Date post: | 18-Aug-2015 |
Category: |
Engineering |
Upload: | informa-australia |
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Rail Spectrum
Considerations and LimitationsTony Crosby, General Manager - Services
Outline
• Impact on rail industry
• Maximising capacity, efficiency and innovation
• Management of spectrum changes
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Past & Present – Control & Info
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voice
Train Control
Signal Control
(limited data)
interlocking
Radio spectrum
Discrete Processes
Narrowband
Pass Info Security
Manual Working
Voice-‐Based / Prone to error
Little Integration
Limited Data
Standalone systemsDefects
Rail Service Demand
• Due to escalation in demand most rail networks are under pressure to increase capacity, reliability & efficiency
• Freight: Forecast doubling of land freight task by 2020
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Options to Increase Capacity
• Track duplication / new lines are challenging & expensive, long lead times – often the least preferred option
• ‘Sweat the asset’ – can we work it harder / smarter using new technologies?
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Radio-Based Solutions
• Potential to improve network capacity & reliability
• Impacts the rail industry in several ways:
• Radio spectrum requirements
• Maintenance skillsets are different
• Ongoing software support is required
• Interoperability of diesel trains with metro cab signalling
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Future: Radio-Based Solutions
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Radio spectrum
Rail Operations Centre
CCTV
SCADA
ATP/ATO
GPS
GSM-‐R
interlocking
Broadband /High Speed Data
High automation
Minimal use of voice
Data Transactions
IP: Data & voice convergence
PassInfo
Integration of functions
Is Harmonisation Interoperability?Harmonisation
• The preferred railway systems approach as all systems are the same e.g. PTC• And ‘One Approved Way’ lowers deployment risks
BUT • Creates monopoly rents and higher prices• Stifles new features and innovation• Creates uncompetitive barriers-to-entry• Limits system integration or separation• Requires universal use of the same operating rules for
safe operations
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Trade-offRail could use Harmonisation to:• Reduce connection costs• Set common modes of radio operation• Set common data description methodology• Set common security architecture
Rail could use Interoperability to:• Provide users with a wider choice of proprietary systems• Break up complex systems into integrated components• Improve scalability of system deployments• Improve features and allow innovation over time• Minimise monopoly-rent structures
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Rail uses Harmonised Radio Bands
User choice from one or more of rail harmonised bands of:• 400-420 MHz
• Modes: FM (12.5kHz), DMR (2 x 6.25kHz)• GSM-R or LTE (1800MHz)
• Public Mobile Carrier 2G, 3G & 4G
• Satellite Mobile (Iridium)• Satellite Navigation (USA GPS)
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No Spectrum/No Worries?
• Private Rail Solutions
• Unregulated spectrum e.g. WiFi
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Non Harmonised Bands
What happens when open access railways do not harmonise the radio spectrum needed to support system interoperability?
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USA: Positive Train Control (PTC)• 2008 fatal crash between a
Metro and freight train• PTC legislated in 2008 • Deadline: Dec 2015• Funded by industry• No guidelines provided to
industry – ‘just do it’
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USA Networks:• 200,000km+ of track• 7 Class 1 railroads• 20+ regional railroads• 500+ local railroads
12 May 2015
• Amtrak train crashes• Cause: excessive speed (100%)
on a curve - preventable• “…delays in 'turning it on'
associated with FCC dealings and getting the bandwidth to upgrade the radios from 900 MHz to something higher (for more reliability).“
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PTC Implementation Challenges
Hampered by a lack of:
• Harmonised spectrum• Interoperability standards
$US13 billion over 20 years
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HARMONISATION IN ACTION
Rail does use a mixture of harmonisation and interoperability techniques
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Overlay Carrier 3G/4G sites as in Australia
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3/4G can be private orpublic network. If sitesare part of a CarrierNetwork, they would be supported by the Carrier (here Telstra)
Substantial Benefits
• No OPEX: bases are integrated into Telstra network. Telstra responsible for O&M
• Transfer OPEX from rail industry to mobile users
• Social: Improved mobile coverage for community use
• No upgrade cost from 3G to 4G to 5G: Telstra upgrades the network (rail industry benefits each time network is upgraded)
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TRAIN RADIOIn-Cabin Equipment (ICE)
ICE is used on ALL standard-gauge locomotives operating on the interstate and connected short-haul lines. Some 1,200 locos.
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In-Cabin Equipment (ICE) Train Radio
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Communications Control Unit
• r
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Costs of a Private Network
• Australia-wide private land mobile
• Calls are free! Are they really?
• Rail authority exposed to full risk and cost of ongoing support & obsolescence
• Costs transferred to industry via access fees
• Requires CAPEX to eventually replace
• How long does the supplier support the system?
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Maximising Capacity
• Radio-based signaling has the potential to increase network capacity & safety• Key industry issues will be:• Transition from current to radio-based signalling• Suitable spectrum – Australia is a ‘standards
taker’ for radio-based signalling systems (900/1800MHz)• Ensuring competition of supply: compatible
spectrum for long term use• Interoperability with diesel-powered trains
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1800MHz – Metro Use
• States purchased 15MHz of spectrum in 2006, renewed in 2013• Australia-wide allocation• 1800MHz the only band which is available to support railway
private LTE/GSM-R in Australia• Strong competing Telco demand for 4G mobile• Approx $500M of CAPEX for GSM-R in Sydney and Melb• Spectrum will be used to deliver communications for:• Track maintenance safety• Train control / Shunting• Emergency response etc
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Metro /Remote /Regional
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1800MHz – Regional Use
• 1800MHz spectrum Aust-wide for rail use
• ACMA is proposing to reallocate 1800MHz through auction in November
• ARA is seeking to protect spectrum for regional rail use
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1800MHz – Was it Expensive?
• 1800MHz (2x30Mhz) raised $1.33Bn in 2000• OneTel Spectrum - Purchased for $532M (1998/2000)• 15Mhz acquired by Rail 2006-2008 for $7M (Melb, Sydney,
Perth, Brisbane, Adelaide)• Renewed in 2013 for $34M until 2028• Will spectrum continue to increase in price?
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400MHz Rail Allocation
• 32 two-frequency channels• 6 single frequency channelsUsed for:• Yard / shunting / local communications• Activation of points machines• Local rebroadcast of emergency calls• End of Train monitoring* etc• Managed by ARA on behalf of the rail industry
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400MHz Allocation
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Efficiency & Innovation
Provision of Australia-wide 400Mhz and 1800MHz spectrum supports industry initiatives of:• Interoperability – crucial for open access networks• Capital investment e.g. GSM-R• Industry innovation• Lower industry costs: competitive tendering• Broadband applications: applications• Radio-based signalling
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Spectrum Changes
• Certainty of spectrum is necessary to support future capital investment in radio-based solutions
• ACMA manages spectrum as a national resource
• FAP-7 developed by ACMA to provide guidance on the assignment of 400MHz Rail Industry spectrum
• ARA is consulted by ACMA when a non-rail entity requests to use rail spectrum
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Telecommunications Committee
• Open to any ARA member
• Meet own costs
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Telecommunications Committee
• Provides advice to ARA on telecom & spectrum issues including the potential impact of applications by non-rail users
• Industry lessons learned, wealth of knowledge
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Summary
• Spectrum is an increasingly vital asset for the rail industry, driving future capacity & efficiency• Spectrum harmonisation is the basis for the efficient
operation of modern mobile technology• Narrowband and broadband spectrum is needed for
the connection of various rail mobile systems
• ARA is available to assist ARA members• ARA Contact: Phil Allan (02) 6270 4507
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