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    BCDFJUIKGEK@KFW

    OFWQJG[CWOJF

    S[QXK_ \B\KQ BFG WMKEQB\MS

    -uowm k}|ibofbwojf/

    CJFCI[SOJF

    QKHIKCWOJFAOAIOJEQB\M_

    B\\KFGOCKS

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    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_histogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_histogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_histogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_sheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause-and-effect_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowcharthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatter_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCRhttp://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_ModelerActivities_MixtureModel_1http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_Activities_PowerTransformFamily_Graphshttp://www.socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Charts.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_cherry_tree_histogram.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_histogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_histogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_sheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause-and-effect_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowcharthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatter_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCRhttp://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_ModelerActivities_MixtureModel_1http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_Activities_PowerTransformFamily_Graphshttp://www.socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Charts.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_histogram
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