TLE LESSONS REVIEW

THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

WHO BUILT THE FIRST COMPUTER?

The computer is a complex piece of equipment and many inventors and inventions contributed to its history and what it is today. We can summarize in part milestones in discovery that lead to the computers today. Devices have been used as an aid to assist counting of items,including our very own fingers,tally sticks,shaped clays and stones. Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 B.C. and since then many other calculation boards and tables were invented. The asian abacus was estimated to be around since 14th century AD.

ABACUS An abacus is a device used for addition and

subtraction, and the related operations of multiplication and division. It does not require the use of pen and paper, and it's good for any base number system. There are two basic forms for the abacus: a specially marked flat surface used with counters (counting table), or a frame with beads strung on wires (bead frame). (5)

The name Abacus derives from the Greek word ABAX meaning table or board covered with dust. The origins of the Abacus are buried deep in the history of mankind. But it is generaly assumed that the origins of the Abacus lies in the Middle East some where in the period known as the Early Middle Ages. The model developed during that period had a wooden frame with several wires each strung with 10 beads. Three more than the Abaci we know now from Asia.

ABACUS CHRONOLOGY 500-1000 Country of origin and first appearance

unknown. Region of development: Middle East

1300's Modern Abacus in use in China 1400's Abacus in use in Korea 1600 Abacus known as Soroban in use in Japan 1700's Last use of abacus in Europe, driven away

by the introduction of the Hindu-Arabic notation of numbers.

ASIAN ABACUS The Chinese Abacus is made of 13

columns with 2 beads on top (heaven) and 5 beads bellow (earth).

The Japanese copied the Chinese Abacus around the 14th century AD and adapted it to a more delicate way of thinking. It has 21 columns with 1 bead on top (heaven) and 4 beads below (earth).

THIS IS A PICTURE OF A ASIAN ABACUS

overview

detail

ROMAN ABACUS The Romans developed the Roman hand abacus, a

portable, but less capable, base-10 version of the previous Babylonian abacus. It was the first portable calculating device for engineers, merchants and presumably tax collectors. It greatly reduced the time needed to perform the basic operations of Roman arithmetic using Roman numerals.

As Karl Menninger says on page 315 of his book,[1] "For more extensive and complicated calculations, such as those involved in Roman land surveys, there was, in addition to the hand abacus, a true reckoning board with unattached counters or pebbles. The Etruscan cameo and the Greek predecessors, such as the Salamis Tablet and the Darius Vase, give us a good idea of what it must have been like, although no actual specimens of the true Roman counting board are known to be extant. But language, the most reliable and conservative guardian of a past culture, has come to our rescue once more.

Above all, it has preserved the fact of the unattached counters so faithfully that we can discern this more clearly than if we possessed an actual counting board. What the Greeks called psephoi, the Romans called calculi. The Latin word calx means 'pebble' or 'gravel stone'; calculi are thus little stones (used as counters)."

Both the Roman abacus and the Chinese suanpan have been used since ancient times. With one bead above and four below the bar, the systematic configuration of the Roman abacus is coincident to the modern Japanese Soroban, although the soroban is historically derived from the suanpan.

THIS IS A PICTURE OF A ROMAN ABACUS

THE INVENTORS OF COMPUTERS AND THEIR INVENTIONS

John Napier (1550-1617)

NAPIER’S BONESScottish mathematician and physicist invented a device used for multiplication and long divison,called the Napier’s bones. The device

can also be used to compute for square root using an additional bone.

THIS ARE SOME PICTURES OF NAPIER’S BONES:

WILLIAM OUGHTRED (1575-1660)

SLIDE RULEThe slide rule was invented in

1620 by William Oughtred an English mathematician from Cambridge University in England. The slide rule perform calculations even faster than was previously possible and has been used by mathematicians and engineers until the arrival of the pocket calculator around in 1974.

THIS IS A PICTURE OF A SLIDE RULE:

BLAISE PASCAL

PASCALINEBlaise Pascal a French mathematician invented the Pascal’s calculator or the Pascaline in 1642 at the age of 19 to help his father in his tax computation. This machine is credited to be one of the earliest calculators.

THIS IS A PICTURE OF A PASCALINE:

GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646-1716)

STEP RECKONER Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz a German

mathematician created the mechanical calculator known as the Step Reckoner and inside it is the Leibniz Wheel. The wheel has been used in many calculating machines for the next 200 years. It was the first mechanical calculator that can perform all mathematical operations:addition,subtraction,multiplication and division with fairly good accuracy and speed.

