Most photographs in this presentation were taken by Matt Smith www.flickr.com/photos/chernobylbob/

TOOLS FOR RESEARCH

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PREPARED BY ROBERTO ROCCO, CHAIR SPATIAL PLANNING AND STRATEGY, TU DELFT

YOU CAN GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE CHAIR SPATIAL PLANNING AND STRATEGY BY VISITING OUR WEBSITE AT HTTP://WWW.SPATIALPLANNING.BK.TUDELFT.NL/ OR OUR BLOG AT HTTP://RPS-TUDELFT.BLOGSPOT.COM/

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CONTENTS

Recapitulating: GENERIC CRITERIA for SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

What is a PROBLEM STATEMENT (with example)

WRITING SKILLS

PROBLEMS with writing

SPELLING & GRAMMAR

Alternative ways of presenting your problem statement

PLAGIARISM!!!

How is plagiarism different from RESEARCH

Quoting and paraphrasing

References

AUDIENCE

ANY ACADEMIC ENDEAVOUR STARTS WITH A QUESTION

Generic criteriaBiggs & Buchler, 2008

✤ Question (and answer)

✤ Method

✤ Knowledge

✤ Audience

Question Answer

Methods

BUT A GOOD QUESTION COMES FROM A PROBLEM OR ISSUE YOU WANT TO EXPLORE

The problem statement is a carefully laid out ACCOUNT (a story) where you need to set the CONTEXT and the MAIN ELEMENTS that play a role in your project. IN short, you need to “problematize”. Generally, one starts by DESCRIBING a certain spatial entity (a neighbourhood, a city or a region), including its advantages.

But then one introduces a CONTRADICTION, expressing a spatial problem that needs to be tackled.

FOR EXAMPLE

UTRECHT IS THE FOURTH LARGEST CITY IN THE RANDSTAD (WEST PART OF THE NETHERLANDS) WITH APPROXIMATELY 300.000 INHABITANTS IN 2009 (CBS, 2010). IT IS CENTRALLY LOCATED IN THE NETWORK OF HIGHWAYS AND RAILWAYS OF THE COUNTRY (GEMEENTE UTRECHT, 2007). IT POSSESSES THE LARGEST UNIVERSITY OF THE COUNTRY AND A DIVERSIFIED SERVICE ORIENTED ECONOMY. IN THE LAST FEW YEARS, THE CITY HAS GAINED APPROXIMATELY 30.000 NEW DWELLINGS (CBS, 2010).

HOWEVER...

HOWEVER, UTRECHT DOES NOT TAKE FULL

ADVANTAGE OF ITS CENTRAL POSITION BECAUSE OF THE CHRONIC CONGESTION OF THE ROADS SURROUNDING THE CITY. INHABITANTS AND COMMUTERS COMPLAIN THAT IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO REACH THE CITY CENTRE FROM THE CITY RING ROAD. TRANSFERIA (THE DUTCH CONCEPT OF CAR PARKING NEAR THE RING ROADS) ARE UNATTRACTIVE AND NOT SO WELL CONNECTED. THIS IS MAKING UTRECHT LESS COMPETITIVE IN THE RANDSTAD IN TERMS OF OFFICE LOCATION AND IS HAMPERING CITY GROWTH.

SEE THE REAL PROBLEM STATEMENT AT THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT

THIS BEGS THE QUESTION

DON’T YOU FEEL LIKE ASKING A QUESTION AT THE END OF THE LAST SLIDE? WHAT WOULD THAT QUESTION BE?

THAT’S YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION!

BUT YOU NEED TO CRAFT YOUR TEXT

WRITING SKILLS: MAIN PROBLEMS TO TACKLE

LANGUAGE (STYLE, GRAMMAR, FLOW OF IDEAS AND LOGICAL THREAD)

LACK OF CLEAR STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT: INTRODUCTION/ CONTEXT/ BACKGROUND/ + PROBLEM STATEMENT + CONTEXT/ BACKGROUND + DISCUSSION + CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATIONS)

FLOW: IDEAS BEING DEVELOPED IN DIFFERENT PARAGRAPHS ARE NOT LOGICALLY CONNECTED

AVOID AT ALL COSTS: PUB TALK

USE OF POORLY SUPPORTED POPULAR IDEAS (“PUB TALK”) OR IDEAS CIRCULATING IN THE POPULAR MIND WITHOUT ANY CRITIQUE.

