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TO PLEDGE ALLEGIANCE: VOLUME 3 On the Road to Independence TEST QUESTIONS
To Pledge AllegiAnce: Volume 3
On the Roadto Independence
TEST QUESTIONS
TEST 11: Chapters 31–33 To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence�
T E ST 11 Chapters 31 – 33Name__________________________________________________________Date____________________________
Identify:
_ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..1._He_was_a_driving_force_in_abolishing_the_practice_of_slavery_in_England_without_war_or_bloodshed.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..2._The_Continual_disputes_between_France_and_England_over_territory_that_took_place_after_the_Treat_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_and_before_the_French_and_Indian_War.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..3._A_raid_of_the_Abenaki_Indians_on_the_English_colonists_during_Queen_Anne’s_War_that_resulted_in_the_murder_of_many_settlers_and_the_capture_of_a_hundred.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..4._Author_of_Leatherstocking_Tales:__The_Last_of_the_Mohicans.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..5._To_teach_the_principles_of_Christian_dogma,_discipline,_and_ethics_in_a_question_and_answer_format.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..6._The_English_colonists’_name_for_a_war_over_territory_that_began_in_America_between_the_French_and_English_colonists_and_spread_to_Europe_from_1754-1763.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..7._English_commander_during_the_battle_at_Fort_Louisbourg_who_defeated_the_strongest_fort_in_North_America_after_he_ordered_a_day_of_fasting_and_prayer,_and_a_weekly_evening_of_special_prayer_to_God.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..8._An_English_preacher_who_effected_a_turning_point_of_the_Great_Awakening_with_his_revival_messages.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..9._The_American_counterpart_to_the_War_of_Spanish_Succession_that_was_fought_over_the_alliance_of_France_and_Spain.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._10._A_tax_that_Massachusetts_required_of_all_citizens_to_support_the_Congregational_churches.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._11._British_commander_who_led_his_troops_to_victory_in_the_Battle_of_Quebec.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._12._A_series_of_religious_revivals_among_Protestants_in_the_American_colonies_that_took_place_from_1725-1750.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._13._The_purge_of_Scottish_clans_from_1746-1766,_which_forced_many_to_leave_Scotland_for_other_countries.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._14._A_company_of_woodsmen_organized_by_Governor_William_Shirley_that_served_as_the_eyes_and_ears_of_the_regular_British_army.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._15._A_war_between_the_French_colonists_and_the_English_colonists_that_lasted_from_1689-1697_and_was_fought_over_religious_differences,_land_disputes,_and_the_fur_trade._
�To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence TEST 11: Chapters 31–33
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._16._English_Prime_Minister_who_believed_in_free_trade_laws_between_England_and_the_colonies.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._17._One_of_the_most_well-known_missionaries_to_evangelize_the_Indians_and_colonists_living_on_the_frontier.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._18._He_was_sent_by_Governor_Dinwiddie_to_tell_the_French_to_leave_the_Ohio_Valley.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._19._A_plan_forged_by_Benjamin_Franklin_and_others_which_would_enable_Britain_and_the_British_colonies_to_combine_their_manpower_and_resources_to_win_the_French_
and_Indian_War.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._20._Anglican_rector_in_Boston_who_was_a_leading_opponent_of_the_Great_Awakening,_believing_that_it_was_reckless_zeal_and_would_bring_nothing_but_ill_to_the_Anglican_church_and_to_all_true_religion.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._21._Canadian_governor_who,_in_1752,_ordered_that_a_series_of_forts_be_built_at_strategic_points_in_the_Ohio_Valley_region.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._22._People_who_hold_to_a_different_opinion_from_the_majority_on_religious_and_political_issues.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._23._The_most_influential_governor_of_New_France_who_subdued_the_Iroquois_and_encouraged_expanding_fur_trade.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._24._Promotion_of_lax_external_trade_relations_to_stimulate_commerce.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._25._A_Scottish_Presbyterian_minister_and_academic,_who_became_president_of_the_College_of_New_Jersey,_now_known_as_Princeton_University.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._26._A_Native_American_confederacy_inhabiting_New_York_that_made_an_alliance_with_the_English.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._27._The_initial_confrontation_between_Washington’s_forces_and_French_armies_on_May_28,_1754_that_began_the_French_and_Indian_War.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._28._French_monarch_who_had_the_longest_reign_in_European_history_and_fostered_the_myth_of_himself_as_the_Sun_King.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._29._Document_that_formally_ended_the_French_and_Indian_War.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._30._Prime_Minister_of_Britain_who_managed_the_Seven_Years’_War_and_believed_that_the_best_way_to_defeat_French_power_and_influence_was_to_take_away_her_colonies_rather_than_try_to_defeat_her_army_in_Europe.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._31._Governor_of_Massachusetts_who_became_commander_of_the_British_army_in_America_and_showed_better_military_judgment_than_the_first_three_commanders.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._32._A_French_fort_in_Acadia_that_was_surrendered_to_Sir_William_Phips_in_an_intercolonial_invasion_of_Canada,_giving_the_English_control_of_the_peninsula_of_Acadia_during_King_William’s_War._
TEST 11: Chapters 31–33 To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence�
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End of Test 11
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._33._A_meeting_that_took_place_in_Albany,_New_York_in_1754_between_colonial_leaders_and_Iroquois_chiefs_to_plan_a_common_strategy_against_the_French.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._34._A_fort_that_was_hastily_built_by_Washington_and_his_troops_in_an_attempt_to_stop_the_French_at_the_Battle_of_Great_Meadows.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._35._A_Congregationalist_pastor_and_author_of_a_famous_sermon_titled,_“Sinners_in_the_Hands_of_an_Angry_God.”
