Tissues Of The Body. 5 Stages of A Cell Cycle G1 - Primary growthG1 - Primary growth Possible G 0...

Tissues Of Tissues Of The BodyThe Body

5 Stages of A Cell 5 Stages of A Cell CycleCycle

• G1 - Primary G1 - Primary growthgrowth

• Possible GPossible G00 phase phase

• S - Replication S - Replication of genomeof genome

• G2 - Preparation G2 - Preparation for cell for cell reproduction.reproduction.

Cell CycleCell Cycle

Raven & JohnsonRaven & JohnsonPages 213 - 214Pages 213 - 214

5 Stages of A Cell 5 Stages of A Cell CycleCycle

• M - Separation M - Separation of two genomes.of two genomes.

• C - division of C - division of mother cell to mother cell to form two form two daughter cells.daughter cells.

• G Phases are G Phases are sometimes sometimes referred to as referred to as Gap phases.Gap phases.



Control of Cell Control of Cell CycleCycle

• Cell can be put Cell can be put on hold at on hold at certain certain checkpointscheckpoints

• Checkpoints are Checkpoints are for accuracy.for accuracy.

• G1/S (Start or G1/S (Start or Restriction site)Restriction site)– Irreversible Irreversible commitment to DNA commitment to DNA replication.replication.

– Genome must be Genome must be intact.intact.

– Nutrition must be Nutrition must be adequate.adequate.


Control of Cell Control of Cell CycleCycle

• G2/M CheckpointG2/M Checkpoint– Passage means Passage means

mitosis occurs.mitosis occurs.– DNA replication must DNA replication must

be successful.be successful.

• Spindle Spindle Checkpoint.Checkpoint.– All chromosomes must All chromosomes must

be attached to the be attached to the spindle apparatus.spindle apparatus.


MitosisMitosis

• Traditionally Traditionally divided into divided into four stages.four stages.

• Actually Actually continuous continuous process.process.

Cells in the Cells in the process of process of dividingdividing


ProphasProphasee

• Chromosomes Chromosomes continue to continue to condense.condense.

• Two pairs of Two pairs of centriolescentrioles move to move to opposite poles.opposite poles.

• Centrioles start Centrioles start producing mitotic producing mitotic spindle.spindle.

• Nuclear envelope Nuclear envelope breaks down.breaks down.

• Asters Asters form in form in animal cells.animal cells.

• Polar fibersPolar fibers Vs Vs kinetchore fiberskinetchore fibers..


MetaphaseMetaphase

• ChromatidsChromatids align align at metaphase at metaphase plate.plate.

• CentromeresCentromeres align align equidistance form equidistance form poles of cell.poles of cell.

• Homologous pairs Homologous pairs are not side by are not side by side.side.

• Centomeres split.Centomeres split.


AnaphaseAnaphase

• MicrotubulesMicrotubules move move sister chromatids sister chromatids to opposite poles to opposite poles of cell.of cell.

• Microtubules are Microtubules are composed of composed of tubulin.tubulin.

• Spindle apparatus Spindle apparatus elongates.elongates.

• Centromeres move to Centromeres move to poles of cell.poles of cell.

• Kinetichore fibers Kinetichore fibers are shortened.are shortened.


TelophaseTelophase

• Reformation of the Reformation of the nuclei in each nuclei in each daughter cell.daughter cell.

• Spindle apparatus Spindle apparatus disassembled.disassembled.

• Tubulin used for Tubulin used for cytoskeleton.cytoskeleton.

• Chromosomes uncoil.Chromosomes uncoil.• Nucleoli reappear.Nucleoli reappear.


CytokinesiCytokinesiss

• Binary fission Binary fission occurs to mother occurs to mother cell.cell.

• Each new Each new daughter cell daughter cell now enters Gnow enters G11..

• Animal cells Animal cells create a create a cleavage furrow.cleavage furrow.

• Plant cells Plant cells create a create a division plate.division plate.


Abnormal Cell Abnormal Cell Division: Division: CancerCancer

• Cells Cells replicating replicating without without control is a control is a tumor.tumor.

• Malignant Malignant refers to refers to cancerous.cancerous.

• Benign refers Benign refers to harmless.to harmless.

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Pages 55-57Pages 55-57

Malignant tumor of the Malignant tumor of the brain.brain.


• Benign tumors Benign tumors do not do not spread.spread.

• Malignant Malignant tumors are tumors are capable of capable of spreading.spreading.

Benign tumor Benign tumor of the of the phalangesphalanges

Malignant Malignant tumor of the tumor of the femurfemur

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• Primary Primary tumors start tumors start first.first.

• Metastasis.Metastasis.• Results in Results in secondary secondary tumors.tumors.

Malignant melanomaMalignant melanoma

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Types of CancerTypes of Cancer

• Recognized by Recognized by their their microscopic microscopic structure.structure.

Cells of lung Cells of lung cancercancer

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Types of CancerTypes of Cancer

• CarcinomaCarcinoma– Epithelial cells.Epithelial cells.

