Exam 3 ReviewSupplemental InstructionIowa State University

Leader: Caleb I. Course: BIOL 212

Instructor: Dr. KukdayDate: 10/22/2017

1. Plasmids are naturally found in what type of organism?

a. Plants

b. Animals

c. Viruses

d. Bacteria

2. Which of the following does not make plasmids useful for gene cloning?

a. They are self-replicating.

b. They are essential for cell survival.

c. They can integrate into the bacterial genome.

d. They contain antibiotic resistance genes.

3. A bacteria cell was found that did not have any restriction enzymes. What is a likely

consequence of this absence?

a. The bacteria will be unable to replicate its DNA.

b. The bacteria will be unable to synthesize proteins.

c. The bacteria will be susceptible to viral infection.

d. The bacteria will undergo apoptosis.

4. Which of the following does not make restriction enzymes useful for gene cloning?

a. They are able to “cut” DNA at specific sequences.

b. They create sticky ends, which are useful for recombination.

c. After cutting DNA, they serve as a catalyst for replication.

d. All of the above make restriction enzymes useful.

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5. A group of scientists attempted to clone a gene using bacteria cells. However, the group

forgot to add DNA ligase. What is the most likely direct effect of this omission?

a. The bacteria will be unable to take up the recombinant vector.

b. The recombinant vector will not be able to fully form.

c. The transformants will not have antibiotic resistance.

d. The restriction enzymes will not be able to cut the DNA.

6. Overall, the main purpose of PCR is what?

a. DNA purification

b. DNA amplification

c. DNA identification

d. DNA modification

7. Which of the following is not a component of a typical PCR sequence?

a. 2 different primers

b. Taq DNA Polymerase

c. dNTPs

d. All of the following are components of a PCR sequence.

8. What is the correct order of a PCR sequence?

a. Denaturation, annealing, extension

b. Initiation, elongation, termination

c. Promotion, extension, termination

d. Initiation, denaturation, extension

9. Scientists running a PCR cycle accidentally set their thermocycler to only cool down to

75C for the second phase instead of the normal 45-70C. What is a possible

consequence?

a. The DNA will not fully separate into two single strands.

b. The primers may not be able to fully anneal to the DNA.

c. The polymerase will be unable to add nucleotides.

d. The DNA will take on more secondary structures (ie. Hairpins and loops)

10. Which of the following is true regarding gel electrophoresis?

a. Smaller strands of DNA will migrate the farthest.

b. The strands of DNA run from the positive end to the negative end.

c. Electrophoresis separates molecules based entirely on their charge.

d. Electrophoresis can only be used to separate DNA.

11. One liver cell communicating with another liver cell is _______ communication, while a

liver cell communicating with a kidney cell is ________ communication.

a. Intracellular; intracellular

b. Intercellular; intercellular

c. Intracellular; intercellular

d. Intercellular; intracellular

12. What is one reason cell surface receptors are necessary?

a. Being received at the surface allows for much greater amplification of the signal.

b. Some signaling molecules are too small to enter cells.

c. Signaling molecules exist at such high concentrations that if all of them were

received inside the cell, the cells would lyse.

d. Some signaling molecules are hydrophilic and cannot enter cells.

13. Which of the following is not a type of cell surface receptor?

a. G-Protein coupled

b. ATP driven

c. Enzyme linked

d. Ligand gated

14.

The picture above shows a protein kinase (phosphorylation) cascade. This is indicative of

which type of cell surface receptor?

a. G-Protein coupled

b. ATP driven

c. Enzyme linked

d. Ligand gated

15. cAMP activates other signal transduction components. cAMP is an example of what?

a. Second Messenger

b. Enzyme

c. G-Protein

d. Hormone

16.

The picture above shows estrogen reception. Which of the following is false?

a. Estrogen binds to receptors inside the nucleus.

b. Estrogen is unable to cross the membrane on its own.

c. Estrogen binding activates target genes in the nucleus.

d. Estrogen receptors activate by forming a dimer.

17.

What process is illustrated in the figure above?

a. Cell division

b. Execution

c. Apoptosis

d. Fragmentation

18. Referring to the same process as above, what would most likely happen if the death

receptor was able to bind any signaling molecule instead of just the target ligand to

form the death domain?

a. The cell would be unable to undergo the rest of the pathway.

b. The cell would proceed through the rest of the pathway.

c. The signaling molecule would not start the pathway, but it could dissociate,

which would allow the target ligand to later bind and start the pathway.

d. The cell would undergo uncontrollable growth (a tumor would form).

19. Which of the following is true regarding hormones?

a. Hormones are present in both plants and animals.

b. Hormones are always present in high concentrations.

c. Hormones are “cell-independent” – that is, they do not require a cell have any

specific receptor.

d. Each type of species typically will only have one or two different hormones.

20. Which of the followings is not correct regarding organization in organisms?

a. Tissues are a group of cells.

b. Organs are a group of tissues.

c. (Organ) systems are a group of organs.

d. All of the above are correct.