Essay QuEstion (write your answer below)
What strategies did William Pitt employ in the French and Indian War? How were they different from the strategies used in prior wars, and were they successful?
�To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence TEST 12: Chapters 34–36
T E ST 1� Chapters 34 – 36Name__________________________________________________________Date____________________________
Identify:
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..1._Relating_to_the_Ancient_Greeks_and_Romans,_especially_their_art,_architecture_and_literature.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..2._He_was_one_of_the_five_colonists_killed_in_the_Boston_Massacre.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..3._Provided_justification_for_the_colonists’_demands_to_live_in_peace_under_the_provisions_of_their_initial_agreement_with_the_Crown.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..4._A_respected_scientist,_astronomer,_and_mathematician_who_had_almost_no_formal_education.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..5._A_tax_passed_in_1767_on_all_glass,_paint,_paper,_lead,_and_tea_that_America_imported_from_England.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..6._Helped_build_the_Wilderness_Road_that_became_the_main_route_westward_for_pioneers.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..7._To_unify_and_increase_the_monetary_wealth_of_a_nation_by_strict_governmental_regulation_of_the_entire_economy.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..8._Patriot_orator_whose_“Call_to_Arms”_moved_many_to_embrace_the_cause_for_liberty_and_prepare_for_war_with_Britain.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..9._A_government_or_political_system_in_which_the_ruler_exercises_absolute_power.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._10._Known_as_the_“African_Poetess.”
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._11._He_produced_a_widely-circulated_engraving_entitled,_The_Fruits_of_Arbitrary_Power_or_The_Bloody_Massacre,_which_incited_the_colonists_to_action.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._12._A_meeting_in_Richmond_at_St._John’s_Church,_where_Patrick_Henry_put_forward_a_motion_for_Virginia_to_take_defensive_measures_against_the_British.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._13._Military_post.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._14._He_is_credited_with_creating_the_final_design_of_the_Great_Seal_of_the_United_States.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._15._Chief_of_the_Ottawa_Indians_who_led_the_attack_on_Fort_Detroit_that_was_the_beginning_of_an_uprising_of_many_tribes_against_the_British_colonists.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._16._A_meeting_held_in_Massachusetts_in_October_of_1765,_which_would_coordinate_a_combined_colonial_resistance_to_parliamentary_taxation.__
� TEST 12: Chapters 34–36 To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._17._It_would_provide_for_a_separate_American_legislature_called_the_Grand_Council.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._18._Economist_who_coined_the_term_“mercantilism”_and_authored_The_Wealth_of_Nations.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._19._Prime_Minister_who_introduced_the_Currency_Act,_the_Revenue_Act,_the_Stamp_Act,_and_the_Quartering_Act_to_Parliament.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._20._A_tax_passed_in_1767_on_all_glass,_paint,_paper,_lead,_and_tea_that_America_imported_from_England.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._21._Legally_valid_currency_that_may_be_offered_in_payment_of_a_debt_and_that_a_creditor_must_accept.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._22._One_of_two_distinguished_British_statesmen_who_called_on_colleagues_to_repeal_the_Intolerable_Acts_and_abandon_schemes_to_tax_the_colonies.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._23._He_offered_a_less_extreme_approach_from_the_Suffolk_Resolves_that_would_still_have_Britain_involved_in_colonial_governmental_affairs._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._24._A_tax_that_enabled_Britain_to_collect_taxes_on_tea_coming_directly_from_India_without_being_unloaded_in_England_first._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._25._Organized_the_Sons_of_Liberty_and_wrote_newspaper_articles_that_attacked_British_policies_and_officials.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._26._Four_laws_passed_by_Parliament_in_1774_to_discipline_Boston_for_being_the_center_of_rebellion_against_England.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._27._It_put_new_duties_on_sugar,_indigo,_coffee,_pimento,_wine,_and_textiles,_and_those_accused_of_violating_these_resolutions_would_be_tried_in_British_Admiralty_courts_rather_than_by_colonial_juries.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._28._An_annual_publication_including_calendars_with_weather_forecasts,_astronomical_information,_tide_tables,_and_other_related_tabular_information.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._29._Resolutions_directing_resistance_to_the_Intolerable_Acts_and_stating_that_Massachusetts’_taxes_should_be_withheld_from_the_Crown_until_the_colony’s_government_had_been_“placed_upon_a_constitutional_foundation.”__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._30._Protest_response_to_the_Tea_Act_by_the_Sons_of_Liberty.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._31._It_stated_that_all_printed_matter_could_only_be_printed_on_stamped_paper_which_had_to_be_bought_from_tax_officials.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._32._An_economic_market_in_which_supply_and_demand_are_not_regulated_by_civil_governments.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._33._A_meeting_of_colonial_delegates_who_met_in_Philadelphia_on_September_5,_1774,_to_draft_a_list_of_grievances_and_formed_the_Continental_Association,_
which_boycotted_British_goods_and_banned_American_exports_to_Britain.
