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TinnitusTinnitusA Clinical UpdateA Clinical Update
Jennifer L Smullen, MDJennifer L Smullen, MDFred F Telischi, MD MEE FACSFred F Telischi, MD MEE FACS
February 17, 2005February 17, 2005
DefinitionDefinition
Perception of noise in the absence of Perception of noise in the absence of acoustic stimuliacoustic stimuli
Aberrant auditory phenomenon unrelated to Aberrant auditory phenomenon unrelated to an external source of soundan external source of sound
Sensation of sound arising within the headSensation of sound arising within the head
TinnitologyTinnitology
Discipline first described in 1987 devoted to Discipline first described in 1987 devoted to understanding how the perception of an understanding how the perception of an aberrant auditory phenomenon can be aberrant auditory phenomenon can be translated into sensation and effecttranslated into sensation and effect
DefinitionsDefinitions
ObjectiveObjective
SubjectiveSubjective
PulsatilePulsatile
Pulsatile TinnitusPulsatile Tinnitus
EtiologyEtiology
EvaluationEvaluation
ManagementManagement
Etiology of Pulsatile TinnitusEtiology of Pulsatile Tinnitus
ArterialArterial– AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis– AV malformation or fistulaAV malformation or fistula– High flow statesHigh flow states– Vascular loopVascular loop– Glomus tumorsGlomus tumors– Aberrant carotid arteryAberrant carotid artery– Persistent stapedial arteryPersistent stapedial artery
VenousVenous NonvascularNonvascular
Etiology of Pulsatile TinnitusEtiology of Pulsatile Tinnitus
ArterialArterial VenousVenous
– Dehiscent jugular bulbDehiscent jugular bulb– Sigmoid sinus thrombosisSigmoid sinus thrombosis– Pseudotumor cerebriPseudotumor cerebri
NonvascularNonvascular
Etiology of Pulsatile TinnitusEtiology of Pulsatile Tinnitus
ArterialArterial VenousVenous NonvascularNonvascular
– Palatal myoclonusPalatal myoclonus– Middle ear myoclonusMiddle ear myoclonus– Patulous ETPatulous ET
Evaluation of Pulsatile TinnitusEvaluation of Pulsatile Tinnitus
HistoryHistory OtoscopyOtoscopy AuscultationAuscultation Palpation and IJ compressionPalpation and IJ compression Complete ENT examComplete ENT exam Ophthalmology and Neurology as indicatedOphthalmology and Neurology as indicated
Evaluation of Pulsatile TinnitusEvaluation of Pulsatile Tinnitus
AudiogramAudiogram Impedance audiometryImpedance audiometry ABR if Pseudotumor cerebri suspectedABR if Pseudotumor cerebri suspected CBC, TSHCBC, TSH
Duplex carotid USDuplex carotid US MRI/MRAMRI/MRA CTCT
Management of Pulsatile TinnitusManagement of Pulsatile Tinnitus
ArterialArterial– AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis– AV malformation or fistulaAV malformation or fistula– High flow statesHigh flow states– Vascular loopVascular loop– Glomus tumorsGlomus tumors– Aberrant carotid arteryAberrant carotid artery– Persistent stapedial arteryPersistent stapedial artery
Management of Pulsatile TinnitusManagement of Pulsatile Tinnitus
VenousVenous– Dehiscent jugular bulbDehiscent jugular bulb– Sigmoid sinus thrombosisSigmoid sinus thrombosis– Pseudotumor cerebriPseudotumor cerebri
DiamoxDiamox Weight lossWeight loss VP shuntVP shunt
Management of Pulsatile TinnitusManagement of Pulsatile Tinnitus
NonvascularNonvascular– Palatal myoclonusPalatal myoclonus– Middle ear myoclonusMiddle ear myoclonus– Patulous ETPatulous ET
Subjective TinnitusSubjective Tinnitus
Paresthesia of the somatosensory systemParesthesia of the somatosensory system Central neuropathic painCentral neuropathic pain Unilateral or bilateralUnilateral or bilateral Constant or fluctuatingConstant or fluctuating Variety of sounds Variety of sounds Associated with hyperacusis, phonophobia Associated with hyperacusis, phonophobia
and SNHLand SNHL
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
36 million Americans affected36 million Americans affected Approximately 2 million severelyApproximately 2 million severely Age 50-71 highest prevalenceAge 50-71 highest prevalence 12% men over 6512% men over 65 7% women over 657% women over 65 64% adults with normal hearing perceive tinnitus 64% adults with normal hearing perceive tinnitus
in silencein silence
Tucker et al, Otol Head & Neck Jan 2005Tucker et al, Otol Head & Neck Jan 2005
Where is Tinnitus?Where is Tinnitus?
