Today: Regulating gene expression in bactriaExam #1 T 2/17 in class
Available:F and M 10-11am, noon-2pm, after 3pmT after 2pm
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
We looked at the mechanisms of gene expression, now we will look at its regulation.
Why change gene expression?
•Different cells need different components•Responding to the environment•Replacement of damaged/worn-out parts
Fig 15.1
Two points to keep in mind:
1. Cellular components are constantly turned-over.
2. Gene expression takes time:
Typically more than an hour from DNA to protein. Most rapidly 15 minutes.
Fig 15.1
•Gene expression can be controlled at many points between DNA and making the final proteins.
•Changes in the various steps of gene expression control when and how much of a product are produced.
Fig 15.1
Fowler and ThomashowThe Plant Cell, Vol. 14, 1675-1690, 2002
mRNA levels change in response to cold acclimation
Fig 1b
DNA damage inhibits rRNA transciption
The ATM repair pathway inhibits RNA polymerase I transcription in response to chromosome breaksNature Vol 447 pg 730-734 (7 June 2007)
•Gene expression can be controlled at many points between DNA and making the final proteins.
•Changes in the various steps of gene expression control when and how much of a product are produced.
Fig 15.1
In bacteria, transcription and translation occur simultaneously. So most regulation of gene expression happens at transcription.
Fig 13.22
Transcription initiation in prokaryotes:sigma factor binds to the -35 and -10 regions and then
the RNA polymerase subunits bind and begin transcription Fig 12.7
The expression of micF inhibits the ompF gene at high osmolarity
micF RNA does not code for a protein It is antisense RNA
Fig 14.16
If the concentration of product 3 becomes high, it binds to enzyme 1
Thereby inhibiting its ability to convert substrate 1 into product 1
Feedback inhibition
*This mechanism regulates the production of cysteine in E. coli