�To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence TEST 12: Chapters 34–36
Essay QuEstion (write your answer below)
Who organized the Sons of Liberty, what was the organization’s purpose, and what were some of the tactics they employed in the fight for American freedom? Were they successful in helping the cause for American independence?
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End of Test 12
� TEST 13: Chapters 37–39 To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence
T E ST 1� Chapters 37 – 39Name__________________________________________________________Date____________________________
Identify:
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..1._Delivered_yearly_in_the_New_England_colonies_in_the_presence_of_the_governor_and_newly_elected_members_of_the_legislature,_reminding_them_of_their_duties_to_act_virtuously_and_justly_in_their_public_office.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..2._A_Boston_bookseller_who_became_Washington’s_artillery_commander.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..3._pamphlet_published_by_Thomas_Paine_that_provided_Biblical_arguments_that_helped_the_colonists_decide_for_independence.
Numbers_4-8:_The_5_men_appointed_by_Congress_to_draft_a_declaration_of_Independence.__(Answers_may_be_listed_in_any_order.)
4._ ._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._.
5._ ._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._.
6._ ._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._.
7._ ._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._.
8._ ._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..9._Unanimously_appointed_commander_in_chief_of_the_Continental_Army_at_the_Second_Continental_Congress.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._10._One_last_attempt_by_the_Second_Continental_Congress_to_appeal_to_King_George_III_to_intercede_for_his_colonies_against_the_evil_designs_of_Parliament.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._11._A_“Great_Charter,”_forged_in_1215,_whose_political_theory_was_included_in_the_Patriots’_arguments_for_independence._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._12._Author_of_the_first_draft_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence.
Numbers_13_and_14:_Coauthors_of_the_Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_up_Arms_that_was_presented_at_the_Second_Continental_Congress._(Answers_may_be_listed_in_any_order.)
13._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
14._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._15._Leader_of_the_Green_Mountain_Boys.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._16._A_document,_issued_by_King_George_in_1775,_that_declared_that_the_colonists_were_in_open_rebellion_and_were_to_be_suppressed_by_royal_officials.
�To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence TEST 13: Chapters 37–39
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._17._An_act_having_no_legal_validity.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._18._Served_as_army_surgeon_general,_set_up_America’s_first_free_medical_clinic,_and_created_the_finest_medical_school_in_the_country_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._19._The_war_fought_between_the_American_colonies_and_Britain_so_that_the_colonies_could_become_independents_states,_free_from_British_rule.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._20._A_meeting_of_Congress_in_1775_where_the_delegates_realized_that_they_had_to_declare_independence_from_Britain_and_prepare_for_war.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._21._The_location_near_Boston_where_American_troops_placed_50_cannons,_and_gained_full_control_of_the_city.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._22._A_document_declaring_that_the_“colonies_are,_and_of_right_ought_to_be,_free_and_independent_states.”
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._23._Incapable_of_being_transferred.
Numbers_24-26:_Three_English_generals_who_were_sent_to_aid_General_Gage_in_the_war_to_defeat_the_colonists._
_ _ 24._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
_ _ 25._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
_ _ 26._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._27._Britain’s_Earl_of_Sandwich_and_First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._28._Led_American_Patriots_against_Loyalists_at_Moore’s_Creek_Bridge.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._29._American_colonel_authorized_by_the_Committee_of_Safety_to_secure_Bunker_Hill_and_Breed’s_Hill_from_the_British.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._30._An_unruly_bunch_of_Patriot_roughnecks_whose_bad_behavior_gave_the_British_the_ammunition_they_needed_to_paint_the_Americans_as_a_savage_mob.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._31._Not_belonging_to_a_permanent,_organized_military_force.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._32._Leader_of_the_offensive_forces_that_marched_against_Fort_Ticonderoga_and_Crown_Point,_which_gave_them_control_of_the_entire_Champlain_Valley.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._33._The_doctrine_that_a_lesser_civil_government_may_oppose_the_action_of_a_higher_governmental_authority_if_it_violates_the_terms_of_their_agreement.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._34._A_document,_presented_at_the_Second_Continental_Congress,_that_listed_the_excesses_of_Parliament_and_left_the_colonists_no_alternative_but_armed_resistance.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._35._To_repeal_or_annul.