EarEar
BrainBrain
BothBoth
What Causes Tinnitus?What Causes Tinnitus?
Uncoupled OHC’sUncoupled OHC’s
Aberrant afferent activityAberrant afferent activity
Loss of GABAergic inhibitory neuronsLoss of GABAergic inhibitory neurons
Measuring TinnitusMeasuring Tinnitus
Audiometric evaluationAudiometric evaluation
Outcome measuresOutcome measures– Tinnitus Outcome ProfileTinnitus Outcome Profile– Tinnitus Intensity IndexTinnitus Intensity Index– Tinnitus Annoyance IndexTinnitus Annoyance Index– Tinnitus Stress IndexTinnitus Stress Index– Tinnitus Handicap InventoryTinnitus Handicap Inventory– Measurement of Depression ScaleMeasurement of Depression Scale
Animal Models of TinnitusAnimal Models of Tinnitus
Jastreboff and the thirsty ratJastreboff and the thirsty rat Bauer et alBauer et al
– ChinchillaChinchilla– Food leverFood lever– Sound-induced tinnitusSound-induced tinnitus– Behavioral evidenceBehavioral evidence– Physiologic evidencePhysiologic evidence
Increased firing in DCNIncreased firing in DCN
Bauer et al Bauer et al Otolaryngologic Clinics of North AmericaOtolaryngologic Clinics of North America2003(2) 2003(2)
Treatment of Subjective TinnitusTreatment of Subjective Tinnitus
MeniettMeniett Hyperbaric oxygenHyperbaric oxygen AcupunctureAcupuncture BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines LidocaineLidocaine SteroidsSteroids StapedectomyStapedectomy Electrical stimulationElectrical stimulation Eighth nerve sectionEighth nerve section
HabituationHabituation MaskingMasking Cochlear implantCochlear implant MisoprostolMisoprostol EnoxaparinEnoxaparin SSRI’sSSRI’s GabapentinGabapentin GentamicinGentamicin Ginkgo BilobaGinkgo Biloba
Meniett DeviceMeniett Device
Randomized ,double-blind, placebo-Randomized ,double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tinnitus in Meniere’s controlled study of tinnitus in Meniere’s diseasedisease
NO EFFECTNO EFFECT
Thompsen et al Otol Neurotol Jan 2005Thompsen et al Otol Neurotol Jan 2005
Hyperbaric OxygenHyperbaric Oxygen
Meta analysis Meta analysis
256 patients with SSNHL256 patients with SSNHL
NO EFFECTNO EFFECT
Bennett et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jan Bennett et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jan
AcupunctureAcupuncture
2 unblinded studies showed improvement2 unblinded studies showed improvement
4 blinded studies showed no effect4 blinded studies showed no effect
NO EFFECTNO EFFECT
Park J et al Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000 AprPark J et al Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000 Apr
Birch S J Altern Complement Med. 2004 Jun Birch S J Altern Complement Med. 2004 Jun
BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines
Tinnitus caused by reduction in inhibitionTinnitus caused by reduction in inhibition GABA neurotransmitter of inhibition in auditory pathwaysGABA neurotransmitter of inhibition in auditory pathways Benzodiazepines enhance GABA effectsBenzodiazepines enhance GABA effects
Review of 3357 patientsReview of 3357 patients 32% control with clonazepam32% control with clonazepam 67% control with alprazolam67% control with alprazolam
EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE
Vernon JA, Vernon JA, Otolaryngol Clin North AmOtolaryngol Clin North Am 2003;36(2) 2003;36(2) Shulman A et al, Int Tinnitus J 2002;8(1) Shulman A et al, Int Tinnitus J 2002;8(1)
LidocaineLidocaine Amide local anesthetic Amide local anesthetic Axoplasmic sodium channel blockade Axoplasmic sodium channel blockade Kroath 1960 IT LidocaineKroath 1960 IT Lidocaine Sakata 220 earsSakata 220 ears
– 34% resolved, 50% decreased, 10% unchanged34% resolved, 50% decreased, 10% unchanged– Returned to baseline in 4 weeksReturned to baseline in 4 weeks
Side effects: vertigo, nausea vomitingSide effects: vertigo, nausea vomiting
EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE
Sakata E et al, Auris Nasus Larynx 1984;11(1)Sakata E et al, Auris Nasus Larynx 1984;11(1)
IT SteroidsIT Steroids
50 patients50 patients Treated 3 times daily for 3 monthsTreated 3 times daily for 3 months 37 resolved or improved permanently37 resolved or improved permanently Consistent with other studies showing an average Consistent with other studies showing an average
of 70% improvedof 70% improved
EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE
Cesarani A et al Int Tinnitus J. 2002;8(2)Cesarani A et al Int Tinnitus J. 2002;8(2)
OtosclerosisOtosclerosis
Stapedectomy 40 patientsStapedectomy 40 patients– 85% improved 85% improved – 12% had no change12% had no change– 2.5% worse 2.5% worse – 52.5% complete resolution 52.5% complete resolution
Prospective Study 48 patients 91% improvedProspective Study 48 patients 91% improved
EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE
Sparano A et al, Int Tinnitus J. 2004;10(1)Sparano A et al, Int Tinnitus J. 2004;10(1)
Sobrinho PG et al, Int Tinnitus J. 2004;10(2)Sobrinho PG et al, Int Tinnitus J. 2004;10(2)
Electrical StimulationElectrical Stimulation
First used in 1800’sFirst used in 1800’s Extradural implanted electrodesExtradural implanted electrodes TENSTENS Cochlear implantsCochlear implants
EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE
De Ridder D J Neurosurg. 2004 Mar;100(3) De Ridder D J Neurosurg. 2004 Mar;100(3)
Tinnitus Retraining TherapyTinnitus Retraining Therapy
Habituation exercises designed by Habituation exercises designed by JastreboffJastreboff
12-18 months12-18 months Decouples tinnitus and the emotional Decouples tinnitus and the emotional
response to tinnitusresponse to tinnitus No more effective than directed counselingNo more effective than directed counseling
Possibly EFFECTIVEPossibly EFFECTIVE
MaskingMasking
Wearable MaskersWearable Maskers– Hearing aidsHearing aids– Tinnitus maskersTinnitus maskers– Tinnitus instrumentsTinnitus instruments– High frequency bone conduction High frequency bone conduction
HiSonic Tinnitus Relief DeviceHiSonic Tinnitus Relief Device Environmental MaskersEnvironmental Maskers
– Recorded sound- Petroff Audio TechnologiesRecorded sound- Petroff Audio Technologies– White noiseWhite noise
– EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE
Ultra High Frequency Muscle Ultra High Frequency Muscle VibrationVibration
15 patients15 patients Tactaid transducerTactaid transducer 60% had relief after one 60% had relief after one
treatment treatment Effects lasted up to 4 monthsEffects lasted up to 4 months
Possibly EFFECTIVEPossibly EFFECTIVE
Lenhardt ML et al, Int Tinnitus J. 2003;9(1)Lenhardt ML et al, Int Tinnitus J. 2003;9(1)
AntidepressantsAntidepressants
Amitriptyline Amitriptyline Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,
SSRI’sSSRI’s Tricyclic antidepressantsTricyclic antidepressants
EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE
Ginkgo BilobaGinkgo Biloba
Randomized placebo-controlled double-Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial and meta-analysis of randomized blind trial and meta-analysis of randomized trials trials
NO EFFECTNO EFFECT
Rejali D et al, Clin Otolaryngol. 2004 Jun;29(3)Rejali D et al, Clin Otolaryngol. 2004 Jun;29(3)
Electromagnetic therapy Electromagnetic therapy
Randomized, prospective, double-blind, Randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study placebo-controlled pilot study
37 patients received 30-minute treatments 37 patients received 30-minute treatments with the Diapulse device three times a week with the Diapulse device three times a week for 1 month for 1 month
NO EFFECTNO EFFECT
Ghossaini SN Laryngoscope. 2004 Mar;114(3) Ghossaini SN Laryngoscope. 2004 Mar;114(3)
EnoxaparinEnoxaparin
Anticoagulant, low molecular weight heparinAnticoagulant, low molecular weight heparin Randomized, placebo-controlled study of 40 Randomized, placebo-controlled study of 40
patientspatients Hospitalized for 10 daysHospitalized for 10 days 2000 IU BID2000 IU BID All patients had complete reliefAll patients had complete relief
EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE
Mora R et al, Int Tinnitus J. 2003;9(2)Mora R et al, Int Tinnitus J. 2003;9(2)
SummarySummaryProbably EffectiveProbably Effective
LidocaineLidocaine BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines AntidepressantsAntidepressants Electrical StimulationElectrical Stimulation EnoxaparinEnoxaparin DexamethasoneDexamethasone
Mixed EffectsMixed Effects TRTTRT GentamicinGentamicin Muscle vibrationMuscle vibration
Likely Not EffectiveLikely Not Effective AcupunctureAcupuncture CarbamazepineCarbamazepine Ginkgo BilobaGinkgo Biloba GabapentinGabapentin Pulsed EM Pulsed EM HB O2HB O2 MeniettMeniett