TITLE OF THE PAPER:TITLE OF THE PAPER:
Research Methodology Research Methodology
ByByPROF.CMA.CS. V.N. PARTHIBAN PROF.CMA.CS. V.N. PARTHIBAN FICWA, ACS, FIII, ML, LLM, ADIM, FICWA, ACS, FIII, ML, LLM, ADIM, MFM, MHRM, MIM, MBA,MPHIL, MFM, MHRM, MIM, MBA,MPHIL,
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
ByBy
PROF CMA CS V.N.PARTHIBAN, FICWA, PROF CMA CS V.N.PARTHIBAN, FICWA, ACS,FIII,MBA,LLM,ASM,ADIM,MPHIL, ACS,FIII,MBA,LLM,ASM,ADIM,MPHIL,
ETC.,ETC.,
RESEARCH: MEANSRESEARCH: MEANS For a common human being ‘research’ For a common human being ‘research’
means means a detailed study of a subject a detailed study of a subject especially in order to discover (new) especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a new findingsinformation or reach a new findings. .
‘‘Research is a careful inquiry or Research is a careful inquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles, examination in seeking facts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain a diligent investigation to ascertain something’.something’.
(Clifford Woody)(Clifford Woody)
Objectives of ResearchObjectives of Research To find out truth that is hidden.To find out truth that is hidden. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or
to archive new insists into the study.to archive new insists into the study. To understand/investigates the To understand/investigates the
characteristics of a particular characteristics of a particular Individual/groups situation(s).Individual/groups situation(s).
To formulate and test hypothesis that To formulate and test hypothesis that narrates casual relationships between narrates casual relationships between variables.variables.
To gate decision making through To gate decision making through problem solving.problem solving.
What is Good/Scientific Research?What is Good/Scientific Research? Purpose clearly definedPurpose clearly defined Research process detailedResearch process detailed Research design thoroughly plannedResearch design thoroughly planned Limitations frankly revealedLimitations frankly revealed High ethical standards appliedHigh ethical standards applied Adequate analysis for decision-maker’s Adequate analysis for decision-maker’s
needsneeds Findings presented unambiguouslyFindings presented unambiguously Conclusions justifiedConclusions justified Researcher’s experience reflectedResearcher’s experience reflected
Purpose of ResearchPurpose of Research
To increase knowledge within a discipline To increase knowledge within a discipline or an area of study.or an area of study.
To increase knowledge as a consumer of To increase knowledge as a consumer of research and to understand research research and to understand research within a discipline or area of study.within a discipline or area of study.
Types of ResearchTypes of Research
Types of ResearchTypes of Research1. Exploratory Research 1. Exploratory Research Survey of Literature Survey of Literature Experience Survey Experience Survey Study of Case Study of Case
2. Conclusive Research 2. Conclusive Research Descriptive Research Descriptive Research Experimental Research Experimental Research
3 3
. Modelling Research. Modelling Research Symbolic Model Symbolic Model Mathematical Model Mathematical Model
4. Applied Research4. Applied Research
5. Fundamental Research5. Fundamental Research
Types of dataTypes of data
Generally there are two types of data are Generally there are two types of data are available. They areavailable. They are
Secondary data andSecondary data and Primary data Primary data
Secondary dataSecondary data
The secondary data is also known as published The secondary data is also known as published data. data.
Data which are not originally collected but rather Data which are not originally collected but rather obtained from published sources and statistically obtained from published sources and statistically processed are known as secondary data.processed are known as secondary data.
For example: Data published by Reserve Bank of For example: Data published by Reserve Bank of India, Ministry of Economic affairs, Ministry of India, Ministry of Economic affairs, Ministry of Agriculture etc along with international bodies such Agriculture etc along with international bodies such as World Bank, Asian Development Bank, as World Bank, Asian Development Bank, International Labour Organisation, UNICEF, etc.International Labour Organisation, UNICEF, etc.