THIS ARE SOME PICTURES OF STEP RECKONER:

CHARLES BABBAGE (1792-1871)

ADA LOVELACE (1815-1852)

ANALYTICAL ENGINE Charles Babbage was an English

mathematician and mechanical engineer; he was credited to build the first mechanical computer made out of hand-made brass parts. He made two machines,the Difference Engine number 1 and Difference number 2 and then the unfinished Analytical Engine. His work had a lasting impact on computing technology. His use of the punched card as a storage device was 100 years ahead of his time. He worked with Ada Lovelace the first computer programmer.

THIS A PICTURE OF A ANALYTICAL ENGINE:

JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD (1752-1834)

THIS IS A PICTURE OF A PUNCHED PAPER:

THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931)

NEC VACUUM TUBE Thomas Edison perfected the light

bulb,and in his many inventions have direct effect on the computer industry. Electric power was made available to all and his work on the bulb led the discovery of the vacuum tube by Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) an English physicist. The vacuum tube is a building block of the early computers. American inventor Lee DeForest (1873-1961) improved on Fleming’s design and the Audion tube was made.

THIS IS A PICTURE OF NEC VACUUM TUBE:

HERMAN HOLLERITH (1860-1929)

HOLLERITH PUNCHED CARD Herman Hollerith,an Amrican-born

son of German immigrants won the counting contest for the 1890 census data by the US government; he used the idea of punched cards and invented the card reader population. Later on, he formed the company International Business machine (IBM) to sell these machines. IBM later on would pioneer many computers available all over the world today.

THIS IS A PICTURE OF A HOLLERITH PUNCHED CARD

TYPES OFCOMPUTERS

WHAT IS A COMPUTER? A computer is one of the most brilliant inventions of

mankind. Thanks to the computer technology, we were able to achieve an efficient storage and processing of data; we could rest our brains by employing computer memory capacities for storage of the information. Owing to computers, we have been able speed up daily work, carry out critical transactions and achieve accuracy and precision in work output. The computers of the earlier years were of the size of a large room and were required to consume huge amounts of electric power. However, with the advancing technology, computers have shrunk to the size of a small watch. Depending on the processing powers and sizes of computers, they have been classified under various types.

Let us look at the classification of computers!

ANALOG COMPUTERS:

ANALOG COMPUTERSThese are almost extinct today. These are different from a digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy.

HYBRID COMPUTER:

HYBRID COMPUTERSThese computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS:

MAINFRAME COMPUTERSLarge organizations use mainframes for highly critical applications such as bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can thus substitute for several small servers.

MICRO COMPUTERS:

MICRO COMPUTERS A computer with a microprocessor and

its central processing unit is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes. When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be called as personal computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other similar input output devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come packaged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and serve as the best choices for single-user tasks.

DESKTOPS: 

DESKTOPSA desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of a desktop computer are readily available at relative lower costs. Power consumption is not as critical as that in laptops. Desktops are widely popular for daily use in workplaces and households.

LAPTOPS:

LAPTOPSSimilar in operation to desktops,

laptop computers are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter that charges the computer batteries. They are enabled with an inbuilt keyboard, touch pad acting as a mouse and a liquid crystal display. Its portability and capacity to operate on battery power have served as a boon for mobile users.

PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDAS):

PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDAS)It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be effectively used as portable audio players, web browsers and smart phones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication.

MINI COMPUTERS:

MINICOMPUTERS In terms of size and processing

capacity, minicomputers lie in between mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers. They took up the space that would be needed for a refrigerator or two and used transistor and core memory technologies. The 12-bit PDP-8 minicomputer of the Digital Equipment Corporation was the first successful minicomputer.

SUPER COMPUTERS:

SUPER COMPUTERSThe highly calculation-intensive

tasks can be effectively performed by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory are best studied by means of supercomputers. Their ability of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the supercomputers, large transaction processing powers.

WEARABLE COMPUTERS:

WEARABLE COMPUTERS A record-setting step in the evolution of

computers was the creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a part of such studies. When the users’ hands and sensory organs are engaged in other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. Wearable computers are consistently in operation as they do not have to be turned on and off and are constantly interacting with the user.

INPUT

AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Input and output devices enable us to interact with a computer.

Input devices and Output devices are computer hardware that enable an operator to interact with the computer. Without input devices, a computer user would not be able to feed instructions to, or send and store information in, a computer; without output devices, the computer would not be able to give processed information back to the user.

WHAT IS INPUT?

Input is the term denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate/modify a process. It is an abstract concept, used in the modeling, system(s) design and system(s) exploitation. It is usually connected with other terms, e.g., input field, input variable, input parameter, input value, input signal, input port, input device and input file (file format).

