Tomato
Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Tomato is one of the most important and popular vegetable in our country. It is botanically a
fruit but considered as vegetable for culinary purposes. It is herbaceous annual plant belongs to
the family, Solanaceae. It is widely grown in our country during winter season. At present, it
occupies 25,000 ha of land and producing about 2.35 lac metric tons with an average yield of
fruit about 9.39 t ha-1. Chittagong, Comilla, Sylhet, Jessore, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur are
the pioneer district of producing tomato.
Tomato fruit is a good source of vitamin A and C. It contains most powerful antioxidant namely
‘lycopene’ which prevent cancer. It has diverse uses due to its taste, flavor and nutritive value.
It is used as curry, salad and side dishes. It acts as a promoter of blood purifier and stimulates
torpid liver. Also used as raw materials in different agro-based industry for producing jam, jelly,
soup, sauce, pickle and ketchup.
Origin
Tomato is said to be the native of tropical America especially Mexico. From tropical America it
spread to other parts of the world in the 16 th century and it became popular in Indian
subcontinent within the last six decades. Some of the scientists think that, the probable origins
of tomato are Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.
Variety
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) has developed tomato varieties for both
winter and summer season are given below-
1. BARI Tomato 1 (Manik)
➢ Plant height 100-110 cm
➢ Indeterminate growth habit
➢ Fruits are slightly longish
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 75-80 days after transplanting
(30-35 days after fruit setting)
➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to one month
➢ Single fruit weight 85-90 g
➢ 25-30 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 85-90 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 105-110 days
Tomato
Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019
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2. BARI Tomato 2 (Ratan)
➢ Plant height 75-80 cm
➢ Fruits are round and red in color
➢ Determinate growth habit
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 75-80 days after transplanting
(35 days after fruit setting)
➢ Fruits can be harvested 2-3 times up to 20 days
➢ Single fruit weight 85-90 g
➢ 30-35 fruit plant-1
➢ Yield 80-85 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 105-110 days
➢ Tolerant to Bacterial wilt
3. BARI Tomato 3
➢ Plant height 100-110 cm
➢ Fruits are fleshy, often flattened and deep red in color
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 85-90 days after transplanting
(35 days after fruit setting)
➢ Fruits can be harvested 7-8 times
➢ Single fruit weight 80-90 g
➢ 30-32 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 85-90 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 110-115 days
4. BARI Tomato 4
➢ Fruits are round and red in color
➢ Heat tolerant variety
➢ Can be grown throughout the year
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 60-65 days after transplanting
➢ Single fruit weight 35-40 g
➢ 20-25 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 20-22 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 90-95 days
5. BARI Tomato 5
➢ Fruits are heart shape and red in color
➢ Heat tolerant variety
➢ Can be grown throughout the year
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 60-65 days after transplanting
➢ Single fruit weight 40-50 g
Tomato
Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019
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➢ 20-22 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 20-22 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 95-100 days
6. BARI Tomato 6 (Chaiti)
➢ Plant height 120-140 cm
➢ High yielding and heat tolerant variety
➢ Can be grown throughout the year
➢ Indeterminate growth habit
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 80-90 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to one month
➢ Fruits are round and light red in color
➢ Ridges present partially on the fruit skin
➢ Single fruit weight 80-90 g
➢ 30-40 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield during summer season 45-50 t ha-1
➢ Yield during winter season 80-90 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 100-110 days
7. BARI Tomato 7 (Apurba)
➢ Indeterminate growth habit
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 80-85 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested 6-7 times up to one month
➢ Fruits are often flattened and deep yellow to orange in
color
➢ Fruit have star-like an appendage at the base of petiole
➢ Rich in beta carotene (7 mg per 100 g tomato)
➢ Single fruit weight 145-155 g
➢ 30-32 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 100-105 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 100-110 days
8. BARI Tomato 8 (Shila)
➢ High yielding variety and dwarf type
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 80-85 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested 4-5 times
➢ Fruits are square to round in shape and light red in color
➢ Fruits are fleshy and have very thick and tough skin
➢ Shelf life of fruit: 15-20 days at room temperature
➢ Single fruit weight 100-115 g
Tomato
Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019
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➢ 25-30 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 90-95 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 100-110 days
9. BARI Tomato 9 (Lalima)
➢ Dwarf type plant
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 75-80 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested 3-4 times
➢ Fruits are oval and red in color
➢ Lower portion of fruit is slightly narrow
➢ Fruits have thick skin
➢ Shelf life of fruit: more than 3 weeks at room temperature
➢ 32-35 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 80-90 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 95-105 days
10. BARI Tomato 10 (Anupoma)
➢ High yielding heat tolerant variety
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 60 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to one month
➢ Fruits are oval and light red in color
➢ Fruits have very thick and tough skin
➢ Shelf life: 2-3 weeks at room temperature
➢ Single fruit weight 25-30 g