USE OF CLICHÉS/ PREJUDICES/ SEXISM/ RACIAL, CULTURAL OR RELIGIOUS BIAS. THESE ARE OFTEN THE PRODUCT OF UNAWARENESS AND LACK OF CRITIQUE ON ONE’S OWN POSITION.

‘INSIDER'S’ EXPRESSIONS

USE OF ACRONYMS WITHOUT EXPLAINING THE MEANING OR THE FUNCTION. EXAMPLE: RPB: RUIMTELIJKE PLAN BUREAU (DUTCH SPATIAL PLANNING BUREAU).

USE OF NON-ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS WITHOUT EXPLAINING THE MEANING. EXAMPLE: “INBURGERINGSEXAMEN” OR “BESTEEMINGSPLAN”

A COMMON PROBLEM STATEMENT

New developments in ICT and transport teknologies have create new spacial developments in network cities. Connectivity has increase, created new nodes in the network city. They aren’t well connected and connection needs to be improved thru new intrastrucuture coz this will improve connectivity.

12

HOW TO GET RID OF SPELLING MISTAKES?

GO TO WORD FIRST

SET LANGUAGE (ENGLISH UK)

SET GRAMMAR CORRECTOR

SET THESAURUS

PROOF-READ! (HAVE A BREAK BEFORE)

ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF PRESENTATION

HTTP://VIMEO.COM/19253276

PRODUCED BY:ADRIAN HILL

We proudly present:

Adrian Hill, Advait Jani, Eline Bugarin, Lauren Abrahams, Tahereh Keimanesh, Vahid Kiumarsi, Yingtian Zhang

Of the European Masters of Urbanism (EMU-TU Delft) IN:

“UTRECHT, A Place for knowledge”

- They used ADOBE SUITE to put things together

- PREMIERE for the film- ILLUSTRATOR for stills, plans and some of

the 'stop-motion graphics'- INDESIGN for 'stop motion graphics'- PHOTOSHOP for perspectives- AFTER EFFECTS for some sequences- SOUNDBOOTH for the sound- SKETCHUP with a plugin called PODIUM- GOOGLE DOCS for the script + sharing

info- WORDPRESS.com for the website.

HOW DID THEY DO IT?

LET’S TALK ABOUT PLAGIARISM

PLAGIARISM

Plagiaat (NL)Plagio (ES, PT) Plagiat (DE, FR)

剽窃 (Chinese)

Λογοκλοπή (Greek)

सा#हि&यक चोरी (Hindi)

盗作 (Japanese)Penjiplakan(Indonesian)

표절 (Korean) (Persian) دزدی ادبیPlagiatas (Lithuanian)

Plagiatul (Romanian)Intihal (Turkish)

THIS IS PLAGIARISM IN VIETNAMESE!

sự ăn cắp của người khác làm của

WHAT’S PLAGIARISM?

According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means

1. to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own

2. to use (another's production) without crediting the source 3. to commit literary theft 4. to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.”

Source: Plagiarism.org

“Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work, or borrowing someone else's original ideas. But terms like "copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of the offence:

WHAT’S PLAGIARISM AGAIN?

“In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterwards. But can words and

ideas really be stolen? According to U.S. law (and European Union laws), the answer is

The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by

copyright laws, just like original inventions”.

YES!

Source: Plagiarism.org

COPYING AND PASTING IS NOT RESEARCH!

IS THIS PLAGIARISM?

FERNANDO BOTERO’S MONALISA,

AND?Original

Salvador Dali

Matt Groening

THIS?

PLAGIARISM?

PLAGIARISM?

SOURCE: UNITED PRESS, 2009

PLAGIARISM?

SOURCE: WWW.URLESQUE.COM

AND THIS?

ASSOCIATED PRESS THINKS IT IS!

SOURCE: HTTP://CHICAGOIST.COM/2009/02/05/AP_IN_A_SNIT_OVER_ICONIC_OBAMA_POST.PHP

"The Associated Press has determined that the photograph used in the poster is an AP photo and that its use required permission," the AP's director of media relations, Paul Colford, said in a statement.

