Practice Exam 4Supplemental InstructionIowa State University

Leader: Caleb I.Course: Bio 212

Instructor: KukdayDate: 4/9/17

1. What has been the general trend in obesity rates in the United States?

a. The obesity rate has been steadily increasing for many years.

b. The obesity rate increased steadily for many years, but over the past ten years, it

has begun to decrease.

c. In most north and western states, the rate has increased steadily for many years,

but in southeastern states, the rate has has decreased steadily for many years.

d. There has not been one trend; rather, there has been random fluctuations.

2. What were the findings on the effect of time-restriction on feeding in mice?

a. Being able to eat at only certain times resulted in a greater body weight.

b. Mice who ate a fatty diet gained weight mainly because they ate more calories.

c. Combining a high-fat diet with being able to eat at any time resulted in the

greatest body weight.

d. There were no discernable differences between mice who ate a fatty diet and mice

who ate a normal diet in body weight.

3. Which of the following enzymes is incorrectly matched to what it breaks down?

a. Lipase – Fats

b. Pepsin – Proteins

c. Amylase – Starches

d. Trypsin – Carbohydrates

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4. After food leaves the mouth, which of the following organs does it reach first?

a. Esophagus

b. Pharynx

c. Trachea

d. Larynx

5. What is the function of the gall bladder?

a. Production of bile

b. Absorption of water and minerals

c. Storage and secretion of bile

d. Secretion of amylase and other hydrolytic enzymes

6. Which of the following is true regarding gastric juice?

a. The enzymes in the stomach are only functional at neutral pH.

b. Parietal cells are responsible for the release of pepsinogen.

c. Gastric juice is most useful for lipid digestion.

d. Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin, and requires HCl to activate it.

7. Which of the following is false regarding the small or large intestine?

a. The small intestine is the site of the digestion of a majority of the food.

b. Alveoli are specialized to increase the surface area of the small intestine.

c. The large intestine is made of the ascending, transverse and descending colon.

d. A primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water from fecal matter.

8. If air is 25% oxygen, and the total pressure is 800 mmHg, what is the partial pressure of

oxygen?

a. .25 mmHg b. 800 mmHg c. 200 mmHg d. 600 mmHg

9. Which of the following is false regarding the lungs?

a. The lung’s surfaces are relatively dry in order to increase gas exchange.

b. Alveoli serve to increase the surface area to increase gas exchange.

c. There is great blood blow to the lungs to increase gas exchange.

d. Each lung is encased by a pleural sac.

10. Which of the following best describes how inhalation occurs

a. The diaphragm elevates, which increase pressure in the lungs, and air floods in.

b. The diaphragm lowers, which decreases pressure in the lungs, and air floods in.

c. The diaphragm elevates, which increases volume in the lungs, and air floods in.

d. The diaphragm lowers, which decreases volume in the lungs, and air floods in.

11. Which of the following is true regarding oxygen transport?

a. Not enough gas can dissolve in blood on its own to support our metabolic needs,

so our body utilizes myoglobin to transport a high level of oxygen.

b. Oxygen dissolves well in blood and this level of oxygen is enough to support our

normal metabolic needs.

c. Hemoglobin can covalently bind 4 oxygen molecules to transport to the body.

d. Hemoglobin is made up of 4 iron containing subunits.

12. Which of the following is false regarding the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

a. The sigmoidal curve is a result of cooperative binding.

b. Cooperative binding means that it is easier to bind the first oxygen than a second.

c. Hemoglobin is very sensitive to slight changes in the partial pressure of oxygen in

the range associated with body tissues.

d. More oxygen binds to hemoglobin when the partial pressure of oxygen is high.

13. Which of the following component of blood is incorrectly matched to its function?

a. Platelets – formation of blood clots

b. Hormones – transport of carbon dioxide

c. Red blood cells – transport of oxygen

d. White blood cells – maintenance of body’s immune system

14. Which of the following is incorrect regarding hemophilia?

a. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder.

b. Hemophilia results from a deficiency in clotting factors, not platelets.

c. Hemophilia prevents clotting after an injury, leading to excess blood loss.

d. Hemophilia is more common in women than in men.

15. Which valve is responsible for preventing backflow into the right ventricle?

a. Pulmonary Valve

b. Aortic Valve

c. Tricuspid Valve

d. Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

16. What type of blood vessel typically has the lowest blood pressure?

a. Arteries

b. Veins

c. Capillaries

d. All blood vessels have equal pressure.

17. Tunica media is the middle layer of blood vessels and is mainly smooth muscle. What

type of blood vessel typically has the thickest layer of tunica media?

a. Arteries

b. Veins

c. Capillaries

d. All blood vessels have the same thickness of tunica media.

18. Which of the following is not a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

a. Smoking

b. Diabetes

c. Family history of heart disease

d. Low blood pressure

19. If a plant cell is in a hypotonic solution, what will happen?

a. Water will rush out of the cell, and the cell will become plasmolyzed.

b. Water will rush into the cell, and the cell will become turgid.

c. Water will move into and out of the cell at equal rates (equilibrium).

d. The cell wall will block the movement of water into or out of the cell.