Merits of secondary data:Merits of secondary data: Collection charge is less costly as data is Collection charge is less costly as data is
already available.already available. It is faster to collect and process as compared It is faster to collect and process as compared
to primary data.to primary data. It provides valuable insists and contextual It provides valuable insists and contextual
familiarity with the subject matter.familiarity with the subject matter. It provides a base on which further It provides a base on which further
information can be collected to update the information can be collected to update the data and finally use the data for the purpose data and finally use the data for the purpose of research.of research.
Demerits of secondary data:Demerits of secondary data:
Locating appropriate source and finally getting Locating appropriate source and finally getting access to the data could be time consuming.access to the data could be time consuming.
The data available might be too vast and a lot The data available might be too vast and a lot of time may be spend going through it.of time may be spend going through it.
It is originally collected for some purposes It is originally collected for some purposes which is specific and not known to the present which is specific and not known to the present researcher. researcher.
Primary Data:Primary Data:
These data are collected first time as These data are collected first time as original data. These data are called raw original data. These data are called raw data. data.
For example, data obtained in a For example, data obtained in a population census by the Registrar population census by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs is primary data.Ministry of Home Affairs is primary data.
Merits of primary data:Merits of primary data:
Primary data is more accurate and gives Primary data is more accurate and gives detailed information according to the detailed information according to the requirementrequirement
The explanation of terms, definition, and The explanation of terms, definition, and concepts are incorporated in primary dataconcepts are incorporated in primary data
Methods of collection, its limitations and Methods of collection, its limitations and other allied aspects are highlightedother allied aspects are highlighted
It is more reliable and less prone to errorsIt is more reliable and less prone to errors
Demerits of primary data:Demerits of primary data:
It is expensive to collect primary data.It is expensive to collect primary data. It is time consuming method of data collectionIt is time consuming method of data collection It requires experts/trained personnel to It requires experts/trained personnel to
collect the primary data. Otherwise it may collect the primary data. Otherwise it may lead to wrong observations/unreliable data lead to wrong observations/unreliable data collection.collection.
Questionnaire MethodQuestionnaire Method
A questionnaire is a tool or device for securing A questionnaire is a tool or device for securing answers to the set of questions by the answers to the set of questions by the respondents who fills in the form of questionnaire respondents who fills in the form of questionnaire himself. himself.
It is systematic compilation of questions that are It is systematic compilation of questions that are submitted to a sample of population from which submitted to a sample of population from which information is desired. information is desired.
The questions in a questionnaire are generally The questions in a questionnaire are generally arranged in a sequence depending on the nature arranged in a sequence depending on the nature of study and are capable of replyof study and are capable of reply
Procedure of Formulating a Procedure of Formulating a QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
At most care should be taken to the At most care should be taken to the researcher before formulating a researcher before formulating a questionnaire. questionnaire.
This is because a questionnaire is formulated This is because a questionnaire is formulated before having any adequate information before having any adequate information about the respondents’ characteristics. about the respondents’ characteristics.
Again this is the only method that allows Again this is the only method that allows coverage of wider samples in a study.coverage of wider samples in a study.
Fixing the nature of information requiredFixing the nature of information required Evaluating the nature/type of questionnaire to Evaluating the nature/type of questionnaire to
useuse Deciding on the contents/matters that will be Deciding on the contents/matters that will be
included as questionsincluded as questions Narrating on the type of the questions to be Narrating on the type of the questions to be
usedused Deciding on the wording of the questionsDeciding on the wording of the questions Arranging the questions as per sequenceArranging the questions as per sequence Finalizing the questions after revisions, if any.Finalizing the questions after revisions, if any.