"AP safeguards its assets and looks at these events on a case-by-case basis. We have reached out to Mr. Fairey's attorney and are in discussions. We hope for an amicable solution."

"We believe fair use protects Shepard's right to do what he did here," says Fairey's attorney, Anthony Falzone, executive director of the Fair Use Project at Stanford University and a lecturer at the Stanford Law School. "It wouldn't be appropriate to comment beyond that at this time because we are in discussions about this with the AP.

HOW IS PLAGIARISM DIFFERENT FROM RESEARCHING?

SCIENCE WORKS BY BUILDING ON THE KNOWLEDGE OF OTHERS. THIS MEANS THAT YOU WILL REGULARLY USE AND REFER TO TEXTS WRITTEN BY OTHER PEOPLE.

IT IS IMPORTANT THAT YOU MAKE A CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN YOUR OWN IDEAS AND THOSE OF OTHERS. TO PUT IT SIMPLY, PLAGIARISM IS COPYING SOMEONE ELSE’S WORK AND CLAIMING IT AS YOUR OWN, WHILE RESEARCHING IS INTEGRATING KNOWLEDGE INTO A NEW NARRATIVE AND ACKNOWLEDGING THE SOURCES.

Source: TU DELFT 2009, Cheating, don’t be tempted, Delft, TBM.

PLAGIARISM MAY LEAD TO LACK OF INTEGRATION OF IDEAS

INCLUDING IDEAS FROM FAMOUS AUTHORS EITHER OUT OF CONTEXT OR WITHOUT TRYING TO

INTERPRET WHAT IS BEING SAID WITHIN THE CONTEXT BEING ANALYSED.

QUESTION TO ASK YOURSELF: IS THIS ABSOLUTELY RELEVANT TO UNDERSTAND THE

PROBLEM AT HAND? WHY?

THEN SAY IT! (AND QUOTE!!!)

This is relevant for this work because...

DUH!You must

analyse what you cite (DUH!) and

indicate WHY that is relevant!

AND THEN QUOTE IT!

Rocco, in his methodology class, said that copying without citing is not only a crime, it is plain stupid!(Rocco, 2011)

AND INCLUDE THE FULL CITATION IN REFERENCES

Rocco, R. 2011, Tools for research, Oxford: Oxford University Press *.

Oxford University Press? He wishes..* This is just an illustration. This book does not exist!

STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS

WHY BE ORIGINAL?

Source: BALLANTINE, J. (2006), Our Social World, an introduction to sociology, New York, Addison-Wesley Educational Pub

1%OF THE WORLD POPULATION HAS

A UNIVERSITY DEGREE

WHEN IS IT OK TO QUOTE?

“AS LONG AS YOU MET CERTAIN CONDITIONS, YOU ARE ALLOWED TO QUOTE DIRECTLY FROM A PUBLISHED ARTICLE WRITTEN BY SOMEONE ELSE:

THE TEXT MUST NOT BE TOO LONG

THE CITATION MUST BE PRINTED USING QUOTATION MARKS

THE SOURCE MUST BE STATED

Source: TU DELFT 2009, Cheating, don’t be tempted, Delft, TBM.

QUOTING

“COPYING A PASSAGE FROM AN ARTICLE OR BOOK, WORD FOR WORD. MARK THE PASSAGE WITH QUOTATION MARKS AND STATE THE SOURCE CORRECTLY” (TU DELFT, 2009)

Source: TU DELFT 2009, Cheating, don’t be tempted, Delft, TBM.

PARAPHRASING

“REPRODUCING THE CONTENT OF SOMEONE ELSE’S WORK IN YOUR OWN WORDS” (TU DELFT, 2009). YOU CAN CHANGE THE ORIGINAL TEXT SLIGHTLY OR CHANGE IT COMPLETELY: IF YOU ARE USING THE CENTRAL IDEA FROM SOMEONE, YOU NEED TO STATE THE SOURCE!

PARAPHRASING ALLOWS YOU TO INTERPRET A TEXT WHILE YOU USE IT.