• SarcomaSarcoma– Connective tissueConnective tissue

• Osteogenic Osteogenic sarcomasarcoma– BoneBone

• MyelomasMyelomas– BloodBlood

Stages of Stages of mitosismitosis

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Causes of Causes of CancerCancer

• CarcinogensCarcinogens– ChemicalsChemicals– RadiationRadiation– UV lightUV light

• VirusesViruses• GenesGenes

– OncogenesOncogenes

Ozone layer hole over Ozone layer hole over AnarticaAnartica

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TissuesTissues

• Cells of the same Cells of the same type grouped type grouped together performing together performing the same function.the same function.

• Cell’s structure is Cell’s structure is adaptation to adaptation to tissue function.tissue function.

• Study of tissues is Study of tissues is referred to as referred to as Histology.Histology.

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Connective tissue: elastic Connective tissue: elastic cartilagecartilage

Tissue Tissue TypesTypes

• Four categories of Four categories of tissues:tissues:

• EpithelialEpithelial– Covers body Covers body structures.structures.

– Lines cavitiesLines cavities

• ConnectiveConnective– Protects other Protects other tissuestissues

– Supports other Supports other tissuestissues

– Binds other tissuesBinds other tissues– Stores energyStores energy

• Muscular Muscular (future unit)(future unit)

• Nervous Nervous (future unit)(future unit)

Ciliated columnar epithelium Ciliated columnar epithelium and basement membraneand basement membrane

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Epithelial Epithelial TissueTissue

• Two types of epitheliumTwo types of epithelium• CoveringCovering• GlandularGlandular• Cells connected or Cells connected or

joined at cell joined at cell junctions.junctions.

• Nerves extend through Nerves extend through epithelial tissue.epithelial tissue.

• Epithelial tissue is Epithelial tissue is avascular.avascular.

• Epithelium is always Epithelium is always attached to basement attached to basement membrane.membrane. Basement membraneBasement membrane

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Epithelial Epithelial Tissue Based on Tissue Based on

ShapeShape

• SquamousSquamous– Thin scale-like shape.Thin scale-like shape.– Protection if layered.Protection if layered.– Specialized in osmosis Specialized in osmosis - diffusion if single - diffusion if single layer.layer.

• Simple - single layer.Simple - single layer.• Stratified - multiple Stratified - multiple

layerslayers• Pseudostratified - Pseudostratified -

single layer but appears single layer but appears layered.layered.

Simple squamous Simple squamous epitheliumepithelium

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ShapeShape

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ShapeShape

• Cuboidal Cuboidal EpitheliumEpithelium– Cube shaped.Cube shaped.– Function in Function in secretion and secretion and absorption.absorption.

– Simple or Simple or stratified.stratified.

Simple cuboidal Simple cuboidal epitheliumepithelium

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ShapeShape

• Columnar Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium– Tall and cylindrical Tall and cylindrical in shape.in shape.

– Specialize in Specialize in protection.protection.

– Function in absorption Function in absorption and secretion.and secretion.

– May have ciliated May have ciliated surface.surface.

– Surface may have Surface may have microvilli.microvilli.

– Simple or stratified.Simple or stratified.Simple columnar Simple columnar

epitheliumepithelium

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ShapeShape

• Transitional Transitional EpitheliumEpithelium– Shape and size vary.Shape and size vary.– Size changes as Size changes as structures change structures change shape.shape.

Transitional epitheliumTransitional epithelium

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Connective Connective TissueTissue

• CharacteristicsCharacteristics– Highly vascularHighly vascular

• Except for cartilageExcept for cartilage

– Cells are widely Cells are widely spacedspaced

– Cells are Cells are positioned in positioned in matrixmatrix

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Pages 71-Pages 71-7979

Embryonic Embryonic Connective Connective

TissueTissue• Embryonic refers Embryonic refers to first two to first two months of months of pregnancy.pregnancy.– MesenchymeMesenchyme– Gives rise to all Gives rise to all other tissuesother tissues

Embryonic connective Embryonic connective tissuetissue

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Adult Connective Adult Connective TissueTissue

• Present at birth Present at birth and does not and does not change through out change through out life.life.

• Adipose tissueAdipose tissue– Subcutaneous tissue Subcutaneous tissue below skin.below skin.

– Around heart, Around heart, kidneys, etc.kidneys, etc.

– In marrow of long In marrow of long bonesbones

– Stores energy.Stores energy.– Conserves heat.Conserves heat. Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue

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• Cartilage Cartilage – No blood vessels or No blood vessels or nerves.nerves.

– Chondrocytes are Chondrocytes are cartilage cells.cartilage cells.

– Chondrocytes occur Chondrocytes occur in lucunae.in lucunae.

• Hyaline cartilageHyaline cartilage– GristleGristle– Articular cartilageArticular cartilage– Costal cartilageCostal cartilage– Embryonic skeletonEmbryonic skeleton Hyaline cartilageHyaline cartilage

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• Elastic cartilageElastic cartilage– Provides strengthProvides strength– Maintains shapeMaintains shape– Found in:Found in:

• EarEar• EpigottisEpigottis• Voice boxVoice box

Elastic cartilageElastic cartilage

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• White fibrous White fibrous connective tissueconnective tissue– DenseDense– Contains Contains collagenous fibers.collagenous fibers.