Deciding on type of questionnaire to useDeciding on type of questionnaire to use
Among many, following four types of Among many, following four types of questionnaires are generally used by the questionnaires are generally used by the researchers’ world over for their research. researchers’ world over for their research. They are:They are:
Structured direct questionnaireStructured direct questionnaire Structured indirect questionnaireStructured indirect questionnaire Unstructured direct questionnaireUnstructured direct questionnaire Unstructured indirect questionnaireUnstructured indirect questionnaire
Structured Direct Questionnaire:Structured Direct Questionnaire:
Here the questions are Here the questions are directdirect. . This type of questionnaire is generally used when This type of questionnaire is generally used when
some personality characteristic is attached. Here some personality characteristic is attached. Here the objective of study at first made clear to the the objective of study at first made clear to the respondent. respondent.
For instance: If the respondent is asked whether For instance: If the respondent is asked whether he/she bought brand M on his/her last shopping he/she bought brand M on his/her last shopping trip and here the research analyst is interested only trip and here the research analyst is interested only in whether the purchase was made. Here the in whether the purchase was made. Here the purpose of study is to know ‘How old were you purpose of study is to know ‘How old were you when you first purchased Brand-M’? Rather than when you first purchased Brand-M’? Rather than asking ‘Have you ever purchased Brand-Masking ‘Have you ever purchased Brand-M’.’.
Unstructured Direct QuestionnaireUnstructured Direct Questionnaire
Here the researcher frames general questions Here the researcher frames general questions based on the purpose of research. Here the based on the purpose of research. Here the researcher has the researcher has the freedom of arrangingfreedom of arranging the the questions in questions in any order inany order in the questionnaire. the questionnaire.
Even the wordings of the questions are Even the wordings of the questions are changed to changed to suit it with the vocabulary used by suit it with the vocabulary used by the respondentsthe respondents. Depending upon the skill . Depending upon the skill and expertise the researcher handles the and expertise the researcher handles the situation and collects the information that is situation and collects the information that is desired. desired.
Unstructured Indirect Unstructured Indirect QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
In this case In this case no formal methodno formal method is followed to is followed to get the answers. get the answers.
The patterns of the questions are The patterns of the questions are also not also not direct. direct.
In this case of questionnaire collection In this case of questionnaire collection complete freedomcomplete freedom is allowed to the is allowed to the researcher to put any of the questions to any researcher to put any of the questions to any order. order.
Types of QuestionsTypes of Questions
The classifier or background questionsThe classifier or background questions Open-end questionsOpen-end questions Multiple Choice questions (close Multiple Choice questions (close
ended questions) andended questions) and Dichotomous questionsDichotomous questions
1. The Classifier or Background Questions1. The Classifier or Background Questions These types of questions are used to obtain These types of questions are used to obtain
demographic characteristics of the demographic characteristics of the respondents who are sampled for the study, respondents who are sampled for the study, such as age, sex, address, mail address and so such as age, sex, address, mail address and so forth. forth.
2. Open-end Questions:2. Open-end Questions: Here the researcher includes a question in the Here the researcher includes a question in the
questionnaire and asks the opinion of the questionnaire and asks the opinion of the respondents without giving any clue or respondents without giving any clue or alternatives of the answer. alternatives of the answer.
3. Multiple Choice Questions3. Multiple Choice QuestionsThese type of questions are generally asked These type of questions are generally asked
now-a-days in most of the research works. now-a-days in most of the research works. Basically these questions are used to determine Basically these questions are used to determine
feelings or opinions on certain issues by feelings or opinions on certain issues by allowing the respondents to choose an answer allowing the respondents to choose an answer from a list that is provided. from a list that is provided.
4. Dichotomous Questions:4. Dichotomous Questions:These are extreme form of multiple questions. These are extreme form of multiple questions.
Here the idea of the researcher is to offer ‘yes’ Here the idea of the researcher is to offer ‘yes’ or ‘no’. or ‘no’.
Schedule MethodSchedule Method
The name schedule is usually applied to a The name schedule is usually applied to a performa containing a set of questions which performa containing a set of questions which are asked and filled by an interviewer in a face are asked and filled by an interviewer in a face to face situation with a respondent. to face situation with a respondent.
