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2. Tomato Grafting Benefits of Grafting Disease management Plant vigor Fruit yield Tube Grafting Technique Economics Current Research 3. Tomato Grafting First reports of vegetablegrafting occurred in Asiain the 1920s.Scion Fusarium wilt of melon Popularized in JapanRootstock and Korea Tunnel and Greenhouseproduction 4. Vegetable Grafting Worldwide81% of Korean and 54% of Japanesevegetable production uses grafted plants(Lee, 2003) Photos courtesy of M. Peet (NCSU) 5. Benefits of Grafting Root function Disease resistanceagainst soilbornepathogens Water and nutrient uptake Nutrient assimilation andtransport Interface with soilecosystem 6. Fusarium Wilt Fusarium wilt is causedby Fusarium oxysporum. Unilateral wilting Yellowing of leaves Browning of xylem 7. Fusarium Wilt Fusarium Wilt Incidence:60Alamance Co. 2006 Non-grafted50 Self-grafted RobustaFusarium Wilt Incidence (%)40 Maxifort302010 0 30 40 50 607080 90 100 110 Days After Transplanting 8. Disease Management Corky Fusarium Wilt Verticillium Root-knot Bacterial SouthernRootstocks TMV Root Wilt (r1) NematodeWilt Blight Race 1 Race 2Beaufort*RRRRRMR SHRMaxifort*RRRRRMR SHR(Unreleased)*RSRRR RHRMRTMZQ702**RSRRR RMRMRDai Honmei *** RRR S R RHRMRRST-04-105 ****RRRRR RHRMRBig Power *****RRRRR R SHRRobusta ****** RRSRR S S ? R=Resistant , HR=Highly Resistant, MR=Moderately Resistant, S=Susceptible * = De Ruiter Seed Co. ** = Sakata Seed Co. *** = Asahi Seed Co. **** = D Palmer Seed Co. ***** =Rijk Zwaan****** = Bruinsma Seed Co. 9. Disease Management Corky Fusarium Wilt Verticillium Root-knot Bacterial SouthernRootstocks TMV Root Wilt (r1) NematodeWilt Blight Race 1 Race 2Beaufort*RRRRRMR SHRMaxifort*RRRRRMR SHR(Unreleased)*RSRRR RHRMRTMZQ702**RSRRR RMRMRDai Honmei *** RRR S R RHRMRRST-04-105 ****RRRRR RHRMRBig Power *****RRRRR R SHRRobusta ****** RRSRR S S ? R=Resistant , HR=Highly Resistant, MR=Moderately Resistant, S=Susceptible * = De Ruiter Seed Co. ** = Sakata Seed Co. *** = Asahi Seed Co. **** = D Palmer Seed Co. ***** =Rijk Zwaan****** = Bruinsma Seed Co. 10. Disease Management Corky Fusarium Wilt Verticillium Root-knot Bacterial SouthernRootstocks TMV Root Wilt (r1) NematodeWilt Blight Race 1 Race 2Beaufort*RRRRRMR SHRMaxifort*RRRRRMR SHR(Unreleased)*RSRRR RHRMRTMZQ702**RSRRR RMRMRDai Honmei *** RRR S R RHRMRRST-04-105 ****RRRRR RHRMRBig Power *****RRRRR R SHRRobusta ****** RRSRR S S ? R=Resistant , HR=Highly Resistant, MR=Moderately Resistant, S=Susceptible * = De Ruiter Seed Co. ** = Sakata Seed Co. *** = Asahi Seed Co. **** = D Palmer Seed Co. ***** =Rijk Zwaan****** = Bruinsma Seed Co. 11. Benefits of Grafting Root function Disease resistanceagainst soilbornepathogens Water and nutrient uptake Nutrient assimilation andtransport Interface with soilecosystem 12. CEFS Research2006 SR-SARE R&E Grant Compare production dynamics oftunnel vs field production. Environment Disease Productivity Economics Optimize cultural practices for highCherokee Purpletunnels. Nutrient / Fertility Planting Date Investigate the role of grafting for open-fieldand tunnel production. Beaufort Maxifort Nutrient uptake efficiency 13. Total fruit n 300 200 Grafting Effects - 2007 100 0BEAUFORTMAXIFORTC180 160 42 %53 %Total fruit yield (t/ha) 140 120 10080604020 0 Nongraft Beaufort Maxifort Nongraft Beaufort MaxifortOpen -field High tunnel The main effect of grafting was significant in both years, across systems, and with both data sets (100 DAP vs systems). System*grafting = NS 14. Total fruit n 300 200Grafting Effects - 2008 1000 BEAUFORTMAXIFORTC180 16037 %Total fruit yield (t/ha) 140 35 % 120 100 80 60 40 200 Nongraft Beaufort Maxifort Nongraft Beaufort Maxifort Open -field High tunnel The main effect of grafting was significant in both years, across systems, and with both data sets (100 DAP vs systems). System*grafting = NS 15. 60 Grafting Effects - Yield Total fruit yield (t Maxifort50403020100 *Open-field 01 High tunnel23 4 56Harvest interval CTotal fruit yield (t/ha) 80 Total fruit yield (t/ha)80 70Nongraft200770 Nongraft2007Beaufort Beaufort 60 60Maxifort Maxifort 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 100 0 *012 3 4 56 01 23 4 56 Harvest interval 80Nongraft D200880 Nongraft2008 70 70 Total fruit yield (t/ha)Total fruit yield (t/ha)Beaufort Beaufort 60 60Maxifort Maxifort 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0* 0 *012 3 4 56 01 23 4 56 Harvest interval Harvest intervalTotal fruit yield (t/ha) 80 70Nongraft 60 50 Bi-weekly harvest data was collected into five bins.BeaufortMaxifort 40 Last bin was the final (terminal) harvest 30 20 Previous four were equivalent divisions of the harvest season 10 0 Each interval = 3 weeks in the tunnel or 2 weeks in the open-field*012 3 4 56 16. Cedar Meadow Farm Steve GroffCedar Meadow Farm Lancaster County, PA 17. Verticillium Wilt Verticillium