20. Because the concentration of minerals is higher in roots than in the soil…

a. Plants require active transport to uptake minerals or water.

b. Water flows into roots via osmosis, but minerals cannot enter the roots.

c. Minerals require active transport to enter roots, but water enters via osmosis.

d. As water flows into the roots, minerals flow out of the roots into the soil.

21. Xylem is chiefly responsible for what?

a. Transport of water and minerals.

b. Production of sugars.

c. Transport of sugars.

d. Intake of carbon dioxide from the air.

22. Which of the following is false regarding xylem?

a. When mature, the cells are dead.

b. Contains both traceids and vessel elements.

c. Xylem generally transports up a plant (ie. from root to shoot)

d. All of the above are true regarding xylem.

23. Which of the following is correct regarding stomata?

a. Guard cells deflate to open the stomata.

b. Light signals the opening of stomata.

c. Stomata open and close in order to not uptake too much CO2.

d. Stomata open and close in order to not release too much oxygen.

24. Which of the following best describes the cohesion-tension theory?

a. Although water would tend to evaporate out of the leaves, because of the high

level of cohesion, water is actually unable to evaporate at most times.

b. As water evaporates from the lower leaves, the upper leaves regain this water

preventing a majority of water loss.

c. Plants use active transport to move water up the plant through the xylem to

replace the water that evaporates from leaves.

d. Although water evaporates from leaves, because of water’s high level of

cohesion, this pulls water up the plant from the roots to replace the water lost.

25. Which of the following is not a component of phloem?

a. Sieve-tube elements

b. Companion cells

c. Sieve plates

d. Vessel elements

26. Which of the following is false regarding phloem sap translocation?

a. Transport goes from the source to the sink.

b. It is driven by differences in H2O pressure and osmosis.

c. The movement of sugars requires the usage of ATP.

d. Long distance transport takes place in sieve-tube elements.

27. Which of the following best describes the soma of a neuron?

a. The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.

b. The part of the neuron that receives a signal from the previous neuron.

c. The part of the neuron that transmits a signal to the next neuron.

d. The part of the neuron that insulates and protects the axon.

28. Which of the following best describe interneurons?

a. Detects information from the outside world.

b. Sends signals to elicit a response.

c. Afferent neurons.

d. Form connections between neurons in the CNS.

29. Which of the following best describes how myelination speeds up the transmission of

action potentials?

a. Myelination provides insulation, which increase the rate of depolarization.

b. Myelination allows for saltatory conduction, or the jumping of an action potential

from one node of Ranvier to another.

c. Myelination makes the axons have effectively a larger diameter, and hence

conduct the signal faster.

d. Myelination only provides protection and does not increase the speed of

transmission.

30. Which of the following glial cells produces myelin sheath in the CNS?

a. Microglia

b. Astrocytes

c. Oligodendrocytes

d. Schwann Cells

31. Which of the following ions is not important for establishing the membrane potential?

a. Sodium (Na+)

b. Calcium (Ca2+)

c. Potassium (K+)

d. All of the above are important for establishment of membrane potential.

32. Which of the following mechanisms is not a major contributor to the resting potential?

a. Sodium-Potassium Pump

b. Potassium leak channels

c. Sodium leak channels

d. All of the above are major contributors to the resting potential.

33. The threshold potential is about -55 mV. What does this mean?

a. A cell is unable to achieve a potential of less than -55 mV.

b. A cell is unable to achieve a potential of greater than 55 mV.

c. Voltage gated Na+ channels don’t open until the membrane potential is -55 mV.

d. Voltage gated K+ channels don’t open until the membrane potential is -55 mV.

34. After a cell is depolarized, what happens?

a. Na+ channels open.

b. K+ channels open.

c. K+ channels close.

d. Two of the above are correct.

35. A neurotoxin results in a hyperpolarization of the membrane that is slow to be restored to

the normal resting potential. What is the most likely action of this neurotransmitter?

a. Prevents Na+ channels from opening.

b. Prevents Na+ channels from closing.

c. Prevents K+ channels from opening.

d. Prevents K+ channels from closing.

36. Which of the following is false regarding chemical synaptic transmission?

a. Utilizes Ca2+ to trigger exocytosis.

b. Neurotransmitters binding is an excitatory response, while neurotransmitters

failing to bind is an inhibitory response.

c. Synaptic signaling ends with excess neurotransmitters being broken down or by

the releasing neuron reuptaking them.

d. The same neurotransmitter is able to elicit a different response in different

situations.

37. Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter?

a. Acetylcholine

b. Dopamine

c. Serotonin

d. All of the above are neurotransmitters.