21. Which of the following tissue types is mismatched to its function / description?

a. Epithelial – Tissue such as bone that provides support to the body

b. Connective – Tissue such as cartilage that connects tissues together

c. Nervous – Receives, generates, and conducts electrical signals

d. Muscles – Generate force to create movement

22. A certain stem cell is only able to form different types of blood cells. What type of stem

cell is this?

a. Totipotent

b. Pluripotent

c. Multipotent

d. Unipotent

23. What causes cells to be different from each other?

a. Each cell possesses a unique copy of DNA.

b. Although each cell starts with the same copy of DNA, the cell discards the

portions it does not use.

c. Each cell contains the whole genome, but only expresses certain genes.

d. It is currently unknown how cells differentiate.

24. Which of the following is not a good model organism?

a. C. elegans (worm)

b. Drosophilia (fruit fly)

c. Humans

d. Arabidopsis (thale cress plant)

25. Regarding the bicoid protein, which of the following is correct?

a. An oocyte with a high concentration at both ends will fail to develop a head.

b. An oocyte with a low concentration at both ends will develop two heads.

c. Typically, an oocyte has a concentration that is even throughout.

d. Typically, one side (the head region) will have a high concentration, while the

other side (posterior region) will have a low concentration.

26. A Drosophilia with an antenna growing out of its abdomen segments most likely has a

mutation in its ________ genes.

a. Pair-rule

b. Segment-identity

c. Gap

d. Morphogen

27. Smoking is most directly linked to cancer formation by causing what?

a. Mutation in DNA

b. Destruction of lipid bylayer

c. Inhibition of DNA replication

d. Activation of apoptosis

28. A nucleotide deletion is most likely to cause which type of mutation?

a. Silent

b. Missense

c. Nonsense

d. Frameshift

29. Which of the following is true regarding oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

a. Tumor suppressor genes are a specific type of oncogene.

b. Tumor suppressor genes are less likely to be inactivated in cancer.

c. Oncogenes promote cell division.

d. Oncogenes produce tumor suppressor genes.

30. Which of the following is true regarding p53?

a. It is an oncogene.

b. Activation of this gene is highly correlated to cancer formation.

c. P53 serves to prevent apoptosis.

d. P53 serves as a G1 checkpoint protein.

31. What do studies on mice that are missing the p53 gene find?

a. Mice missing the p53 gene are generally born healthy.

b. Mice missing the p53 are unable to be born as it is necessary for survival.

c. Mice missing the p53 gene are less susceptible to cancer.

d. Mice missing the p53 tend to live longer than regular mice.

32. What is it called if a cancer enters the bloodstream or spreads to other parts of the

body?

a. Benign

b. Malignant

c. Metastasis

d. Carcinoma

33. Which of the following is true regarding cancer?

a. Cancer requires one specific mutation to occur.

b. Cancer stems from the accumulation of multiple mutations in one cell.

c. Cancer starts when cells unexpectedly undergo apoptosis.

d. Cancer can be spread through direct contact, similar to the flu.

Dr. Kukday’s “Can You” Questions: Regulating Gene Expression:

1.) Can you recognize components of the basic structure of chromatin? 2.) Can you illustrate how chromatin is altered to regulate gene expression? 3.) Can you identify the proteins involved in the regulation of transcription initiation and

their function? 4.) Can you describe the steps involved in starting transcription? 5.) Can you predict the consequences of presence or absence of these proteins (Ex. As a

result of mutations within their genes)? 6.) Can you identify regulatory nucleotide sequences important for controlling

transcription? Biotechnology:

1.) Can you identify features of plasmids that are useful for gene cloning?2.) Can you describe how restriction enzymes work? 3.) Can you illustrate how selectable markers and antibiotic resistance genes are used to

determine the success of the gene cloning process? 4.) Can you identify the best strategy to use when cloning a gene of interest into a vector

based on information about restriction enzymes, restriction sites and plasmid components?

5.) Can you explain the purpose of PCR and gel electrophoresis?

6.) Can you illustrate how PCR can result in the amplification of genes?7.) Can you identify individuals by comparing STR patterns from their DNA?8.) Can you describe how transgenic animals are generated such that the gene of interest is

only expressed in a specific cell type (e.g. mammary cells)?Disease:

1.) Can you distinguish between different types of gene mutations? 2.) Can you explain the effect of benzopyrene on DNA?3.) Can you distinguish between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes? 4.) Can you demonstrate how a mutation in the TP53 gene affects protein function? 5.) Can you explain how cell cycle checkpoints are regulated? 6.) Can you identify mechanisms that lead to lung cancer?

Cell Signaling: 1.) Can you connect the 4 steps in cell signaling to each of the examples provided? For

example, what part of the apoptosis pathway can be considered signal processing? 2.) Can you identify the types of receptors (cell surface and intracellular) that a cell uses to

receive signals from their environment? 3.) Can you describe the role of cAMP in signal transduction? Are there examples of other

molecules that perform a similar role? 4.) Can you illustrate key steps in the signaling pathway for EGF and epinephrine? How is

the signal transmitted in both cases? What is the final response for each pathway? What are the differences between the two pathways?

Animal Development:1.) Can you identify processes that are important during mammalian development? 2.) Can you describe the role that morphogens play during development? What are these

molecules? How do they contribute to development? 3.) Can you identify roles of gap, pair rule, and segment identity genes? Given a defect in

the embryo, be able to identify which genes are mutated. 4.) Can you explain the mechanism underlying differential gene expression? 5.) Can you identify properties of stem cells? What makes them different from somatic

cells? 6.) Can you distinguish between different types of stem cells based on potency?