Source: TU DELFT 2009, Cheating, don’t be tempted, Delft, TBM.

HARVARD CITATION SYSTEM

IN TEXT CITATION WITH PAGE

FULL CITATION AT THE END OF THE TEXT

FULL CITATION JOURNAL

THEORY PAPEREroded public spaces: Impacts on public space by socio-economic transformations in Eastern Europe. Tadas Jonauskis

- 1 -

Abstract – This paper will review the literature regarding to socio-economic changes on public spaces in

Easter European countries after the fall of USSR. It covers the topics of privatization, commercialization,

virtualization and mobilization that are the main process affecting the use of public space. Public space is the

main focus of this paper and the main question to be answered is how public space was impacted and changed by

rapid socio-economic transformations in Eastern Europe. Therefore this paper investigates the way society have

changed and the way new elements which were introduced, such as car and virtual networks, after the fall of

Soviet Union affect the behaviour and life style of the people which resulted how differently people started to

use pubic space. Literature review on these elements and aspects will give an overview and suggestions how the

public space is used and what are the threats and negative elements created by the processes of transformation

that can be avoided or solved in later graduation project stages.

Key words – Public space, urban life, street vitality, meeting place, shifted centralities, Eastern Europe, urban

society, privatization, car culture, commercialization

1 Introduction This paper will explore the reasons why public

space have changed and is still changing in state of

transition from socialism system to capitalism one

in Eastern European countries after the fall of USSR.

Socialist cities had strict rules on how the public

space had to be used and how society had to look

like and to be shaped. The use of public space was

not only different in physical characteristics from

the Western cities but also it was different how

society was seeing it and using it. A sudden change

after the fall of USSR led to number of

interpretations and unplanned and chaotic changes

in the way people were using public space. Soon

after former limitations of public realm, public

opinion and public politics in Soviet Union society

was free to express itself in a way it could imagine.

People were fascinated by formerly forbidden

‘western culture’ which suddenly became

unbreakable part of everyday life and horizon to

reach, “first comes Coca Cola, then a Shell petrol

station, then a Rolls-Royce dealership and you are

part of the league” (Bogle August 1996). As Kiril

Stanilov investigates, numbers of different social

and economic processes have started to change the

use of public space, and ‘western culture’ gained

more and more importance (Stanilov 2007).

However ‘western culture’ didn’t bring only wealth

and life quality, but on contrary it resulted in

number of negative effects which are expressed in

the way people are using public space.

This paper will cover main reasons of the public

space to be changing. Literature review will help to

identify the changes and the affects on public space.

The main question to be answered with this paper is

how public space was impacted and changed by

rapid socio-economic transformations in Eastern

European countries.

This paper will start investigating the privatization

of land together with privatization of former state

economic activities was provoked by the need of

relaying of your own. It resulted in physical

shrinkage of space and shifted balance between

public and private spaces (Stanilov 2007). In

addition new commercial activities are effecting and

changing the meaning of public space by creating

and promoting consumerist way of using the space

which lead to decay of users in other than commerce

oriented spaces. Another aspect is increase in use of

virtual networks which created new possibilities to

practice public discussions and public opinion and it

led to fewer reasons for meeting other people in

physical space. In addition mobility and private car

Eroded public spaces: Impacts on public space by rapid socio-economic transformations in

Eastern Europe.

Tadas Jonauskis

Study number 1535536 _ tadasjonauskis@gmail.com

Delft University of Technology, Department of Urbanism

5th Graduation Lab Urbanism Conference

January 28th 2010

STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS

REFERENCES!Eroded public spaces: Impacts on public space by socio-economic transformations in Eastern Europe. Tadas Jonauskis