EXAMPLE OF INPUT DEVICES

TRACKBALL: MOUSE:

STYLUS: LIGHT PEN:

JOYSTICK: TOUCH SCREEN:

TOUCHPAD: BARCODE SCANNER:

MICHROPHONE: KEYBOARD:

WHAT IS OUTPUT?

Output is the term denoting either an exit or changes which exit a system and which activate/modify a process. It is an abstract concept, used in the modeling, system(s) design and system(s) exploitation.

EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT DEVICES

TELEVISION: MONITOR:

LCD: SPEAKERS:

EDP(Electronic Data Processing)

WHAT IS EDP?Electronic Data Processing (EDP)

can refer to the use of automated methods to process commercial data. Typically, this uses relatively simple, repetitive activities to process large volumes of similar information. For example: stock updates applied to an inventory, banking transactions applied to account and customer master files, booking and ticketing transactions to an airline's reservation system, billing for utility services.

EDP (electronic data processing), an infrequently used term for what is today usually called "IS" (information services or systems) or "MIS" (management information services or systems), is the processing of data by a computer and its programs in an environment involving electronic communication. EDP evolved from "DP" (data processing), a term that was created when most computing input was physically put into the computer in punched card form and output as punched cards or paper reports.

WHAT ISHARDWARE?

HARDWARE: Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system,

consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.

Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit.

Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.

Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

Computer Case:  Where all of the components are stored.

CPU It is basically the brain of your computer. The CPU is a used to process everything from basic to complex functions in a computer.

RAM RAM is memory that attaches to the motherboard. RAM is hardware used to temporarily store and access data.

Motherboard A Motherboard is the most important component in a computer system. All of the other hardware in a computer system connect to the motherboard.

Power Supply  A Power Supply is the sends power to all of the other hardware so they can operate.

Hard Drive A Hard Drive is used for permanently storing files and programs.

Disk Drives Disk Drives can be a floppy drive, CD drive, DVD drive or other possible file storage devices that are used in a computer.

The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the computer where you can store information!).

The floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much information as tens of thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry about running out of space on your hard disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to store everything you create or download on your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and CDs to send copies of files through the mail, or to make backup copies of important items.

Video CardA Video Card is the part of a computer system that converts binary code from the CPU so you can view it on a monitor.

Monitor The part of a computer that allows you to see what the computer is processing.

Keyboard A keyboard allows a computer user to enter text commands into a computer system.

Mouse A mouse allows a computer user to use a point and click interface to enter commands.

WHAT ISSOFTWARE?

SOFTWARE: Computer software, or just software, is a collection of 

computer programs and related data that provide the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. In other words, software is a conceptual entity which is a set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. We can also say software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched". Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes, and records.

EXAMPLES OF SOFTWARE

MOZILLA FIREFOX:

GOOGLE CHROME:

INTERNET EXPLORER:

OPERA SOFTWARE:

MAC OS X:

APLLE SAFARI:

DELL:

WHAT IS PEOPLEWARE?

PEOPLEWARE: Computers operate using a combination

of hardwareand software. However, without user interaction, most computers would be useless machines. Therefore, "peopleware" is sometimes considered a third aspect that takes into account the importance of humans in the computing process.

Peopleware is less tangible than hardware or software, since it can refer to many different things. Examples of peopleware include individual people, groups of people, project teams, businesses, developers, and end users. While peopleware can mean many different things, it always refers to the people who develop or use computer systems.

EXAMPLES OF PEOPLEWARE

Teachers uses computer for educational purposes and also to communicate.

Students uses computer to do research or just having fun.

Doctors uses computers when a patient is admitted to a clinic or hospital for any reason, the clinic or hospital staff takes a medical history from the patient and verifies information related to insurance and contact. This information is then entered into the clinic or hospital's computer system for easy retrieval. The doctor can log new information about the patient into the computerized patient file and then pull up that file again as needed for case assessment and review. In some cases, computers are in the exam rooms, and the doctor pulls up the file electronically to discuss it with the patient.

Scientists use computers to record, analyze, and capture experimental data. They use computers to automate calculations and create simulations to test hypotheses. Computers can also be used by scientists for visualization. They also use computers to coordinate and communicate with other scientists and to prepare scientific publications.

PRINTING DEVICES

PRINTER:

FAX MACHINE:

XEROX MACHINE:

STORAGE DEVICES

MEMORY CARD:

SIM CARD:

UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB)

FLOPPY DISK:

CD-ROM:

CD-RW(COMPACT DISC-REWRITABLE):

ALL ABOUTKEYBOARDING

WHAT IS KEYBOARDING?Learning how to utilize a keyboard for computer functions and typing.

