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Contents1. Arab and Turk Invasions of India..................................

1.1 Muhammad Bin Qasim1.2 Muhammad of Ghazni

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2. The Delhi Sultanate and Regional Kingdom...................2.1 The Slave Dynasty (1206–290 AD)2.2 The Khalji Dynasty (1290–1320 AD)2.3 Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1413 AD)2.4 Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451 AD)2.5 Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526 AD)2.6 Administration of Delhi Sultanate2.7 Main Features of the Architecture

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3. Bahmani Kingdom.......................................................3.1 Alaudin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347–1358 AD)3.2 Mohammed I (1358–1375 AD)3.3 Mohammed Gawan3.4 Five Deccan Sultanates

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4. Vijayanagara Empire......................................................4.1 Sangama Dynasty (1336–1485 AD)4.2 Saluva Dynasty (1485−1505 AD)4.3 Tuluva Dynasty (1505−1556 AD)4.4 Aravidu Dynasty (1556−1672 AD)

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5. Bhakti Movement in India.................................................5.1 Bhakti Movement in the South5.2 Conflict with Buddhism and Jainism5.3 Impact of Sufism5.4 Salient Features of Bhakti Movement5.5 Major Proponents of Bhakti Movement5.6 Impact of the Bhakti Movement

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Contents6. The Mughal Empire.........................................................

6.1 Babur (1526–1530 AD)6.2 Sur Empire−Sher Shah Sur (1530−1545 AD)6.3 Humayan (1530−1540, 1555−1556 AD) 6.4 Akbar (1556–1605 AD)6.5 Jahangir (1605–1627 AD)6.6 Shah Jahan (1627–1658 AD) 6.7 Aurangazeb (1657–1707 AD)6.8 Mughal Administration6.9 Art and Architecture of Mughals

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7. Marathas.......................................................................7.1 Causes for the Rise of the Marathas7.2 Shivaji (1627–1680 AD)7.3 Administration under Marathas7.4 The Peshwas

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A BRIEF CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN MEDIEVAL HISTORY Arab and Turk Invasions of India

I. The Arab Invasion

Mohammad Bin Qasim(1st Arab invader) 712 CE

II. The Turkish Invasion (986–1206 CE)

a) Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni 997–1030 CE

b) Mohammad Ghori 1175–1206 CE

Delhi Sultanate TimelineI. Ilbari Dynasty (CE 1206–1290)

Name of Sultan Years of Ruling

Qutub-ud-din Aibak 1206–1210 CE

Shams-ud-din Iltutmish 1211–1230 CE

Razia Begum 1236–1240 CE

Nasiruddin Mahmud 1246–1266 CE

Ghias-ud-din Balban 1266–1287 CE

Kaiqubad 1287–1290 CE

II. Khalji Dynasty (CE 1290–1320)

Name of Sultan Years of Ruling

Jalal-ud-din Khalji 1290–1296 CE

Alauddin Khalji 1296–1316 CE

Shiba-ud-din Omar 1316 CE

Mubarak Khalji 1316–1320 CE

III. Tughlaq Dynasty (CE 1320–1412)

Name of Sultan Years of Ruling

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1320–1325 CE

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq 1325–1351 CE

Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351–1388 CE

Tughlaq Shah 1388–1398 CE

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Abu Bakar 1389–1390 CE

Nasirudin Muhammad Shah III 1390–1393 CE

Alauddin Sikander Shah I 1393 CE (March–April)

Nasiruddin Mahmud 1393–1394 CE

Nusrat Shah 1394–1398 CE

IV. Sayyid Dynasty (CE 1414–1450)

Name of Sultan Years of ruling

Khizr Khan 1414–1421 CE

Mubarak Shah 1421–1434 CE

Muhammad Shah 1434–1445 CE

Alauddin Alam Shah 1445–1450 CE

V. Lodi Dynasty (CE 1451–1526)

Name of Sultan Years of ruling

Buhlul Lodi 1451–1489 CE

Sikander Lodi 1489–1517 CE

Ibrahim Lodi 1517–1526 CE

Vijayanagar Kingdom TimelineI. Sangama Dynasty (1336–1485 CE)

Ruler Period of Rule

Harihara Raya I 1336–1356 CE

Bukka Raya I 1356–1377 CE

Harihara Raya II 1377–1404 CE

Virupaksha Raya 1404–1405 CE

Bukka Raya II 1405–1406 CE

Deva Raya I 1406–1422 CE

Ramachandra Raya 1422 CE

Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya 1422–1424 CE

Deva Raya II 1424–1446 CE

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Mallikarjuna Raya 1446–1465 CE

Virupaksha Raya II 1465–1485 CE

Praputha Raya 1485 CE

II. Saluva Dynasty (1485–1505 CE)

Ruler Period of Rule

Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya 1485–1491 CE

Thimma Bhupala 1491 CE

Narasimha Raya II 1491–1505 CE

III. Tuluva Dynasty (1491–1569 CE)

Ruler Period of Rule

Tuluva Nayaka 1491–1503 CE

Vira Narasimha Raya 1503–1509 CE

Krishna Deva Raya 1509–1529 CE

Achyuta Deva Raya 1529–1542 CE

Venkata I 1542 CE

Sadasiva Raya 1542–1569 CE

IV. Aravidu Dynasty (1542–1646 CE)

Ruler Period of Rule

Aliya Rama Raya 1542–1565 CE

Tirumala Deva Raya 1565–1572 CE

Sriranga I 1572–1586 CE

Venkata II 1586–1614 CE

Sriranga II 1614 CE

Rama Deva Raya 1617–1632 CE

Venkata III 1632–1642 CE

Sriranga III 1642–1646 CE

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BAHMANI KINGDOM TIMELINE (1347–1538 CE)The most important rulers of this kingdom are

Ruler Period of Rule

Ala-ud-Din Hassan Bahman Shah 1347–1358 CE

Muhammad Shah I 1358–1375 CE

Mughal Dynasty Timeline

Mughal Ruler Period of Rule

Babur 1526–1530 CE

Humayun 1530–1540, 1555–1556 CE

Akbar 1556–1605 CE

Jahangir 1605–1627 CE

Shah Jahan 1628–1658 CE

Aurangazeb 1658–1707 CE

Maratha Empire Timeline

Ruler Period of Rule

Chhatrapati Shri Shivaji Maharaj 1627–1680 CE

Sambhaji 1681–1689 CE

Rajaram and Tarabai 1689–1707 CE

Shahu 1707–1749 CE

Peshwas

Amatya Ramchandra Pant Bawdekar 1650–1716 CE

Peshwa Baji Rao I 1720–1740 CE

Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao 1740–1761 CE

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1.1 MUHAMMAD BIN QASIM

■ Islam proper as an invading religion entered the borders of India only 712 AD after the conquest of Sind by Muhammad bin Qasim.

■ Sind was ruled by Raja Dahir, whose father Chach had usurped the throne by overthrowing Buddhist rule in the area. The Arab traders who had been active in the coastal area of Sind for commercial activities had faced the threat of sea pirates around the Sind coast. Despite repeated requests Raja Dahir failed to take any measures against the pirates.

■ Therefore, the Arab traders took up the issue with Al Hajjaj, Governor of Iraq who sent his commander Muhammed bin Qasim to Sind in 712 AD. Qasim’s Army captured Debal, an inland commercial port in Sind near modern Karachi despite stiff resistance. The capital of Sind, Aror was also captured soon after and Muhammed bin Qasim started to rule the region according to Islamic principles and imposed Jizya on the Hindu and Buddhist subjects of the region. Those citizens were reduced to the status of zimmis. Thus Qasim was the first Muslim ruler to impose Jizya in India.

Chapter

1 Arab and Turk Invasions of India

▌ INTRODUCTION

The Indian subcontinent had to contend with a series of raids from foreign fighters, especially Islamic invaders, from 8th century onwards. New developments like rapid

spread of a new faith called as Islam and the unstable political condition in India coupled with the wealth among certain sections of the society invited these invaders for plunder and booty.

Arabs have had maritime commercial relationships with the western coastal regions of India even before Islam was founded. But there were no attempts at proselytizing by the Arabs, who came as traders, after their own conversion to Islam, since their primary motive was only trade.

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Vetrii IAS Study Circle Arab and Turk Invasions of India

■ Chach-nama written by Kazi Ismail mentions the administrative measures newly introduced by Qasim in Sind. The fatal withdrawal of Muhammad bin Qasim from Sind by the governor of Iraq over a minor dispute caused the decline of power of Arabs in Sind.

■ The Arab invasion of Sind established permanent cultural relationship between the Arabs and Indians. For instance, the Arabs learnt the decimal system from Indians and introduced it in the west. Similarly, medieval practices like alchemy and Arab astronomy was borrowed by Indians during the cultural exchange.

1.2 MUHAMMAD OF GHAZNI

■ The Arab empire in Central Asia had collapsed with several of its provinces declaring themselves independent. One of the major kingdoms that emerged out of the broken Arab empire was the Samanid kingdom which also splintered, leading to several independent states.

■ In 963 Alaptigin, a Turkic slave who had served Samanids as their governor in Khurasan, seized the city of Ghazni in eastern Afghanistan and established an independent kingdom. Alaptigin died soon after.

■ After the failure of three of his successors, the nobles enthroned Sabuktigin. Sabuktigin initiated the process of southward expansion into the Indian subcontinent.

■ He defeated the Shahi ruler of Afghanistan, Jayapal and conferred the governorship of the province on Mahmud,

his eldest son. When Sabuktagin died in 997, Mahmud was in Khurasan. Ismail, the younger son of Sabuktagin had been named his successor.

■ But defeating Ismail in a battle, Mahmud, aged twenty-seven, ascended the throne and the Caliph acknowledged his accession by sending him a robe of investiture and by conferring on him the title Yamini-ud-Daulah (‘Right-hand of the Empire’).

1.2.1 Muhammad’s Military Raid

■ Hindu Shahis, the rulers in the North-West with their capital at Waihind became Mahmud’s first major target. In 1001 Mahmud defeated Jayapala, ruler of this dynasty. After Jayapala’s death his son Anandapala succeeded to the throne of Hindusha his and continued to fight with Mahmud.

■ In the Battle of Waihind in 1009 Anandapala was finally defeated and a great amount of booty fell for Mahmud of Ghazni. Muhammad ruled for thirty two years and during this period, he condvered as many as seventeen military campaigns into India.

■ Mahmud’s lightning and repeated raids into Northern India destroyed the morale of Rajputs in Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan. Mahmud always choose different regions for his raids year on year so that he does not attack the same area in successive years, for fear that he may face a stiff resistance.

■ At this time, Rajput rulers were so fractured across North India that despite

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Vetrii IAS Study Circle Arab and Turk Invasions of India

repeated attacks by Mahmud they failed to unite against him. The city of Kannauj was plundered in 1018. Gwalior raid was held in 1022 and Kalinjar in 1023.

■ The notorious Somnath raid of Mahmud of Ghazni happened in the year 1025–1026. Mahmud invaded and plundered Somnath temple in Gujarat, as the local Chalukyan ruler of Bhima Dev-I did not offer any resistance. As Somnath temple was one of the richest temples in the country, a great amount of booty to the tune of 2 crore Dinars fell on the hands of Ghazni.

■ It was only after the death of Mahmud in 1030, India was freed from his devastating

raids. Mahmud of Ghazni patronised two vital scholars-namely Al Beruni, author of Kitab-ul-Hind and Firdausi, the author of Shah Namah.

1.2.2 Muhammad Ghori

■ Ghor or Ghur is a mountainous territory in between Herat and Helmand river valley of modern Afghanistan. It was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1020 and the region paid tribute to the Ghaznavids till the middle 12th century.

■ In 1149, the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram Shah poisoned a local Ghorid ruler Qutb-ud-din who had take refuge in the city of Ghazni after a family quarrel. In revenge,

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Alaudin Husayn, chief of Ghori sacked the city of Ghazni and burnt it.

■ With this attack, once and for all, the Ghazni influence had dwindled and Ghori chiefs took over from there. One of the nephews of Alaudin Husayn, Muizuddin Mohammed (aka Mohammed Ghori) captured Ghazni again and then set his covetous eyes towards India.

■ In 1175, Mohammed Ghori captured Multan and marched to Gujarat. But the Vaghela ruler of Gujarat Mularaja II defeated him near Mount Abu but failed to capture Mohammed Ghori.

1.2.3 Fight against Prithiviraj Chauhan

■ In 1189, Mohammed Ghori captured Bhatinda (Tabarhinda), upon which the ruler of Ajmar-Delhi region Prithviraj Chauhan marched out with a large army and met Mohammed Ghori in the battlefield of Tarain in 1191 (Battle of Tarain 1191).

■ Mohammed Ghori was humiliatingly defeated and the fort of Batinda was recaptured by Prithviraj. But Prithviraj made the mistake of allowing Mohammed Ghori to escape.

■ Rajputs did not believe in pursuing the enemy and putting an end to the threat once and for all. Furious at being defeated by a kafir, Mohammed Ghori returned with a new army and a stronger battle strategy to meet Prithviraj again in the very next year 1192.

■ In the second battle of Tarain (1192), Prithviraj Chahamana was

defeated and beheaded. The second battle of Tarain was a watershed in Indian history, as it marked the beginning of Turkish rule in India.

■ Mohammed Ghori appointed his general Qutbuddin Aibak to take care of his Indian conquests and to further annex the surrounding regions.

1.2.4 Fight against Jaya Chandra

■ In 1194, ruler of Kanauj and Banaras, Jai Chand Gahadavala was defeated in the battle of Chandwar. Jai Chand was the father-in-law of Prithviraj Chahamana. A family feud had kept them apart as enemies. Had they taken a joint stand to counter Mohammed Ghori it would have been a different story. However, one of the biggest curses in Rajput history is their lack of cohesion and unity in the face of even a common enemy.

■ By 1200, Turks controlled a much larger territory that included parts of present day Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Gujarat up to Anhilwara (Gujarat). Turkish expansion to Bihar and Bengal took place under Baktiyar Khalji, another brilliant general of Mohammed Ghori. During his raids Baktiyar Khalji destroyed several Buddhist centers of learning in eastern India and murdered thousands of Buddhist monks. This was the last nail in the coffin for Buddhism and we no longer hear about the presence of Buddhism in India.

■ Baktiyar captured Bengal from the Sena ruler of Bengal Lakshmana Sena in 1204–1205. In the mean time, Khokhar