- 6 -

away from physical space to a virtual. Increased mobility created separation of the people from each other and segregated areas which are mono-functional and pedestrian unfriendly and car oriented. In the end we can conclude that cities started to change from open and collective to closed and individual cities. It changed from open city in terms of open and well accessible public space to a closed city in terms of privately owned and fenced city. Accordingly collective way of living was changed to a private ‘western lifestyle’ with the importance if individual rather than society as such. To sum up, public space was important tool to create collective communist society but now it is not used and not understood as a tool to create and promote social interactions but in opposite it is resulted to be used as a tool to separate and alienate people and create the city for individualities. 10 Recommendations The main intention of this paper is to determine the processes that are affecting the use of public space after the fall of USSR in Eastern European countries. It showed the way people are using public space under new social and economic conditions and how public space has changed in past couple decades. This given overview will give literature based argumentation for further site specific empirical research and will play a theoretical underpinning role in graduation project. Acknowledgements I would like to express my appreciation to mine main mentor Stephen Read who gave well structured support on the topic of public space. Also I would like to appreciate Remon Rooij and Ana Maria Fernandez-Maldonado for a support and lessons on writing this paper. Bibliography ANDREWS, KALIOPA DIMITROVSKA, 2002, Mastering the post-socialist city: impacts on

planning and the built environment, International Conferences A Greater Europe, Rome.

AUGÉ, MARC, 2008, Non-places an introduction

to supermodernity, Verso, London

BOGLE, SALLY, 1996 August, Invasions of the

Market Snatchers, Energy Economist,

CARMONA, MATTHEW, 2007, Public places -

urban spaces : the dimensions of urban design: Architectural Press, Oxford

CHRISTIAANSE, KEES, 2008, "[Restricted

Access] or The Open City?" In Urban trans

formations, by Ilka Ruby and Andreas Ruby, 138-145, Ruby Press, Berlin

GEHL, JAN, 2001, Life between buildings : using

public space, Danish Architectural Press, Copenhagen

HAJER, MAARTEN, ARNOLD REIJNDORP, AND ELS BRINKMAN, 2001, In search of new

public domain : analysis and strategy, NAi Publishers, Rotterdam

HANASZ, WALDEMAR, November 30, 1999, "Engines of liberty. Cars and the collapse of

communism in eastern europe."

JACOBS, JANE, 1998, The death and life of great

American cities, Random House, New York

KAREN A. FRANCK , QUENTIN STEVENS, 2007, Loose space, Routledge, New York

LEFEBVRE, HENRI, 2003, The urban revolution,

University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

MOISEEVA, ANASTASIA, 2007, "Network city.

Urban transformations." Master thesis, Delft

READ, STEPHEN, 2009, "Technicity and

Publicness: Steps toward an Urban Space.", Footprint, pages:7-22

SASSEN, SASKIA, 2001, The global city : New

York, London, Tokyo / by Saskia Sassen, Princeton University Press, Princeton

SIK, ENDRE, AND CLAIRE WALLACE, 1999, "The Development of Open-air Markets in East-

Central Europe." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, pages: 697-714

STANILOV, KIRIL, 2007, The Post-Socialist city, Springer, Dordrecht

TEERDS, HANS, 2009, "Public Realm, Public

space", In OASE 77, Into the open. Accomodating the public, by Tom Avermaete, Klaske Havik and Hans Teerds, pages: 21-31, NAi Publishers, Rotterdam

WAGENAAR, COR, 2004, Happy : cities and

public happiness in post-war Europe, NAi Publishers, Rotterdam

References are the books and ar0cles used to write THIS 

paper

Never write the first name of the author(s). Instead, use his/her/their ini0als. This was not done using ENDNOTE!

DOWNLOAD ENDNOTE FROM BLACKBOARD

GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Here I searched for the name of an author: Vincent 

Nadin

This is the main book wriJen by Vincent. It has been cited in 222 

papers or ar0cles

This is a journal ar0cle. Normally, it would not be accessible, but because you are on campus, you can access it for free (you don’t have to do anything: the program will recognise the fact that you 

are logged in via TU DelP 

WIKIPEDIA IS NOT AN ACADEMIC SOURCE

HOWEVER...

Wikipedia has a LIST OF REFERENCES and FURTHER READING, which you can 

consult. It is extremely useful to see what the current discussion is all about. 