10 TEST 13: Chapters 37–39 To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence
Essay QuEstion (write your answer below)
What four documents were issued during the Second Continental Congress, who were they issued by, and what role did they play in convincing the delegates that they had to declare independence from Britain?
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End of Test 13
11To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence TEST 14: Chapters 40–42
T E ST 1� Chapters 40 – 42Name__________________________________________________________Date____________________________
Identify:
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..1._Ordinance_that_divided_the_Northwest_Territory_into_townships_and_ranges.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..2.__Where_Washington’s_army_remained_during_the_terrible_winter_of_1777-1778_after_the_British_capture_of_Philadelphia.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..3._American_general_who_defeated_the_British_at_the_Battle_of_Saratoga_and_became_a_contender_for_the_position_of_commander_in_chief.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..4._Philosophic_movement_of_the_18th_century_that_elevated_human_reason_above_everything_else.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..5._His_defeat_at_Yorktown_started_negotiations_to_end_the_War_for_Independence.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..6._An_uprising_of_Massachusetts_farmers_in_response_to_increased_taxation_to_pay_off_war_debts.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..7._He_wrote_the_Land_Ordinance_of_1784_that_was_adopted_but_never_implemented.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..8._A_German_mercenary_in_the_British_army_during_the_War_for_Independence.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..9._Large_area_of_land_west_of_the_Appalachian_Mountains_turned_over_to_Congress_to_sell_to_help_pay_U.S._war_debts.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._10._Statute_that_appointed_a_governor,_secretary,_and_three_judges_to_control_the_land_west_of_the_Appalachian_Mountains.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._11._The_Mohawk_chief_who_was_a_commissioned_as_a_British_officer_and_led_troops_of_loyalists_and_Indians_at_the_Battle_of_Oriskany.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._12._Defeated_the_British_at_the_Battle_of_Oriskany_preventing_them_from_rendezvousing_with_other_British_armies.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._13._A_mountain_on_the_border_of_North_and_South_Carolina_where_900_mountain_men_trapped_General_Cornwallis,_giving_the_Americans_time_to_organize_an_effective_southern_campaign.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._14._This_naval_battle_between_the_French_and_the_British_fleets_was_one_of_the_most_decisive_battles_of_the_War_for_Independence.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._15._A_document_presented_to_Congress_expressing_that_the_national_government_was_not_to_rule_over_the_people_directly_but_would_only_administer_the_actions_of_the_states.
1� TEST 14: Chapters 40–42 To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._16._He_penned_nearly_every_important_document_of_the_Colonial_and_Continental_Congress_up_to_the_Declaration_of_Independence.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._17._A_meeting_in_1785_between_Maryland_and_Virginia_that_was_successful_in_resolving_disputes._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._18._Sometimes_called_the_“Washington_of_the_West,”_he_led_troops_into_western_lands_claimed_by_Virginia_and_captured_Forts_Kaskaskia,_Cahokia,_and_Vincennes.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._19._The_official_document_ending_the_War_for_Independence_that_acknowledged_the_independence_of_the_United_States_of_America.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._20._A_pamphlet_by_Thomas_Paine_that_defended_Washington’s_cause_against_political_adversaries_and_made_the_case_for_Americans_to_persevere_and_look_forward_to_their_future_of_freedom.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._21._Meeting_in_1786_led_by_Alexander_Hamilton_at_which_only_five_states_sent_representatives.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._22._Wrote_two_anonymous_pamphlets_entitled_A_Full_Vindication_of_the_Measures_of_Congress_and_The_Farmer_refuted,_displaying_his_mature_grasp_of_the_principles_of_constitutional_government
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._23._Successful_American_artist_who_founded_the_Royal_Academy_of_London_and_assisted_three_generations_of_American_artists._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._24._He_was_the_leader_of_a_band_of_guerillas_who_made_hit-and-run_raids_and_then_hid_out_in_the_swamps.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._25._A_Polish_nobleman_who_was_named,_“The_Father_of_American_Cavalry”_after_his_death.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._26._A_Prussian_military_commander_who_was_drill_master_to_the_Continental_Army.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._27._Battle_fought_on_Christmas_Eve_1776_where_Washington’s_troops_surprised_and_defeated_a_garrison_of_Hessians.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._28._Freeing_of_slaves.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._29._between_the_Americans_and_the_British_that_took_place_at_a_cattle_corral.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._30._A_female_spy_who_was_the_only_woman_to_have_a_Georgia_county_named_after_her.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._31._increase_in_the_money_supply_that_results_in_the_decrease_of_the_value_of_currency_and_an_eventual_rise_in_prices.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._32._The_farmer_who_led_a_rebellion_in_Massachusetts_protesting_the_raising_of_taxes.
1�To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence TEST 14: Chapters 40–42
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._33._French_commander_who_successfully_led_troops_against_Cornwallis_in_the_South.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._34._The_decisive_battle_between_the_Patriot_forces_and_British_General_Cornwallis_that_took_place_from_September_28_to_October_17,_1781,_in_Virginia.