38. What does summation refer to?

a. Many small excitatory signals can result in an action potential.

b. To gain a large response, a larger action potential is signaled for.

c. Two neurons may receive the same signal to achieve a large response.

d. Motor neurons that work on the same muscle combine together to achieve

movement.

39. Which part of the brain is most associated with production of memories?

a. Frontal lobe

b. Hippocampus

c. Amygdala

d. Cerebellum

40. Which part of the brain is most associated with emotions, especially fear and anger?

a. Parietal lobe

b. Pons

c. Hippocampus

d. Amygdala

41. Which of the following is not a difference between long term and short term memory?

a. Short term memory modifies the synapses in the brain.

b. Long term memory leads to the synthesis of new proteins.

c. Short term memory is generally a single stimulus, while long term memory is

generally repeated stimuli.

d. Short term memory generally last minutes or hours, while long term memories

can last years.

42. Which of the following is the correct definition of learning?

a. Sitting in class with your phone on your desk while passively hearing a lecture

b. The process by which new information is acquired

c. Recalling information from a stored memory bank

d. Transferring material from short-term to long-term memory

43. What chemical is most important for passing a nervous signal across a synapse?

a. Sodium (Na+)

b. Calcium (Ca2+)

c. Potassium (K+)

d. None of the above are important for transmission across a synapse.

44. What would happen if EPSPs and IPSP both act upon the same neuron with equal

intensity?

a. An action potential is produced

b. The cell will lyse and die

c. The membrane potential will remain unchanged

d. The membrane potential will become hyperpolarized

45. Label what happens at each part of the graph below. Label ion flow and be able to

describe the change in charge and how the ions lead to the change in charge:

Dr. Kukday’s “Can You?” Questions: Nutrition & Digestion:

1.) Can you analyze & interpret data from the study discussed in class about the influence of time restriction on feeding mice?

2.) Can you identify the functions of hydrolytic enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?

3.) Can you describe the functional roles played HCl (secreted as H+ & Cl-) and pepsin in the stomach? How is HCl produced? How is pepsin produced? Why don’t they damage the intestinal lining?

4.) Can you recognize the functions of different organs that are part of the human digestive system?

5.) Can you explain how nutrients get absorbed into blood vessels in the small intestine?

6.) Can you state the primary locations of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein digestion? What enzymes are involved at these different

locations?

Respiratory Systems:1.) Can you illustrate the anatomy of mammalian respiratory system? 2.) Can you explain how ventilation is regulated in mammals? 3.) Can you explain how gas exchange operates? 4.) Can you draw connections between blood pH and the rate of oxygen uptake by the body?

How and why does change in blood pH affect this rate? 5.) Can you draw connections between CO2 levels and H+ levels? Does a change in one

indicate a change in the other? How do changes in these levels affect Hb-O2 interaction in lungs vs. tissues?

6.) Can you identify the changes in circulatory and respiratory systems when adapting to changing metabolic demands?

7.) Can you recognize how the structure of hemoglobin correlates with its function? 8.) Can you draw conclusions from the Hb-O2 saturation curve?

Plant Transport: 1.) Can you describe the role that osmosis plays in plant transport mechanisms? 2.) Can you illustrate the movement of water and nutrients from the roots to leaves? 3.) Can you illustrate the movement of organic compounds from the leaves to other plant

parts? 4.) Can you identify the components of xylem and phloem? 5.) Can you distinguish between xylem and phloem? 6.) Can you describe the mechanisms vascular systems use to help move molecules

throughout the plant? 7.) Can you illustrate the movement of water, ions, and other molecules into root cells? 8.) Can you illustrate the mechanism of open and closing of stomata? 9.) Can you describe how physical forces contribute to the movement of water molecules

(Cohesion-Tension theory)?

Nervous System: 1.) Can you compare resting and action potentials in a nerve cell using knowledge of

membranes and transport systems?2.) Can you illustrate the process of transmission of an action potential through a neuron?

What are the phases that are part of the action potential? What proteins are involved in each phase?

3.) Can you connect the function of a neuron to its structure by using knowledge of cellular membrane potentials?

4.) Can you recognize the actions of neurotoxins at the molecular level of cell function? 5.) Can you demonstrate understanding of the difference between motor neurons and sensory

neurons? 6.) Can you explain the mechanism of action of an unknown or unfamiliar neurotoxin using

basic experimental observations? 7.) Can you describe the involvement of ion channels and pumps in maintaining resting

membrane potential in neurons?

Part 2: 1.) Can you illustrate the process of transmission of a neural signal through a synapse? 2.) Can you identify different types of neurotransmitters? 3.) Can you recognize the ways in which a postsynaptic cell responds to an action potential

(types of receptors, EPSP, IPSP)? 4.) Can you predict the consequences of a block in or activation of proteins involved in

synaptic transmission? 5.) Can you identify approaches to treatment of a neurological disease given information

about the disease? 6.) Can you identify regions in the brain responsible for learning and memory formation? 7.) Can you distinguish between the formation of short-term and long-term memory?