The curriculum is now offered to elementary school students due to the importance of computer literacy in today's world.Keyboarding is the act of typing at a keyboard.

WHAT IS A KEYBOARD? In computing, a keyboard is a 

typewriter-style keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.

Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse, touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the keyboard remains the most commonly used and most versatile device used for direct (human) input into computers.

A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single writtensymbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or computer commands.

In normal usage, the keyboard is used to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other program. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine. Keyboards are the only way to enter commands on a command-line interface.

THIS IS A PICTURE OF A KEYBOARD:

FUNCTION KEYS ON A KEYBOARD

FUNCTION OF F1:This key is used as Help Key. You can get help of any programmes by pressing F1 key. When you press F1 key you will come to know the help topics of the programme which you need to know for performing the programming task. So this F1 key is a very important key for you.

FUNCTION OF F2:In general this key is used for renaming any files and folder. In Microsoft word Alt+ctrl+F2 Key is used for opening any new file. You can get print preview of word by pressing ctrl +F2 And F2 press for entering bios system of the PC.

FUNCTION OF F3:This key allows you to get search option for Microsoft word or others programme. Shift + F is press for making Microsoft word's letter big to small or capital letter for all beginning words of a sentence.

FUNCTION OF F4:You can repeat last action performed while doing type in Microsoft word. You can Closed all running programmed using Alt + F4 key and Ctrl + F4 press for closing all active window.

FUNCTION OF F5:This is very common key. You can see a lot of time we do refresh our PC by pressing F5 key. This is a key for refreshing Microsoft window or Internet browser window To start power point slide show we can use F5 key. In word we can use it for find replace and go to options.

FUNCTION OF F6:This key is used for moving mouse cursor to writing web address at the address bar to start writing any address Ctrl + shift + F6 is used for active other open document in MSword.

FUNCTION OF F7:This is a very important key for checking grammar and spelling in word. In FireFox you can start caret browsing using this key Shift+F7 is used for starting a dictionary for  finding any synonym or antonym of the word or forms of word.

FUNCTION OF F8:This key is very essential to start a operating system. In general for booting from safe mood this key is used.

FUNCTION OF F9:In quark express 5.0 To open measurement Toolbar you can use this key. Some time while set up windows we have to press this key for boot from CD. This is not same in every PC.

FUNCTION OF F10:You can select menu bar from any open browser by pressing this key.  In a selected word or image move the mouse cursor over it then to get right button's task of mouse we need to press shift + F10.

FUNCTION OF F11:We can see our web browser in full screen by pressing F11 key.

FUNCTION OF F12:In MSword we can used this key for saving our document. To save any ms word file we can press shift + F12 To print a file we need to press ctrl +shift + F12

KEY SHORTCUTS

WINDOWS SYSTEM KEY COMBINATIONS:F1: HelpCTRL+ESC: Open Start menuALT+TAB: Switch between open programs

ALT+F4: Quit programSHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently

Windows Logo+L: Lock the computer (without using CTRL+ALT+DELETE)

WINDOWS PROGRAM KEY COMBINATIONSCTRL+C: CopyCTRL+X: CutCTRL+V: PasteCTRL+Z: UndoCTRL+B: BoldCTRL+U: UnderlineCTRL+I: Italic

MOUSE CLICK/KEYBOARD MODIFIER COMBINATIONS FOR SHELL OBJECTSSHIFT+right click: Displays a

shortcut menu containing alternative commands

SHIFT+double click: Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu)

ALT+double click: Displays properties

SHIFT+DELETE: Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin

GENERAL KEYBOARD-ONLY COMMANDS F1: Starts Windows Help F10: Activates menu bar options SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for

the selected item (this is the same as right-clicking an object

CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item)

CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or press SHIFT+F10 for a context menu)

CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Windows Task Manager

ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box

ALT+TAB: Switch to another running program (hold down the ALT key and then press the TAB key to view the task-switching window)

SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run feature.

ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)

ALT+- (ALT+hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menu (from the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the child window)

CTRL+TAB: Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface (MDI) program

ALT+underlined letter in menu: Opens the menu

ALT+F4: Closes the current window

CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window

ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the Notepad Finddialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the main Notepad window)

SHELL OBJECTS AND GENERAL FOLDER/WINDOWS EXPLORER SHORTCUTSF2: Rename objectF3: Find all filesCTRL+X: CutCTRL+C: CopyCTRL+V: PasteSHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection

immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin

ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object

To copy a filePress and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.To create a shortcut

Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.