Essay QuEstion (write your answer below)
Explain how Washington’s use of spies helped in the War for Independence.
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End of Test 14
1� TEST 15: Chapters 43–45 To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence
T E ST 1� Chapters 43 – 45Name__________________________________________________________Date____________________________
Identify:
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..1._The_“Small_State_Plan”_called_for_amendment_of_the_Articles_of_Confederation_and_granted_Congress_the_additional_powers_of_levying_taxes_and_regulating_commerce,_but_kept_the_unicameral_legislature_of_the_Articles_in_which_each_state_would_have_equal_representation.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..2._Refused_to_attend_the_Constitutional_Convention_because_he_had_doubts_about_its_true_purpose._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..3._French_revolution_in_which_the_God_of_Revelation_was_replaced_with_the_Goddess_of_Reason.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..4._Protest_by_farmers_who_were_outraged_over_the_excise_tax_on_whiskey.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..5._Inventor_of_the_first_cotton_engine_in_1793_that_increased_cotton_production.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..6._He_drafted_the_Kentucky_Resolutions_in_protest_of_the_Alien_and_Sedition_Acts.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..7._An_Undeclared_Naval_War_with_France_in_response_to_the_insult_of_the_XYZ_Affair_and_in_response_to_the_seizure_of_American_vessels_by_the_French.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..8._Drawn_up_in_response_to_British_violation_of_the_Treaty_of_Paris,_this_agreement_between_America_and_Britain_was_unpopular_with_Americans_because,_it_conceded_too_much_to_Britain.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..9._A_system_within_the_Constitution_that_was_set_up_to_ensure_that_no_president_could_abuse_his_authority_while_in_office.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._10._Presented_the_Great_Compromise_to_the_Constitutional_Convention.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._11._A_plan_proposed_to_Congress_by_Alexander_Hamilton_which_would_provide_money_to_run_the_new_government_and_establish_the_credit_of_the_United_States.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._12._Battle_in_1794_in_the_Northwest_Territory_where_General_“Mad”_Anthony_Wayne_defeated_the_Indians_and_opened_the_door_for_the_purchase_of_land_and_pioneer_settlement.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._13._He_was_the_author_of_Social Contract,_which_became_the_textbook_of_the_French_Revolution.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._14._Four_laws_violating_American_civil_liberties_that_were_passed_by_the_ruling_Federalist_Party_as_a_security_measure_to_prevent_possible_revolution_from_undermining_the_unity_of_the_nation.
1�To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence TEST 15: Chapters 43–45
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._15._Also_known_as_the_“Connecticut_Compromise,”__this_proposal_called_for_a_two-house_legislative_branch_for_the_new_government_known_as_the_United_States_Congress._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._16._A_method_of_electing_the_president_in_which_each_state_chooses_electors_equal_in_number_to_the_total_of_their_senators_and_representatives.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._17._French_foreign_minister_who_amassed_a_fortune_through_bribes._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._18._French_proclamation_that_declared_that_rights_are_defined_and_determined_by_the_state._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._19._The_“Large_State_Plan”_called_for_scrapping_the_Articles_of_Confederation_and_replacing_them_with_a_bicameral_legislature_with_both_houses_having_representation_based_on_population._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._20._Written_by_James_Madison,_this_statement_labeled_the_Alien_and_Sedition_Acts_as_“alarming_infractions_of_the_Constitution”_but_did_not_accept_the_idea_that_a_single_state_could_overturn_a_federal_law.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._21._One_of_three_envoys_sent_to_France_to_repair_the_breach_between_America_and_France_that_resulted_from_the_Jay_Treaty_and_later_served_as_Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._22._A_nation_in_which_the_supreme_power_lies_in_a_body_of_citizens_who_are_entitled_to_vote_for_officers_and_representatives_responsible_to_them.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._23._The_belief—based_solely_on_reason—in_a_God_who_created_the_universe_and_then_abandoned_it.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._24._One_of_two_houses_of_Congress_that_would_base_state_representation_on_population_and_would_favor_the_states_with_the_largest_populations.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._25._One_of_the_leaders_of_the_French_Revolution_whose_idealism_and_sincerity_gained_him_a_large_following_but_led_to_the_deaths_of_thousands_of_innocent_people.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._26._The_first_Secretary_of_State_under_Washington_who_was_the_original_leader_of_the_political_party_that_eventually_became_known_as_the_Republican_Party.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._27._Drafted_by_Jefferson_in_response_to_the_Alien_and_Sedition_Acts,_the_document_gave_a_state_the_right_to_nullify_any_federal_law_that_interfered_with_the_rights_of_a_state_or_its_citizens.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._28._One_of_two_houses_of_Congress_in_which_state_representation_was_equal._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._29._Government_by_the_people_where_the_majority_rules.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._30._French_general_who_overthrew_the_French_republic_and_eventually_became_emperor._
1� TEST 15: Chapters 43–45 To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._31._Federalist_who_tried_to_rig_the_voting_in_the_Electoral_College_in_the_elections_of_1796_and_1800._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._32._Signed_the_commissions_of_the_sixteen_new_“midnight_judges”_that_he_appointed_as_his_last_act_as_president._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._33._French_response_to_the_Jay_Treaty_of_1795_where_three_French_agents_demanded_a_bribe_from_American_envoys._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._34._Representative_from_Pennsylvania_at_the_Constitutional_Convention_who_was_given_the_task_of_putting_the_Constitution_into_it_final_literary_form.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._35._The_first_ten_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution_that_protect_specific_rights_of_states_and_citizens.
Essay QuEstion (write your answer below)
Why did so many people believe that the Sedition Act was a violation of the rights of the American people?
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End of Test 15
1�To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence FINAL EXAM
FINAL EXAM
Name__________________________________________________________Date____________________________
Identify:
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..1._A_series_of_religious_revivals_among_Protestants_in_the_American_colonies_that_took_place_from_1725-1750.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..2._His_famous_“Call_to_Arms”_caused_many_to_embrace_the_cause_of_liberty_and_prepare_for_war_with_Britain.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..3._He_was_one_of_the_five_colonists_killed_in_the_Boston_Massacre.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..4._A_sermon_preached_every_year_in_the_New_England_colonies_in_the_presence_of_the_governor_and_newly_elected_members_of_the_legislature,_reminding_them_of_their_duties_to_act_virtuously_and_justly_in_their_public_office.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..5._American_general_who_defeated_the_British_at_the_Battle_of_Saratoga_and_became_a_contender_against_Washington_for_his_position_as_commander_in_chief.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..6._The_period_during_the_French_revolution_where_more_than_30,000_were_killed,_including_the_king_and_queen._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..7._The_English_colonists’_name_for_a_war_over_territory_that_began_in_America_between_the_French_and_English_colonists_and_spread_to_Europe._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..8._Approved_by_Congress,_it_provided_justification_for_the_colonists’_demands_to_live_in_peace_under_the_provisions_of_their_initial_agreement_with_the_Crown,_which_did_not_include_taxation_and_regulation_by_Parliament.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._..9._Also_known_as_the_Intolerable_Acts,_these_four_laws_were_passed_by_Parliament_in_1774_to_discipline_Boston_for_being_the_center_of_rebellion_against_England.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._10._The_war_fought_so_the_American_colonies_could_be_free_from_British_rule.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._11._Statute_passed_by_the_Continental_Congress_that_appointed_a_governor,_secretary,_and_three_judges_to_control_the_territory.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._12._French_foreign_minister_who_was_the_author_of_the_XYZ_Affair.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._13._One_of_the_most_well-known_missionaries_to_evangelize_the_Indians_and_colonists_living_on_the_frontier.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._14._A_method_of_electing_the_president_in_which_each_state_chooses_electors_equal_in_number_to_the_total_of_their_senators_and_representatives.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._15._Author_of_Leatherstocking Tales: The Last of the Mohicans.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._16._A_company_of_woodsmen_organized_by_Governor_William_who_served_as_the_eyes_and_ears_of_the_regular_British_army.
1� FINAL EXAM To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._17._French_monarch_who_had_the_longest_reign_in_European_history_and_fostered_the_myth_of_himself_as_the_Sun_King.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._18._A_fort_that_was_hastily_built_by_Washington_and_his_troops_in_an_attempt_to_stop_the_French_at_the_Battle_of_Great_Meadows.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._19._A_tax_passed_in_1767_on_all_glass,_paint,_paper,_lead,_and_tea_that_America_imported_from_England.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._20._It_stated_that_legal_documents,_newspapers,_diplomas,_playing_cards,_and_all_other_forms_of_printed_matter_could_only_be_printed_on_stamped_paper_which_had_to_be_purchased_from_tax_officials.
Numbers_21-25:_The_5_men_appointed_by_Congress_to_draft_a_declaration_of_Independence._
_ 21._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
_ 22._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
_ 23._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
_ 24._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
_ 25._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._26.__A_document_that_declared_that_the_“colonies_are,_and_of_right_ought_to_be,_free_and_independent_states.”
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._27._A_document_that_listed_the_excesses_of_Parliament_and_left_the_colonists_no_alternative_but_armed_resistance.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._28.__Appointed_by_Congress_to_draw_up_the_plans_for_settling_the_Northwest_Territory.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._29.__A_document_presented_to_Congress_that_stated_that_the_national_government_was_not_to_rule_over_the_people_directly,_but_would_only_administer_the_actions_of_the_states.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._30.___At_the_age_of_17,_wrote_two_anonymous_pamphlets_that_displayed_his_mature_grasp_of_the_principles_of_constitutional_government._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._31.__French_commander_who_successfully_led_troops_against_Cornwallis_in_the_South,_making_surprise_raids_and_then_fleeing._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._32.__A_system_within_the_Constitution_that_was_set_up_to_ensure_that_no_president_could_abuse_his_authority_while_in_office.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._33._A_plan_proposed_to_Congress_by_Alexander_Hamilton_which_would_provide_money_to_run_the_new_government_and_establish_the_credit_of_the_United_States.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._34._Four_laws_violating_American_civil_liberties_that_were_passed_by_the_ruling_Federalist_Party_as_a_security_measure_to_prevent_possible_revolution_from_undermining_the_unity_of_the_nation.
