculae were seen extending from the capsule into the parenchyma of the gland and dividing it into lobules with each lobule consisted
of aggregation of follicles. This finding is in line with that reported previously in bovine cattle [4,10], Llama [11] ovine sheep, caprine goat, canine dog [8] and porcine swine.
At first trimester, there is no formation of follicles in the gland, at second trimester the cells begain to be arranged forming colonies of undifferential cells, resembling low columnar to cuboidal in shape (Figure 1). At third trimester, clear large lobules with very few small lobules in the parenchyma are formed. Each lobule consisted of aggregation of follicles. Two types of follicles were identified, large and small at the terminal gestational age (Figure 2). Similar observations have been recorded by Abdel-Magied et al. and Sukon [4,11] on cattle and Llama, respectively. The large follicles were lined by low cuboidal epithelium having flattened nuclei and were assumed to be inactive cells. The small follicles were lined by high cuboidal epithelium with rounded nuclei, these were active cells. Each follicle was filled with a gel-like material called colloid (Figure 3). The colloid is a storage
Figure 1: Photomicrograph of Camel thyroid gland at 1st Trimester showing zones of connective tissue (green arrow), immature tissue, no organization follicular and colloid observed. H&E 200X.
Figure 2: Photomicrograph of Camel thyroid gland at 2nd Trimester showing cellular differentiation most incomplete, with partial maturefollicular organization (A), with few complete follicles composing of small number of cells (Red arrow)and no colloidobserved. H&E 200X.
Citation: Bello A, Onu E, Sonfada ML, Shehu SA, Jimoh MI, et al. (2014) The Prenatal Development of Thyroid Gland in one Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius): Histomorphological Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2: 106. doi: 10.4172/jcdr.1000106
Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000106J Clin Diagn ResISSN: JCDR, an open access journal
form of follicular epithelial secretion. This finding is in line with that reported by Sukon [11] on Llama. Para follicular or C-cells were not present or pronounce.
ConclusionConsidering the complex activities taking place in the differentiation
of the gland over a long period of time, there is need to study this development weekly using light and electron microscopy in order to conclude this findings.
References
1. Banks WJ (1993) Applied Veterinary Histology. 3rdEd, Mosby-Year Book Inc. USA.
2. Abdel-Wahab MF, Hamza AE (1970) Thyroxine content in thyroid glands of domestic animals. IV. Thyroid activity of camel, cattle, sheep and goats, in the Sudan.Endokrinologie 56: 206-212.
4. Abdel-Magied EM, Taha AA, Abdalla AB (2000) Light and electron
microscopic study of the thyroid gland of camel (Camelusdromedarius). AnatHistolEmbryol29: 331-336.
5. Bello A, Onyeanusi BI, Sonfada ML, Adeyanju JB, Umaru MA(2012) A biometric study of the digestive tract of one-humped camel (camelusdromedarius) fetuses, ScienJournal of Zoology.
6. Sonfada ML(2008) Age related changes in musculoskeletal Tissues of one-humped camel (Camelusdromedarius) from foetal period to two years old. A Ph.D Thesis, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
7. Miyandad P (1973) Anatomical studies of the thyroid gland of buffalo. MSc Thesis. Univ. Agri., Faisalabad, Pakistan.
8. Getty RS, Grossman JD (1986) The Anatomy of Domestic Animals. 5thEd., W. B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, USA.
9. Schwartz HJ,Dioli M (1992)The one-humped camel in Eastern Africa. A pictorial guide to diseases, health care and management.SchonwaldDruck. Berlin. F.R. Germany.
10. Atoji Y, Yamamoto Y, Suzuki Y, Sayed R (1999) Ultrastructures of the thyroid gland of the one-humped camel (Camelusdromedarius). AnatHistolEmbryol 28: 23-26.
11. Sukon P (2009) The Physiology and Anatomy of the Digestive tract of Normal Llamas. PhD Thesis,Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
Figure 3: Photomicrograph of Camel thyroid gland at 3rd Trimester showing complete cellular differentiation and follicular organization, few connective tissue (Green arrow), follicles were spherical (Red arrow),with no colloid (A) and follicular cells were cuboidal in shape (Red arrow).H&E 200X.
Citation: Bello A, Onu E, Sonfada ML, Shehu SA, Jimoh MI, et al. (2014) The Prenatal Development of Thyroid Gland in one Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius): Histomorphological Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2: 106. doi: 10.4172/jcdr.1000106
Submit your next manuscript and get advantages of OMICS Group submissionsUnique features:
