To become a document examiner Bachelors degree followed by an
internship under a recognized examiner. 2-3 more years of
independent document work Certification by the American Board of
Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE) Natural or corrected 20/20
vision in each eye Cannot be form or color-blind
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A document examiner can determine whether a signature or
writing is authentic by analyzing 12 characteristics of the writing
sample and comparing it to known samples (exemplars). Handwriting
can be individual evidence.
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Handwriting samples lie OUTSIDE the protection of the 4 th and
5 th amendment. Suspects may NOT plead the 5 th and the taking of
handwriting samples DOES NOT constitute unreasonable search and
seizure.
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Known writings must: be adequate in number to show full range
of natural variations. contain some of the same words or phrases as
the questioned document. be as similar to the questioned document
as possible (type of paper, writing implement, ruled vs unruled
paper, etc)
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1. Blind Forgery; forger uses his or her own handwriting and
does not attempt to copy an original. 2. Simulated Forgery;
carefully copying a genuine signature. 3. Traced Forgery; tracing a
genuine signature onto a document.
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JonBenet Ramsey case
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the removal of writing by physical or chemical means.
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Physical; erasures scraping ink off of the papers surface
Chemical ; strong oxidizing agents like chlorine and sodium
hypochlorite make ink colorless Detected with microscope, oblique
lighting, UV or infrared light. Digital image processing;
Lightening, darkening, contrast, and filters
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Can be used to forge a signature. Oblique lighting will enhance
indentations while rubbing with a pencil can alter the
evidence
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Electrostatic Detection Apparatus
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Wear and damage to a machine will result in individual
characteristics of a typewriter.
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Photocopiers leave transitory defect marks from debris on the
glass, inner cover, etc Printer model determination: Analysis of
printer technology Analysis of type of ink used
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Fax machinessame points of comparison as printers with the
addition of the header, known as the TTI at the top of each page.
TTI= transmitting terminal identifier Data base of TTI fonts
maintained by the American Society of Questioned Document
Examiners
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Sound spectrograph
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Spectrogram analysis Measures three parameters of speech: Time
Frequency Volume of different frequencies