1�To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence FINAL EXAM
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._35.__One_of_two_houses_of_Congress_that_would_base_state_representation_on_population_and_would_favor_the_states_with_the_largest_populations.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._36.__French_response_to_the_Jay_Treaty_of_1795_in_which_three_French_agents_demanded_a_bribe_from_American_envoys_in_exchange_for_an_audience_with_French_Foreign_Minister_Talleyrand.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._37._The_first_ten_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution_added_in_1791_to_protect_specific_rights_of_states_and_citizens.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._38.__Drawn_up_in_response_to_British_violation_of_the_Treaty_of_Paris,_this_agreement_was_unpopular_with_Americans_because__it_conceded_too_much_to_Britain.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._39.__The_decisive_battle_between_the_Patriot_forces_and_British_General_Cornwallis_at_Yorktown_Peninsula_in_Virginia.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._40.__This_document_signed_September_3,_1783,_acknowledged_the_independence_of_the_United_States_of_America.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._41._Where_Washington’s_discouraged_army_wintered_during_the_winter_of_1777-1778_after_the_British_capture_of_Philadelphia.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._42.__The_doctrine_that_a_lesser_civil_government_may_oppose_the_action_of_a_higher_governmental_authority_if_it_violates_the_terms_of_their_agreement.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._43._A_meeting_of_Congress_in_1775_where_the_delegates_declared_independence_from_Britain.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._44.__A_“Great_Charter,”_forged_in_1215,_whose_political_theory_was_included_in_the_Patriots’_arguments_for_independence._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._45.__Protest_response_to_the_Tea_Act_by_a_group_of_the_Sons_of_Liberty.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._46.__A_Scottish_Presbyterian_minister_who_became_president_of_the_College_of_New_Jersey_(now_Princeton_University).
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._47.__Legally_valid_currency_that_may_be_offered_in_payment_of_a_debt_and_that_a_creditor_must_accept.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._48.__Economist_who_coined_the_term_“mercantilism”_and_authored_The Wealth of Nations.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._49.__A_meeting_held_in_Massachusetts_in_October_of_1765,_which_coordinated_a_combined_colonial_resistance_to_parliamentary_taxation.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._50.__She_was_known_as_the_“African_Poetess.”
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._51.__An_astronomer_and_mathematician,_who__worked_out_the_system_of_integral_calculus_and_was_the_first_to_use_crosshairs_in_a_telescope_for_more_precise_aiming._
�0 FINAL EXAM To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._52._A_Congregationalist_pastor_during_the_Great_Awakening_who_authored_the_famous_sermon_titled,_“Sinners_in_the_Hands_of_an_Angry_God.”
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._53._A_meeting_that_took_place_in_Albany,_New_York_in_1754_between_colonial_leaders_and_Iroquois_chiefs_to_plan_a_common_strategy_against_the_French.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._54._Document_that_formally_ended_the_French_and_Indian_War_in_1763.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._55._Governor_of_Massachusetts_who_became_commander_of_the_British_army_in_America_and_organized_Roger’s_Rangers.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._56._A_plan_that_would_enable_Britain_and_the_British_colonies_to_combine_their_manpower_and_resources_to_win_the_French_and_Indian_War_but_was_rejected_because_neither_side_wanted_to_relinquish_authority.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._57._He_was_a_driving_force_in_abolishing_the_practice_of_slavery_in_England_without_war_or_bloodshed.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._58._English_commander_who_defeated_the_strongest_fort_in_North_America_after_he_ordered_a_day_of_fasting_and_prayer_and_a_weekly_evening_of_special_prayer_to_God.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._59._Continual_disputes_between_France_and_England_over_territory_that_took_place_after_the_Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_and_before_the_French_and_Indian_War.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._60._People_who_hold_to_a_different_opinion_from_the_majority_on_religious_and_political_issues.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._61._Presbyterian_minister_who_was_one_of_the_leading_voices_supporting_the_cause_for_independence_and_the_only_minister_to_sign_the_Declaration_of_Independence.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._62._Provided_justification_for_the_colonists’_demands_to_live_in_peace_under_the_provisions_of_their_initial_agreement_with_the_Crown,_which_did_not_include_taxation_and_regulation_by_Parliament.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._63._He_is_credited_with_creating_the_final_design_of_the_Great_Seal_of_the_United_States.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._64._He_was_a_master_strategist_who_organized_the_Sons_of_Liberty.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._65._They_urged_direct_resistance_to_the_Intolerable_Acts_and_stated_that_Massachusetts’_taxes_should_be_withheld_from_the_Crown_and_urged_the_colony_to_prepare_to_resist_British_invasion.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._66._A_Boston_bookseller_who_became_Washington’s_artillery_commander.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._67._One_last_attempt_by_the_Second_Continental_Congress_to_appeal_to_King_George_III_to_intercede_for_his_colonies_against_the_evil_designs_of_Parliament.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._68._A_document,_issued_by_King_George_in_1775,_that_declared_that_the_colonists_were_in_open_rebellion_and_were_to_be_suppressed__by_royal_officials.