– Contains Contains fibroblastsfibroblasts

– TendonsTendons– Ligaments Ligaments

White Fibrous TissueWhite Fibrous Tissue

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Membranes of the Membranes of the Human BodyHuman Body

• Mucous membranesMucous membranes– Lines body cavities Lines body cavities that open directly that open directly to the environment.to the environment.

– Secretes mucus.Secretes mucus.– Many times with Many times with cilia.cilia.

– Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal tract.tract.

– Respiratory tract.Respiratory tract.– Excretory tract.Excretory tract.– Reproductive tract.Reproductive tract.

Respiratory tract Respiratory tract lininglining

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• Serous membranesSerous membranes• Lines cavities that Lines cavities that

do not open to the do not open to the environment.environment.

• Made of two parts:Made of two parts:– One attaches to One attaches to

cavity wall.cavity wall.– One covers the organ.One covers the organ.

• Pleura - surrounds Pleura - surrounds lungslungs

• Pericardium - Pericardium - surrounds heartsurrounds heart

• Peritoneum - covers Peritoneum - covers abdominal organs. abdominal organs.

Pericardium surrounding Pericardium surrounding the heartthe heart

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• Cutaneous Cutaneous membranesmembranes

• Integumentary Integumentary system - skin.system - skin.

White Fibrous TissueWhite Fibrous Tissue

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• Synovial Synovial membranesmembranes– Lines cavities of Lines cavities of joints.joints.

– Secretes synovial Secretes synovial fluid.fluid.

– Serves to Serves to lubricate the lubricate the joints o the body.joints o the body.

– Nourishes the Nourishes the articular articular cartilage.cartilage.

Synovial membraneSynovial membrane

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Lab Lab ReviewReview

Types of Types of Cell Cell

DivisionDivision

• Somatic cell Somatic cell division.division.

• 1 parent cell 1 parent cell divides into divides into 2 daughter 2 daughter cellscells

• Uses mitosis Uses mitosis and and cytokinesiscytokinesis

Thursday 10/10Thursday 10/10

MitosiMitosiss

Types of Types of Cell Cell

DivisionDivision

• Reproductive Reproductive cell cell division.division.

• Uses meiosis.Uses meiosis.• Produces Produces sperm and sperm and egg.egg.

• Occurs only Occurs only in testes and in testes and ovaries.ovaries.


MeiosiMeiosiss


• Cell Cycle Cell Cycle consists of 4 consists of 4 stagesstages– G1G1– SS– G2G2– Mitosis - Mitosis - CytokinesisCytokinesis


Cell Cell CycleCycle

MitosisMitosis

• Consists of 4 Consists of 4 stages:stages:– ProphaseProphase– MetaphaseMetaphase– AnaphaseAnaphase– TelophaseTelophase



Stages of Stages of MitosisMitosis

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• Prophase:Prophase:– Chromosomes Chromosomes condense & nuclear condense & nuclear envelope envelope breaksdown.breaksdown.

– Chromosomes are now Chromosomes are now paired chromatids.paired chromatids.

– Chromatids Chromatids connected by connected by centromere.centromere.

– Centrioles move to Centrioles move to opposite poles.opposite poles.

– Spindle fibers push Spindle fibers push chromatids to chromatids to center of cell.center of cell.


• Metaphase:Metaphase:– Centromeres of Centromeres of chromatids chromatids align on the align on the metaphase metaphase plate.plate.

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• Anaphase:Anaphase:– Centromeres of Centromeres of each chromatid each chromatid pair split & pair split & separate.separate.

– Sister Sister chromatids move chromatids move to opposite to opposite poles of cell.poles of cell.

– Sister Sister chromatids are chromatids are now called now called sister sister chromosomes.chromosomes.

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• Telophase:Telophase:– Chromosomes Chromosomes untwist.untwist.

– Nuclear envelop Nuclear envelop re-appears.re-appears.

– Microtubules Microtubules breakdown.breakdown.

– Identical sets Identical sets of chromosomes of chromosomes are now in each are now in each pole.pole.

– Cytokinesis Cytokinesis occurs.occurs.

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Lab Test Practice

1. What stage is the cell in to the right?

2. What stage?

3. Name the dark black structures.

4. Name the structures at the end of the pointer.

5. What stage?

6. What stage?

7- Name tissue type.

8- Name specific tissue.

9- Tissue type?

10- Specific tissue name?

11- Name structures at end of pointer.

12- Name structure pointed to by arrow.

13- Simple or stratified?.


15- Tissue type?

16- Specific tissue name?

17- Tissue type?


19- Tissue type?

20- Name an example.

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Tissues Of The Body. 5 Stages of A Cell Cycle G1 - Primary growthG1 - Primary growth Possible G 0...

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