GENERAL FOLDER/SHORTCUT CONTROL F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box

and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)

F5: Refreshes the current window. F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in

Windows 95 Windows Explorer only) CTRL+Z: Undo the last command CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current

window BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close

the current folder plus all parent folders

WINDOWS EXPLORER TREE CONTROL Numeric Keypad *: Expands everything

under the current selection Numeric Keypad +: Expands the current

selection Numeric Keypad -: Collapses the current

selection. RIGHT ARROW: Expands the current

selection if it is not expanded, otherwise goes to the first child

LEFT ARROW: Collapses the current selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to the parent

PROPERTIES CONTROL

CTRL+TAB/CTRL+SHIFT+TAB: Move through the property tabs

ACCESSIBILITY SHORTCUTS Press SHIFT five times: Toggles

StickyKeys on and off Press down and hold the right SHIFT

key for eight seconds: Toggles FilterKeys on and off

Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and off

Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and off

Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on and off

MICROSOFT NATURAL KEYBOARD KEYSWindows Logo: Start menuWindows Logo+R: Run dialog boxWindows Logo+M: Minimize allSHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo

minimize allWindows Logo+F1: HelpWindows Logo+E: Windows

ExplorerWindows Logo+F: Find files or

folders

Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop

CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves

focus from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar, to the system tray (use RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on the Quick Launch toolbar and the system tray)

Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through taskbar buttons

Windows Logo+Break: System Properties dialog box

Application key: Displays a shortcut menu for the selected item

MICROSOFT NATURAL KEYBOARD WITH INTELLITYPE SOFTWARE INSTALLED Windows Logo+L: Log off Windows Windows Logo+P: Starts Print Manager Windows Logo+C: Opens Control Panel Windows Logo+V: Starts Clipboard Windows Logo+K: Opens Keyboard

Properties dialog box Windows Logo+I: Opens Mouse

Properties dialog box Windows Logo+A: Starts Accessibility

Options (if installed) Windows Logo+SPACEBAR: Displays the

list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys Windows Logo+S: Toggles CAPS LOCK on

and off

DIALOG BOX KEYBOARD COMMANDS TAB: Move to the next control in the dialog

box SHIFT+TAB: Move to the previous control

in the dialog box SPACEBAR: If the current control is a

button, this clicks the button. If the current control is a check box, this toggles the check box. If the current control is an option, this selects the option.

ENTER: Equivalent to clicking the selected button (the button with the outline)

ESC: Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button

ALT+underlined letter in dialog box item: Move to the corresponding item

ALL ABOUT BUSINESS

WHAT IS BUSINESS?Business is an economic system in which goods and services are exchanged for one another or money, on the basis of their perceived worth. Every business requires some form of investment and a sufficient number of customers to whom its output can be sold at profit on a consistent basis.

TYPES OF BUSINESSES

CORPORATION: A corporation provides limited liability for

the investors. Except as indicated below, none of the shareholders in a corporation is obligated for the debts of the corporation; creditors can look only to the corporation's assets for payment. The corporation files its own tax return and pays taxes on its income. If the corporation distributes some of its earnings in the form of dividends, it does not deduct the dividend in computing its taxes, but the shareholder recipients must pay taxes on those dividends even though the corporation has paid taxes on its earnings. A corporation has some tax benefits such as deductibility of health insurance premiums.

COOPERATIVE: A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op)

is a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit.  A cooperative is defined by the International Cooperative Alliance's Statement on the Cooperative Identity as "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise".  A cooperative may also be defined as a business owned and controlled equally by the people who use its services or by the people who work there. Various aspects regarding cooperative enterprise are the focus of study in the field of cooperative economics.

PARTNERSHIPS: A partnership is the relationship existing

between two or more persons who join to carry on a trade or business. Each person contributes money, property, labor or skill, and expects to share in the profits and losses of the business.

A partnership must file an annual information return to report the income, deductions, gains, losses, etc., from its operations, but it does not pay income tax. Instead, it "passes through" any profits or losses to its partners. Each partner includes his or her share of the partnership's income or loss on his or her tax return.

SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP:  A sole proprietorship is one person

alone. He or she will have unlimited liability for all debts of the business, and the income or loss from the business will be reported on his or her personal income tax return along with all other income and expense he or she normally reports (although it will be on a separate schedule). Although proprietorship avoids the expense of forming a partnership or corporation, many start businesses this way because they are unfamiliar with the other forms of organizations.

INCORPORATED:A firm or company that has been formed into a legal corporation by completing the required procedures.