dahliae Loss of vigor Wilting and leaf necrosis Favored by cool wet weather Race 2 prevalent in WNC(Bender & Shoemaker, 1984) Reliance on fumigation 18. Cedar Meadow FarmResearch Objectives Can vigorous rootstock be usedto manage verticillium wilt? How does grafting fit in withfumigation? Additive or alternative Can we reduce economicconstraints through culturalmethods? Plant spacing (2008)Kaitlin Dye (Summer 2008) Transplant costs (2009) Photo Courtesy: Steve Groff 19. Cedar Meadow FarmLancaster County - 2009 80 C 70CMarketable fruit yield (tons/acre) 60 B 50 A 40 30 20 10 0Non-FumigatedFumigated Non-Fumigated Fumigated Non-graftedMaxifort LSD P = 0.05 20. Cedar Meadow Farm Lancaster County - 2008 70C 60 C BCMarketable yield (tons/acre)B B 50A 40 30 20 10 018"24"36" 18"24"36"Non-graftedMaxifortLSD based on P=0.05 21. Economics Net returns of grafting ($/acre) : 2008 Non-grafted*Maxifort* (Max-Std) 18" Spacing$44,525$47,366 $2,841 24" Spacing $47,827 $3,302 36" Spacing $45,533 $1008 Net returns of grafting ($/acre) : 2009Non-grafted* Maxifort* (Max-Std)Fumigated $47,739$60,699$12,960Non-fumigated$57,677 $9,938* Values = Gross revenue harvest costs transplant costs Selling price = $0.66 per lbs 22. Conclusions Grafting provides a site-specific management tool for soilborne disease. Disease diagnosis and rootstockselection are critical. Use of rootstocks may increase yield through added vigor and nutrient uptake. Cultural management may reduce economic constraints. Planting density Pruning/training Fertility 23. Tube Grafting Suzanne OConnell (NCSU) 24. NoveltiesGraft UnionsPhoto Courtesy: M. Peet (USDA-NIFA) 25. Disclaimer No Recipe for Success Principles Production Uniformity Water Stress Sanitation Re-acclimation 26. Propagation Costs Proportion of added costs e.g. seed costs (%) = (SEEDgraft - SEEDnon) / (TOTALgraft - TOTALnon)$0.46 / plant$0.74 / plant = Added cost (Rivard et al., 2010) 27. Propagation Costs US Tomato Production Systems are DiverseHydroponic greenhousesMulti-bay tunnels Large acreage High tunnelsSmall acreage ProcessingProtectedOpen-fieldCulture 28. Propagation Costs(Rivard et al., 2010) 29. Tube Grafting The advent of tube-grafting orJapanese top-grafting hasbecome the most popular fortomato. Seedlings are graftedat 2-4 leaf stage. High Throughput A person can make~ 1000 grafts/day Grafting robots canmake 700 grafts/hr. 30. Timeline 31. Seeding / Transplant Production Uniformity is key Germination period Substrate Transplanting / Sowing Rootstock and scion Numbers Healthy Transplants Healing Chamber 32. Tube Grafting Technique Size: 2-4 leaves 1.5-2.0 mm stem diameter Sorting Temperature can bemanipulated tocompensate for sizedifferences. Timing is critical. 33. Tube Grafting Technique Preparing for surgery Make sure plants are not water ornutrient stressed. Have a clean working area. Disinfect hands, tools, and grafting clips. Carry out grafting indoors Be in close proximity to healing chamber. 34. Tube Grafting Technique Angle of cut Clip attachment Scion insertion Provide good contactbetween the rootstockand the scion. 35. Life in the Chamber During the healing process, the plant has to form callus tissue and reconnect vascular bundles within the stem. 36. Life in the Chamber By altering the plants physical environment, we can offset the functional effects that this trauma has incurred, and give the plant time to heal itself 37. Life in the Chamber Objectives of the healingchamber Reducing water stress by slowing the transpirational stream. Humidity Light Temperature Keep temperature fairly constant and between 75 and 80 degrees F. 38. Life in the Chamber Regulate humidity Cool-water vaporizers Passive humidifiers No warm-watervaporizers No misters PLEASE Overhead watering 39. Regulate light & humidity in the chamber 40. Healing Chamber 41. Life in the Greenhouse 7-10 days in theGreenhouse Hardening off Overhead Watering The Clip Transportation 42. Life on the FarmPlanting Depth Suckering 43. Early Tomato Production 44. Life on the FarmNON-GRAFTED MAXIFORT 45. Life on the Farm Twin leader for Twin leader forEuropean string trellis stake-and-weave 46. Review Uniformity of seedlings Timing Patience Sanitation Careful observation Water management Cultural Management 47. 2011 Trials Benefit of grafting for HTgrowers in Kansas Less Disease Pressure Six trials across the state Maxifort Trooper RST-04-106 Unreleased DR line Propagation Methods topping during grafting 48. Grafting Effects - YieldZ ZZYZ BB AB ABFruit yield (lbs/plot) Y AP = 0.05 49. 2011 Gieringer Trial High tunnel trial BHN 589 scion Evaluation of rootstockand topping of scion RCBD (4 Reps) Planted Apr 10 Harvested weekly 50. Grafting Effects - Yield C Z Z C BC YZFruit yield (lbs/plot) B X X A P = 0.05 51. Come and visit any timeCary Rivard, 35230 W 135th St., Olathe, KS 66061913-856-2335 ext 120; [email protected]