�1To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence FINAL EXAM
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._69._Leader_of_the_Green_Mountain_Boys.
Numbers_70_and_71:_Coauthors_of_the_Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_up_Arms_that_was_presented_at_the_Second_continental_Congress._
70..__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71..__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Numbers_72-74:_Three_English_generals,_veterans_of_the_Seven_Years’_War,_who_were_sent_to_aid_General_Gage_in_the_war_to_defeat_the_colonists.
72..__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73..__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74..__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._75._Philosophic_movement_of_the_18th_century_that_rejected_traditional_social,_religious,_and_political_ideas.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._76._Mohawk_chief_who_was_commissioned_as_a_British_officer_and_led_troops_of_loyalists_and_Indians_at_the_Battle_of_Oriskany.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._77._He_encouraged_Americans_to_persevere_during_their_darkest_hours_and_look_forward_to_freedom_in_his_pamphlet,_entitled_The Crisis.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._78._A_Prussian_military_commander_who_became_drill_master_to_the_Continental_Army.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._79._A_woman_who_spied_for_the_American_militia_and_was_the_only_woman_to_have_a_Georgia_county_named_after_her.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._80._Inventor_of_the_first_cotton_engine_in_1793_that_increased_cotton_production.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._81._Known_as_the_“Small_State_Plan,”_it_granted_Congress_additional_powers_of_levying_taxes_and_regulating_commerce,_but_kept_a_unicameral_legislature_in_which_each_state_would_have_equal_representation.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._82._Known_as_the_“Swamp_Fox,”_he_was_the_leader_of_a_band_of_guerillas_who_made_hit-and-run_raids_and_then_hid_out_in_the_swamps.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._83._An_Undeclared_Naval_War_with_France_in_response_to_the_insult_of_the_XYZ_Affair_and_to_the_seizure_of_American_vessels_by_the_French.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._84._Battle_in_1794_in_the_Northwest_Territory_where_General_“Mad”_Anthony_Wayne_defeated_the_Indians_and_opened_the_door_for_the_purchase_of_land_and_pioneer_settlement.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._85._One_of_two_houses_of_Congress_in_which_state_representation_was_equal._
�� FINAL EXAM To Pledge Allegiance: On the Road to Independence
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._86._In_1796,_he_signed_the_commissions_of_the_sixteen_new_“midnight_judges”_that_he_appointed_as_his_last_act_as_president._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._87._The_American_counterpart_to_the_War_of_Spanish_Succession_that_was_fought_over_the_alliance_of_France_and_Spain.__
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._88._A_war_between_the_French_colonists_and_the_English_colonists_that_was_fought_over_religious_differences,_land_disputes,_and_the_fur_trade._
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._89._Canadian_governor_who_ordered_that_a_series_of_forts_be_built_at_strategic_points_in_the_Ohio_Valley.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._90._Governor_of_New_France_who_encouraged_expanding_fur_trade_rather_than_farming_and_settlement.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._91._He_helped_build_the_Wilderness_Road_in_1775_that_became_the_main_route_westward_for_pioneers.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._92._A_gathering_of_leading_men_in_Richmond_at_St._John’s_Church_where_Patrick_Henry_put_forward_a_motion_for_Virginia_to_take_defensive_measures_against_the_British.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._93._It_enabled_Britain_to_collect_taxes_on_tea_that_came_directly_from_India_without_being_unloaded_in_England_first.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._94._Suggested_a_union_of_the_colonies_that_would_provide_for_a_separate_American_legislature_called_the_Grand_Council,_whose_members_would_be_elected_by_the_colonial_assemblies.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._95._A_September_5,_1774_meeting_in_Philadelphia_of_delegates_from_twelve_colonies_where_a_list_of_grievances_and_a_declaration_of_the_rights_of_the_colonies_were_drafted.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._96._A_pamphlet_published_by_Thomas_Paine_that_made_biblical_arguments_for_independence.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._97._He_served_as_army_surgeon_general,_set_up_America’s_first_free_medical_clinic,_and_created_the_finest_medical_school_in_the_country_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._98._Defeated_at_Yorktown,_his_capture_started_negotiations_to_end_the_War_for_Independence.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._99._To_unify_and_increase_the_monetary_wealth_of_a_nation_by_strict_governmental_regulation_of_the_entire_economy.
._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._ 100._Considered_a_forebear_of_modern_socialism_and_communism,_he_was_the_author_of_Social_Contract,_which_became_the_textbook_of_the_French_Revolution.
End of Final Exam