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Assets, liabilities and owners' equity are the three components that make up a company's balance sheet. The balance sheet, which shows a business's financial condition at any point, is based on this equation:

Assets = Liabilities + Owners' EquityThis equation is also the framework for keeping track of money as it flows in and out of your company. Starting with the first penny you earn, you'll record in a general ledger each and every transaction using a double-entry system of debits and credits. Assets get recorded on the top or the left side of the balance sheet; liabilities and owners' equity are recorded on the bottom or the right side of the balance sheet.

The information on each company's general ledger is unique to that business; however, all companies classify their general ledger accounts as assets, liabilities or owners' equity. Businesses use more specific accounts within each classification, for example, "current assets" or "long-term liabilities," to organize and track their finances.

WHAT ARE ASSETS?An asset is anything of value that

your company owns — including cash. Assets get recorded on the balance sheet in terms of their dollar values. Remember, even if you used credit to purchase an asset, you still own it. Its full dollar value gets recorded on one side of the balance sheet as an asset, and the amount you owe gets recorded on the other side of the balance sheet as a liability.

 THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF ASSETS: Current assets. These are assets with dollar amounts

that continually change, for example, cash, accounts receivable, inventory or raw materials your company uses to make a product. They are listed on the balance sheet in order of their liquidity, or how fast they can be converted into cash.

Investments. Companies, like individuals, can own securities such as stocks and bonds. Investments, like cash or property, are considered assets.

Capital assets. Think of capital assets, also called plant assets, as permanent things your company owns. Land, buildings, equipment and vehicles are common capital assets. So are things like computers, furniture and appliances, as long as they remain for use within your business and are not items you sell.

Intangible assets. Patents, copyrights and other nonmaterial assets that have value are referred to as intangible.

WHAT ARE LIABILITIES?

Liabilities are anything a company owes to people or businesses other than its owners is considered a liability.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF LIABILITIES:Current liabilities. In general, if

a liability must be paid within a year, it is considered current. This includes bills, money you owe to your vendors and suppliers, employee payroll and short-term loans.

Long-term liabilities. A long-term liability is any debt that extends beyond one year, such as a mortgage.

OWNERS' EQUITY: Owners' equity, also called capital, is

any debt owed to the business owners. For example, if you invested $50,000 of your savings to start a business, that amount is recorded in a capital account, also referred to as an owners'-equity account. In publicly traded companies, outstanding preferred and common stock also represents owners' equity.

Your business's revenues and expenses are also recorded in capital accounts because they relate to how much money your company makes over a period of time. At the end of each accounting cycle, a business' profits get transferred to a capital account.

ALL ABOUT INTERNET

HOW DOES THE INTERNET WORK?To help you understand how the

Internet works, we'll look at the things that happen when you do a typical Internet operation — pointing a browser at the front page of this document at its home on the Web at the Linux Documentation Project. This document is

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO/index.html

NAMES AND LOCATIONS: The first thing your browser has to do is to

establish a network connection to the machine where the document lives. To do that, it first has to find the network location of the host www.tldp.org (‘host’ is short for ‘host machine’ or ‘network host'; www.tldp.org is a typical hostname). The corresponding location is actually a number called an IP address (we'll explain the ‘IP’ part of this term later).

To do this, your browser queries a program called a name server. The name server may live on your machine, but it's more likely to run on a service machine that yours talks to. When you sign up with an ISP, part of your setup procedure will almost certainly involve telling your Internet software the IP address of a name server on the ISP's network.

THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM The whole network of programs and

databases that cooperates to translate hostnames to IP addresses is called ‘DNS’ (Domain Name System). When you see references to a ‘DNS server’, that means what we just called a nameserver. Now I'll explain how the overall system works.

Internet hostnames are composed of parts separated by dots. A domain is a collection of machines that share a common name suffix. Domains can live inside other domains. For example, the machine www.tldp.org lives in the .tldp.org subdomain of the .org domain.

Each domain is defined by an authoritative name server that knows the IP addresses of the other machines in the domain. The authoritative (or ‘primary') name server may have backups in case it goes down; if you see references to a secondary name server or (‘secondary DNS') it's talking about one of those. These secondaries typically refresh their information from their primaries every few hours, so a change made to the hostname-to-IP mapping on the primary will automatically be propagated.

PACKETS AND ROUTERS: What the browser wants to do is send a

command to the Web server on www.tldp.org that looks like this:

GET /LDP/HOWTO/Fundamentals.html HTTP/1.0 Here's how that happens. The command is made into a packet, a block of bits like a telegram that is wrapped with three important things; the source address (the IP address of your machine), the destination address(152.19.254.81), and a service number or port number (80, in this case) that indicates that it's a World Wide Web request.