➢ 75-80 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 40-55 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 90-100 days
11. BARI Tomato 11 (Jhumka)
➢ Plants are tall and less bushy
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 70-75 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to one month
➢ Fruits are small (8-10 g) like as grape and red in color
➢ Fruits are more sweet than other tomato
➢ Shelf life: 2 weeks at room temperature
➢ Plant produce fruit in cluster where each cluster contain
15-20 fruit
➢ 180-200 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield during summer season 2-3 t bigha-1
➢ Yield during winter season 5-6 t bigha-1
➢ Life cycle 100-110 days
Tomato
Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019
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12. BARI Tomato 14
➢ Indeterminate growth habit
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to 45-60 days
➢ Fruits are large and round
➢ Flesh attractive red in color
➢ Fruits have very thick and tough skin
➢ Shelf life of fruit: more than 3 weeks at room temperature
➢ 30-35 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 90-95 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 110-120 days
➢ Tolerant to bacterial wilt
13. BARI Tomato 15
➢ High yielding variety
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 60-70 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to 25-30 days
➢ Fruits are oval and light red in color
➢ Fruits have very thick and tough skin
➢ Flesh attractive red in color
➢ Fruits contain lesser number of seeds
➢ Single fruit weight 65-70 g
➢ 40-45 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 80-85 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 100-110 days
➢ Resistant to TYLCV
14. BARI Tomato 16
➢ High yielding variety
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 60 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to 20-25 days
➢ Fruits are often oval and deep red in color
➢ Fruits have very thick and tough skin
➢ Fruits contain lesser number of seeds
➢ Shelf life of fruit: 17-21 days at room temperature
➢ Single fruit weight 75-80 g
➢ 51-53 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 85-90 t ha-1
Tomato
Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019
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15. BARI Tomato 17
➢ High yielding variety
➢ Flowering begins from 45 to 47 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 60 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to 20-25 days
➢ Fruits are large, longish and red in color
➢ Fruits have very thick and tough skin
➢ TSS 4.45%
➢ Fruits are fleshy, compact and have 8 locules
➢ Single fruit weight 180-190 g
➢ 23-26 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 70-75 t ha-1
16. BARI Tomato 18
➢ High yielding variety
➢ Virus and insect resistant variety
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 55-60 days after transplanting
(30-35 days after fruit setting)
➢ Rich in lycopene content
➢ 37 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 70-80 t ha-1
17. BARI Tomato 19
➢ High yielding variety
➢ Flowering begins from 44 to 45 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 55-60 days after transplanting
(35-40 days after fruit setting)
➢ Fruits are medium sized, longish and red in color
➢ Fruits are fleshy, compact and have 3 locules
➢ Single fruit weight 60-61 g
➢ 58-62 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 65-67 t ha-1
18. BARI Hybrid Tomato 3
➢ High temperature tolerant variety
➢ Fruits like as kulboroi and red in color
➢ Skin is tough and highly thick
➢ Very good shelf life
➢ 30-35 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 25-30 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 85-90 days
Tomato
Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019
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19. BARI Hybrid Tomato 4
➢ Heat tolerant variety
➢ Fruits are medium size, round and red in color
➢ Skin is tough and highly thick
➢ Good shelf life
➢ 35-40 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 25-30 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 85-90 days
20. BARI Hybrid Tomato 5
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits are large, flattened round
➢ Flesh attractive red in color
➢ Skin is tough and highly thick
➢ Very good shelf life
➢ 35-40 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 95-100 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 110-120 days
➢ Resistant to bacterial wilt and TYLCV
21. BARI Hybrid Tomato 6
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits are large, flattened round with attractive red flesh
color
➢ Skin is tough and highly thick
➢ Very good shelf life
➢ 35-40 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 90-95 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 110-120 days
➢ Resistant to bacterial wilt and TYLCV
22. BARI Hybrid Tomato 7
➢ Grow well in winter season
➢ Fruits are medium size, round with attractive color
➢ Thick pericarp with high shelf life
➢ 40-45 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 90-95 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 120-130 days
➢ Resistant to TYLCV
Tomato
Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019
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23. BARI Hybrid Tomato 8
➢ Heat tolerant variety
➢ Flattened round fruit shaped
➢ Fruit size bigger than other summer hybrid tomato
➢ Attractive red colored fruit with thick flesh
➢ 22-25 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 35-40 t ha-1
➢ Life cycle 90-100 days
24. BARI Hybrid Tomato 9
➢ Flowering begins from 47-50 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits can be harvested several times up to 45-55 days
➢ Fruits are medium sized and round
➢ Attractive red colored fruit with thick and tough skin
➢ Single fruit weight 91-96 g
➢ 51-54 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 75-80 t ha-1
25. BARI Hybrid Tomato 10
➢ High yielding summer variety
➢ Fruits begin to ripe 50-60 days after transplanting
➢ Fruits are medium sized and round
➢ Attractive red colored fruit with
➢ Single fruit weight 66 g
➢ 19 fruits plant-1
➢ Yield 41 t ha-1
Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) has released some varieties they are-
1. BINA Tomato 1 (Bahar)
High yielding winter variety. Plants are determinate in habit. Fruits are large, fleshy,
tastier and contain lesser number of seeds. Yield is 65 t ha-1.