Types of SchedulesTypes of Schedules Observation Schedule:Observation Schedule: Those schedules that are Those schedules that are
used in observation research is called as used in observation research is called as observation schedule. In these schedules observation schedule. In these schedules observer records the activities and responses of observer records the activities and responses of a worker or a group under specific conditions. a worker or a group under specific conditions.
Rating Schedules:Rating Schedules: In the field of business In the field of business guidance, psychological research, and social guidance, psychological research, and social research, the rating schedules are used to research, the rating schedules are used to assess the attributes, opinions, preferences and assess the attributes, opinions, preferences and other qualitative elements.other qualitative elements.
Types of SchedulesTypes of Schedules Document Schedule: Document Schedule: The schedules of this The schedules of this
type are used to obtain data regarding written type are used to obtain data regarding written evidence and case histories from evidence and case histories from autobiography, diary, case histories of the autobiography, diary, case histories of the companies or Government records, etc. companies or Government records, etc.
Interview Schedule:Interview Schedule: In an interview schedule In an interview schedule an interviewer presents the questions of the an interviewer presents the questions of the schedule to interviewee and records their schedule to interviewee and records their responses.responses.
Scaling Measurement Scaling Measurement
Nominal Scale
OrdinalScale
RatioScale
Interval Scale
Types of Measurement
Scaling
Nominal Scale:Nominal Scale: Sometimes, however, the assignment of Sometimes, however, the assignment of
numbers to concepts for studying in research numbers to concepts for studying in research is rather crude. is rather crude.
A Nominal measurement scale is used for A Nominal measurement scale is used for variables in which each participant or variables in which each participant or observation in the study must be placed into observation in the study must be placed into one mutually exclusive and exhaustive one mutually exclusive and exhaustive category. category.
OrdinalOrdinal Scale:Scale: An ordinal scale is next important An ordinal scale is next important
measurement type in the list of measurement. measurement type in the list of measurement. The simplest ordinal scale is a ranking. The simplest ordinal scale is a ranking. An ordinal scale only interprets gross order An ordinal scale only interprets gross order
and not the relative positional distances. and not the relative positional distances. Measurements with ordinal scales are ordered Measurements with ordinal scales are ordered
in the sense that higher numbers represent in the sense that higher numbers represent higher values. higher values.
Interval Scale:Interval Scale:
The next scale of measurement is the interval The next scale of measurement is the interval scale which provides the researchers more scale which provides the researchers more quantitative information. quantitative information.
When a variable is measured on an interval When a variable is measured on an interval scale, the distance between numbers or units scale, the distance between numbers or units on the scale is equal over all levels of the on the scale is equal over all levels of the scale. scale.
One unit on the scale represents the same One unit on the scale represents the same magnitude on the trait or characteristic being magnitude on the trait or characteristic being measured across the whole range of the scale. measured across the whole range of the scale.
Likert’s Scale Likert’s Scale The most common and easily used intensity (or The most common and easily used intensity (or
scaled) question involves the use of the Likert-scaled) question involves the use of the Likert-type answer scale. type answer scale.
The summated rating scale is associated with The summated rating scale is associated with the name of Rensis Likert (1932). the name of Rensis Likert (1932).
It allows the respondent to choose one of the It allows the respondent to choose one of the several (usually five) degrees of feeling about a several (usually five) degrees of feeling about a statement from strong approval to strong statement from strong approval to strong disapprovaldisapproval. .
RatioRatio Scale:Scale:A ratio scale is the top level of A ratio scale is the top level of
measurement and is often available measurement and is often available in social and behavioural research in social and behavioural research studies. studies.
The greatest draw back of the The greatest draw back of the interval scale is that, there is no interval scale is that, there is no absolute zero point on it. absolute zero point on it.
The classification of variables The classification of variables according to their measurement according to their measurement
scales is useful to assist the scales is useful to assist the researchers in choosing an analytic researchers in choosing an analytic
procedure. procedure.
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