TCP AND IP: The lower level, IP (Internet Protocol), is

responsible for labeling individual packets with the source address and destination address of two computers exchanging information over a network. For example, when you access http://www.tldp.org, the packets you send will have your computer's IP address, such as 192.168.1.101, and the IP address of the www.tldp.org computer, 152.2.210.81. These addresses work in much the same way that your home address works when someone sends you a letter. The post office can read the address and determine where you are and how best to route the letter to you, much like a router does for Internet traffic.

The upper level, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), gives you reliability. When two machines negotiate a TCP connection (which they do using IP), the receiver knows to send acknowledgements of the packets it sees back to the sender. If the sender doesn't see an acknowledgement for a packet within some timeout period, it resends that packet. Furthermore, the sender gives each TCP packet a sequence number, which the receiver can use to reassemble packets in case they show up out of order. (This can easily happen if network links go up or down during a connection.)

HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

(HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and a cryptographic protocol. It is an encrypted form of information transfer on the internet.

Http://-Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed,collaborative,hypermedia information systems. It’s use for retrieving inter-linked resources led to the establishment of the World Wide Web

HTML: HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the

predominant markup language for web pages. HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of webpages.

HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although some tags, known as empty elements, are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text, tags, comments, and other types of text-based content.

The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.

HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages.

Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML markup.[1]

WORLD WIDE WEB: The World Wide Web (abbreviated

as WWW or W3,[2] and commonly known as the Web) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web.[1] At CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "... to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will",[3] and they publicly introduced the project in December.[4]

"The World-Wide Web was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, and human culture, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project."[5]

URL: URL stands for Uniform Resource

Locator. A URL is a formatted text string used by Web browsers, email clients and other software to identify a network resource on the Internet. Network resources are files that can be plain Web pages, other text documents, graphics, or programs.URL strings consist of three parts (substrings):

1. network protocol2. host name or address3. file or resource location

TYPES OF LETTERS

WHAT IS A LETTER?A letter is a message written by a person to convey a message to another. Letters represent mutual friendship and a type of humanly communication, especially on a regular letter exchange between two people.

FRIENDLY LETTER: Friendly letters are letters that you write to

a friend. They are usually filled with information about you, and ask questions about how your friend is doing. To write a friendly letter, put the date in the upper right hand corner. Begin with a greeting, for example ' Dear Brittany,' Next write the body of the letter. Include all of the information and questions you have for the person you are writing to. Remember to indent each paragraph. When you are finished writing your letter, end with a closing, such as ' Sincerely,' ' Yours truly,' or ' Love,' followed below by your name. When you are finished writing your letter, reread it to see if grammar, punctuation, and spelling is correct, and if what you wrote is clear to the person you are writing to.

EXAMPLE OF FRIENDLY LETTER: 13 Villaluz Street

Angono,Rizal September 2, 2011

Dear Susan, It feels like such a long time since the last time I saw you. I know it's

only been several weeks since I saw you. So far my summer has been great!

I spend my all my weekends at the beach. I am getting a nice tan and you can no longer say I am paler than you. I have been playing lots of volleyball, surfing and building a nice collection of sea shells. Just this past weekend I took second place in a sandcastle building contest!

On the weekdays I work. I drive an ice cream truck around and sell ice cream to the kids. It is so cool. It is a combination of the two things I love most, ice cream and kids. The pay isn't too great but I love the job so much.

I hope the summer's been going well for you too. There's only a month and a half left in summer vacation and after that it's back to school. Would you like to meet up some time before school starts? 

Your friend,  Kate

BUSINESS LETTER: A business letter is written in formal

language. The letter is written for official correspondence between two organizations and organizations and customers, clients, etc. The style of the business letter depends on the relationship that is shared between the two parties. A business letter is used for various purposes like offering a business deal to other organization, accepting an offer, denying an offer, new schemes for customer, extending the contract with a client.

A business letter should be short and to the point. The content used in the letter should be clear and it should suffice the objective of writing the letter. The letter has to give out the main message to be conveyed right in the beginning. The letter should not have any typographical and grammatical error.

EXAMPLE OF BUSINESS LETTER: 13 Villaluz Street

Angono,RizalSeptember 2, 2011

Ms. Betty Johnson

Accounts PayableThe Cooking Store765 Berliner PlazaIndustrial Point, CA 68534

Dear Ms. Johnson: It has come to my attention that your company, The Cooking Store

has been late with paying their invoices for the past three months. In order to encourage our customers to pay for their invoices before

the due date, we have implemented a discount model where we'll give you 2% off your invoice if you pay us within 10 days of receiving the invoice.