2. BINA Tomato 2
Summer variety that does not require any hormone for fruit setting. Fruits are round and
yield is 38 t ha-1.
3. BINA Tomato 3
Summer variety that also does not require artificial hormone for its fruit setting. Fruits
are oval and yield is 40 t ha-1.
4. BINA Tomato 4
High yielding winter variety. Plants are determinate in habit. Fruits are round, fleshy,
smooth and tasty. Yield is 77 t ha-1.
Tomato
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5. BINA Tomato 5
High yielding winter variety. Fruits are large, fleshy, smooth and tasty. Yield is 69 t ha-1.
6. BINA Tomato 6
Plants are determinate in habit. Fruits are medium, fleshy, tasty and contain lesser
number of seeds. Self life is 25-30 days. Fruit is round, pointed at the opposite of calyx
and red in color at ripening. Average yield is 85 t ha-1 in winter and 40 t ha-1 in summer.
It is moderately resistant to wilt, early blight and leaf curl, tolerant to mild salinity and
water stress.
7. BINA Tomato 7
Plants are determinate in habit. Fruits are medium, fleshy, tasty and contain lesser
number of seeds. Self life is 20-25 days. Fruit is round and red in color at ripening.
Average yield is 87 t ha-1 in winter and 43 t ha-1 in summer. It is moderately resistant to
wilt, early blight and leaf curl, tolerant to mild salinity and water stress.
8. BINA Tomato 8
Fruits are small. Fruit is round and red in color at ripening. Average yield is 90 t ha-1.
9. BINA Tomato 10
Fruits are small and look like grape. Fruit is round and red in color at ripening. Average
yield is 80 t ha-1.
10. BINA Tomato 11
High yielding winter variety. Fruits are slightly wavy to the base of petiole. Fruits are red
in color. Average yield 95-100 t ha-1.
11. BINA Tomato 12
High yielding winter variety. Fruits are medium sized and look oval. Fruits are yellowish
to red in color. Average yield is 90-95 t ha-1.
Production technology
Climate
Moderately warm and dry weather is suitable for tomato cultivation. The optimum temperature
required for tomato is 20-250C for better production. Temperature above 300C and below 100C
is both harmful for proper fruit setting. Temperature at day 25-300C and at night 15-200C is the
best for fruit setting. Night temperature is very sensitive for fruit setting because if it exceeds
220C causes lesser fruit setting and small size fruit.
Soil
High to medium high land is suitable for tomato cultivation. Tomato may be grown on a wide
range of soil from sandy to clay. The optimum soil pH required for tomato is 6.5-7.0. In acidic
soil, liming is required.
Seed Rate: About 200-220 g ha-1.
Tomato
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Seed treatment
Provax 200/Thiram 75% dust @ 3g mixed with 1 kg seed and shake well before sowing.
Sowing time
September-October during winter and April-May during summer is the optimum time for sowing.
Seedbed preparation
Tomato seedlings are raised in the nursery bed. Seedbeds are prepared about 3×1 m size and
raised up to 10-15 cm keeping 75 cm between two beds. Seedbeds are prepared with the
mixture of sand, compost and soil. Tomato seeds are sown in the line on well prepared
seedbeds and lightly covered with soil. The watering should be done by water can as per the
need till germination is completed.
Land preparation
Tomato should be planted in well pulverized field with 4-5 times ploughing followed by laddering. About 1m wide and 15 cm raised bed should be prepared on the field keeping 30 cm wide channel between two beds that will help in irrigating the crop as well as in drainage. Farmyard manure or compost and recommended dose of chemical fertilizer are incorporated into soil during final ploughing.
Transplanting time
During winter season: October-December and during summer season: May-July.
Spacing
60 x 40 cm
Transplanting of seedling
The seedbed should be watered before uprooting the seedlings to minimize the damage of
roots. Healthy and uniform seedlings about 30-35 days aged during winter season and about
25-30 days aged during summer season should be transplanted in the main field and then
seedlings are watered.
