tirusades to the Holy Land In 1095 the Byzantine emperor asked the pope for help in defending his empire from Muslim attacks. The pope agreed and called on European Catholics to join in a crusade against the Muslims. !! It was the first of eight crusades in which Europe sent huge armies to drive Muslims from the Holy Land, especially from Jerusalem. !! Thousands of Muslims, Jews, pagans, and Christians died in the brutal fighting. !! The crusades failed to win permanent Christian control over the Holy Land. But they had the accidental benefit of increasing trade and knowledge of other cultures. I':\. Disease, hunger, and war \III along the way killed as many Crusaders as battles with Muslims did. Three of the eight crusades are shown below. 62 ~ When the First Crusaders captured Jerusalem, \.:I they massacred 40,000 Muslims and Jews. Roman Catholic area Orthodox Christian area Muslim area _... Crusade ... Crusader victory ~ Muslim victory • Massacre of Jews Map shows boundaries of 1097.
Transcript
tirusades to the Holy LandIn 1095 the Byzantine emperor asked the pope for help indefending his empire from Muslim attacks. The pope agreedand called on European Catholics to join in a crusadeagainst the Muslims.
!! It was the first of eight crusades in which Europe senthuge armies to drive Muslims from the Holy Land,especially from Jerusalem.
!! Thousands of Muslims, Jews, pagans, and Christiansdied in the brutal fighting.
!! The crusades failed to win permanent Christian controlover the Holy Land. But they had the accidental benefit ofincreasing trade and knowledge of other cultures.
I':\.Disease, hunger, and war\III along the way killed as
many Crusaders as battleswith Muslims did. Three ofthe eight crusades areshown below.
62
~ When the First Crusaders captured Jerusalem,\.:I they massacred 40,000 Muslims and Jews.
Roman Catholic area
Orthodox Christian area
Muslim area
_... Crusade
... Crusader victory
~ Muslim victory
• Massacre of JewsMap shows boundaries of 1097.
Europe in the Middle Ages IUNIT 5
Crusades Timeline1147-11492nd Crusade
1202-12044th Crusade
1096-10991st Crusade
capturesJerusalem.
_ -'--_ Muslim Turks -=Musilm holy warthreaten Byzantine against Crusader
capital. states
~ Over a span of two centuries, Crusaders left for the\:;1 Holy Land eight times. Which crusade was the longest?
1:\ The First Crusaders divided the land\:I they captured in the Middle East
into four states. They also builtcastles to protect these states.
The Crusader States1099-1140
D Roman Catholic areaD Orthodox Christian areaD Muslim area-- Crusader States, 1140
u
1211-12215th Crusade
1228-1229 ~ 12706th Crusade 8th Crusade
1248-12547th Crusade
"_~o:"I":i2- _
Children'sCrusade fails toreach Holy Land.
Last Crusadercity falls.
Pilgrimage or crusade?Before the Crusades, journeys toholy sites-pilgrimages-were away for people to show their faith.A crusade was seen as an armedpilgrimage, a war for a religiouscause. For Christians, the word"crusade" came to mean a strugglefor an important cause.
1099-1140 FirstCrusade sets upfou r states.
SELJUK SULTANATE\JMediterranean Tyre
Sea
MediterraneanSea
Muslim Victories1146-1291
A After the eight crusades, who'-=' controlled the Middle East-Christians or Muslims? Comparethis map with map A.
D Roman Catholic areaD Orthodox Christian areao Muslim area~ Muslim victory
'\.1146-1191 Muslims conquerthe four Crusader States.
63
ijrade Routes and PlagueIncreased trade spread new goods acrossEurope. However, it also spread theworst disease in European history-thebubonic plague.
!!!Northern Europeans traded woolcloth. grain, wine, and silver for silk,perfume, and spices from Asia.
!!! Goods from Asia passed through theMediterranean, and so did thebubonic plague. Rats, fleas. andpeople spread the plague alongtrade routes.
!!! In five years the bubonic plague killed aquarter of the people in Europe.
in Asia and Africa.In what regionwere the largestEuropean cities?
European Trade1200-1360
Main Trade Routes
-- By land and river
-- By sea
~ City in Hanseatic League
• Other city
Map shows boundaries of 1360.250 500miles
~ As trade increased, Euro ean cities grew. To protect their trade routes, a~ number of northern cities for an alliance called the Hanseatic League.
250 500 kilometers
64
Spread ofBubonic Plague
1346-1352
- Trade route
Europe in the Middle Ages IUNIT 5
~ A shipment of grain from Asia brought plague-infected rats to Europe. To see how\:7 the plague spread, compare the trade routes north from Italy on map B with this map.
How did the plague change Europe?A disease asdeadly as the bubonic plague can alter asociety. After the plague years, survivinq Europeanpeasants demanded higher wages and lower taxes.Nobles had to accept their demands because so fewworkers were left.
t:\ Trade from the eastern Mediterranean made Venice\:I rich. But trade also added plague to its overcrowding
and poor sanitation, devastating the city.
aJc..oaJc,'+-oIIIc::.2
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500Year
~ Relatively peaceful times allowed Europe's population\:r to rise-until the plague struck. How many years did
it take for the population of Europe to recover?65