I hope that everything is going well for you and your company. You are one of our biggest customers, and we appreciate your business. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me at (555) 555-5555. 

Sincerely, Patrisha Kate R. Picones

INVITATION LETTER: An invitation letter serves the purpose

of inviting a guest to a party, event or celebration while conveying more information than a traditional invitation card. It serves two purposes; one, to invite the individual to the event and two, to ensure that the person receiving the letter is going to attend. There are two tenses used within the invitation letter, the present and the future. The present tense conveys information about the event and the future tense ensures the guest is going to attend.

EXAMPLE OF INVITATION LETTER : 13 Villaluz Street

Angono,Rizal September 2, 2011

Dear Mr. and Mrs. Portacio, As the parents of the bride, I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to

the wedding of our daughter, Sandra Green to her fiancé, Adam Locke. On this joyous occasion, we wish to share the day with our closest friends and family members.

Children grow faster than any of us can imagine, the time is upon us to watch our child grow and flourish into a new stage of their life. He proposed while the two of them were on vacation, she happily accepted and now they are to be married.

The formal event will be located at the Fire Lake Golf and Country Club on the fifteenth of August at three o'clock, two thousand and nine.

Please RSVP by the fifteenth of June to ensure attendance. We hope to see you there to enjoy this special day with friends and family. 

Sincerely Yours,  Patrisha Picones

EXCUSE LETTER:The routine is familiar: when a student is late or absent from school, a letter from the parents must be supplied for the absence to be excused. Sometimes such letters suggest that the parents were excused from school too many times in their own youth.

EXAMPLE OF EXCUSE LETTER : 13 Villaluz Street

Angono,Rizal September 2, 2011

Dear Ms. Bonifacio:

Please excuse me for being absent on September 1, 2011. I’m not felling well because of headache.

Thank you for your kind consideration. Sincerely yours, Patrisha Kate Picones

RESUME: A resume is a summary of your experiences and

skills relevant to the field of work you are entering. It highlights your accomplishments to show a

potential employer that you are qualified for the work you want. It is not a biography of everything you have done.

Its purpose is to get you an interview. A resume can (and often should) reflect more than

just your paid work experience. Current students, in particular, should consider including the details of your more important extracurricular, volunteer and leadership experiences.

Tailor separate resumes to fit each career field in which you are job searching. Some people create slightly different resumes tailored to each job opening.

Remember that you can attend a resume workshop or have your resume critiqued here at the Career Center.

EXAMPLE OF A RESUME: 13 Villaluz Street

Angono,Rizal September 2, 2011

Home: (410) 555-1212 Office: (410) 844-1212 Job Title and Vacancy Announcement Number: TTC -XX- Law

Enforcement Officer Veteran's Preference: N/A 

Federal Civilian Status: N/ACountry of Citizenship: U.S.A.

CERTIFICATIONS: Firefighter II, National Professional Qualifications Board

EDUCATION: University of Maryland — Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228 Degree: B.S. Degree, magna cum laude, May 1994 Academic: GPA: 3.85/4.0 Major: Emergency Health Services — Paramedic Track Academic Honors: Fall 1992, Spring 1993, and Fall 1993 Honor Society Membership: Phi Kappa Phi Calvert Hall College High School, Baltimore, MD 21286 College preparatory curriculum, received diploma, June 1989

TRAINING Introduction to Criminal Justice 

Essex Community College, Baltimore, MD, 21229, January — May 1995 COMPUTER SKILLS: Macintosh and PCS, Microsoft Windows, Microsoft

Works, WordPerfect EMPLOYMENT HISTORY: Nordstrom

10400 Mill Run Circle, Owings Mills, MD 21117From: 11/95 — To: PresentSalary: $8.00/hourHours: 20-30/weekSupervisor: Christopher TroutmanTelephone: (410) 555-1212Present employer may be contacted.Position: Loss Prevention Specialist

Educate associates regarding external losses of merchandise. Ensure compliance with security procedures. Prevent external loss by using surveillance techniques, undercover operations, and physical deterrents. Provide a safe environment for both employees and customers. Control internal loss by monitoring physical inventory and financial transactions.

Volunteer Experience: Stevenson Volunteer Fire and Ambulance Company, 6/92 — 4/95

Stevenson, MD 21230, 15 — 20 hours per weekSupervisor: Roger E. Waters, Telephone (410) 555-8989

Volunteer Firefighter — Active volunteer in community, with the duty of providing quality medical care to the sick and injured, and preservation of life and property.

THE ENDHope you learn something and thank you for watching my powerpoint presentation…!!!!!

By: PATRISHA KATE RAMO PICONES 1-FAITH Mrs. ARCILLA