Fertilizer dose and application method
Cowdung 10 t ha-1, Urea 550 kg ha-1, TSP 450 kg ha-1, MoP 250 kg ha-1, Gypsum 120 kg ha-1,
Boron 2 kg ha-1. Half of cowdung, half of TSP and entire amount of gypsum and boron should
be applied during land preparation. The remaining half of cowdung and TSP should be applied
during pit preparation before a week of transplanting. The entire urea and MoP are to be
applied in 3 equal installments of 21, 35 and 50 days after transplanting.
Intercultural operation
Gap filling
If the plants not survive in the field after transplanting, in such condition it should be filled up
with the healthy seedlings.
Tomato
Compiled by: Md. Dulal Sarkar, www.dulalsau.wordpress.com; [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University THIS HANDOUT IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE OF BOOKS 28 July 2019
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Stalking
Tomato plants fall down on ground due its weak stem. To overcome such situation stalking is
so necessary. It is done by stick of bamboo, both the sides of plants like as “A” shape. Stacking
leads to higher yield of marketable fruits and facilitate management operations such as
irrigation, intertillage, pest control and harvesting.
Training
Training of tomato plants with the help of ropes. It is claimed to have resulted in early ripening,
higher yield of better-quality fruits and seeds, lesser disease incidence, easier intercultural
operation and harvesting.
Pruning of branch
Determinate type of plants produces large number of branches and flower clusters. So, pruning
of all side suckers except the sucker just below the first flower cluster are to be done. But it is
not common practice in our country, though it has claimed to have higher yield, uniform and
large fruit.
Weeding
Weeding should be done when it is necessary to keep the crops free of weeds.
Fruit thinning
Fruit thinning is so important in tomato production for getting quality and maximum fruit size.
Sometimes, plants produce huge quantity of fruits at the same branch and plants can not bear
the weight, resulting breaking of branches. So, some fruits should thin out from the branch.
Earthing up
The plants are supported with the soil around the plant base.
Irrigation
First irrigation is given just after transplanting of seedlings and subsequent irrigations are given
at an interval of 20-25 days depending upon the season and soil conditions. Wetted condition
encourages diseases and insects attack.
Auxin application
In summer season, tomato is cultivated under polythene tunnel. During this period, flowers and
fruits are dropped due to high temperature. To overcome this situation foliar spray of auxin can
play an important role in flower and fruit setting.
Major insects and control measures
1. Tomato fruit worm
Control measures
Sanitation with clean cultivation
Use of sex pheromone trap
Cypermethrin 10 EC@1 ml/L of water at 15 days interval should be applied
Tomato
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2. Common cutworm/Prodenia caterpillar
Control measures
Practice IPM (Picking egg mass & Prodenia caterpillar) 2 times during cropping period
Use of sex pheromone trap
Spray Cypermethrin @ 1.5 ml/L of water at 15 days interval
3. Leaf miner
Control measures
Hand picking of infested leaves
Apply Neem oil + trix 2-3 times @ 5 ml/l of water at 7-10 days interval
Major diseases and control measures
1. Virus
Control measures
Net (60 mesh) protection during seedling stage is necessary for controlling vector
Spray with Admire 200 SL/Imitaf 20 SL @ 0.5 ml/litre of water at 7-10 days interval
should be applied to control white fly after planting
2. Late blight
Control measures
Spraying Ridomil gold or Mancozeb 2 g /litre water
Remove infested plant
3. Early blight
Control measures
Spraying Rovral 2 g/litre water at 15 days interval
Use resistant variety
4. Bacterial wilt
Control measures
Use resistant variety
The land should be kept clean and well drained
Harvesting stage of fruits
The following stages of maturity for harvesting have been recognized:
1. Immature stage
Before the seeds have fully developed
Before the jelly like substance have formed surrounding the seeds
2. Mature green stage
Fruits show a brownish ring at stem scar
Dropping of calyx
Fruits color turn to light green or yellowish green
Seeds are surrounded by jelly like substances filling the seed cavity
Tomato
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3. Breaker or turning stage
One-fourth (1/4) of the surface fruit shows red or yellow color
4. Pink stage
Three-fourth (3/4) of the surface of fruit shows pink color
5. Hard or red ripe stage
Nearly all surface of fruit turn into red or pink color but flesh remains firm
6. Over ripe stage
Fruit is fully colored and soft
Average yield of tomato
Yield of the tomato greatly depend upon the variety, maturity and season of cultivation. Yield
may range 80-90 t ha-1 in winter season and 25-35 t ha-1 in summer season.