YOU CAN ALSO “ASK” GOOGLE

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

DEFINE: GLOBALIZATION

TRANSLATE: RUIMTE

THESIS REPOSITORY TU DELFThttp://repository.tudelft.nl/

ELECTRONIC DATABASES ON CAMPUS OR VIA VPN

http://library.tudelft.nl/ws/search/ejournals/index.htm

SCOPUS

WEB OF KNOWLEDGE

CHECK LIST

TRY TO NAVIGATE IN THE LIBRARY’S WEBSITE AND LOCATE THE ELECTRONIC JOURNALS (ONLY AVAILABLE FOR ON-CAMPUS CONSULTATION

DOWNLOAD THE PROGRAM ENDNOTE (AVAILABLE AT BLACKBOARD)

USE “GOOGLE SCHOLAR” FOR A MORE ACCURATE SEARCH.

REMEMBER: WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A VALID SCIENTIFIC SOURCE (IT IS NOT REVIEWED BY AN ACCREDITED PERSON OR INSTITUTION), BUT IT CAN OFTEN GIVE YOU AN IDEA OR PROVIDE YOU WITH VALID SCIENTIFIC SOURCES.

TUTORIALS ON PLAGIARISM

PENN STATE UNIVERSITY

HTTP://TLT.ITS.PSU.EDU/PLAGIARISM/TUTORIAL/DEFINITION

PRINCETON

HTTP://WWW.PRINCETON.EDU/PR/PUB/INTEGRITY/08/INTRO/INDEX.HTM

MORE INFORMATION ON REFERENCING

WWW.REFERENCING.TBM.TUDELFT.NL

Questions? Write to r.c.rocco@tudelft.nlWith special thanks to Matt Smith (ChernobylBob) of Gloucester, UK, whose photos adorn these pages.

Matt’s photographs are available at: www.flickr.com/photos/chernobylbob/

Prepared by Roberto Rocco, TU Delft

r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl

Thanks!

Remko StinissenJohanan van Dijk (MOBILE STRATEGY STUDIO; TU DELFT, 2009)

Problem statement Utrecht-regionThe Utrecht region has an important function in the Randstad. The region is centrally located in the Netherlands and functions as a connector from the Randstad towards the rest of the Netherlands and further to the hinterland of Europe. The central city Utrecht has a very rich history and is one of the oldest cities of the Netherlands. The city started as a fortress for the Roman Empire named Trajectum in the year 47 AD. This fortress was located at the current Dom Square. Since the establishment of the fortress the city of Utrecht developed as an important place in cultural, religious, economical and governmental aspect (Renes, 2005).The contemporary Utrecht region is associated in economic profile with wholesale trade and education and is named as the national crossroad of traffic, transport and knowledge (Meijers, 2007). Utrecht central station is the most important hub in the public transport system on the local, regional and national scales. National and international highways cross the Utrecht-region, and the biggest university (Universiteit Utrecht) of the Netherlands is located in Utrecht. An amount of 60.000 students are studying in the Utrecht-region on universities of science and universities of applied sciences. The University of Utrecht is ranked as the top University of the Netherlands (www.arwu.org). Furthermore Utrecht is a very popular region for people to live in among others because of its central location and the attractive living environments (BRU 2005).

However, the Utrecht region is facing major challenges to keep its position as an important region in the Randstad. Accessibility is important for the economic vitality of the region, but traffic problems are threatening the region (BRU 2005). Congestion, capacity problems and delays in public transport appear on different levels of scale. Furthermore the Utrecht region is facing an enormous challenge in realizing new housing. The possibilities of expansion of the region are limited because of different so called “nationale landschappen” (protected landscapes), such as the “Groene Hart”, and the “Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie”. It seems that a big part of the new housing should be realized by densification in the existing urbanization. However, densifying an already congested infrastructure represents a big challenge.

Main research questionHow can the two main problems of the Utrecht-region namely the traffic congestion and the lack of housing be solved, while keeping the region’s comparative advantages and strengthening its position in the Randstad?

Sub research questions• Can we consider the Utrecht region as a city-region or is it another geographical entity?

o Method: the review paper I: “Defining the city-region” provides the theoretical framework for answering this question.o Result: further argumentation and concluding from review paper I

• What is today’s regional design and what is the role of the urban planner in this discipline?o Method: review literature IIo Result: review paper II: “Designing the city-region”.

• How to densify the existing urban area without causing more traffic congestion?o Method: explorative workshop with scenario developmento Result: even more questions

• How to densify the region by taking advantage of the already existing infrastructures of the area, without compromising mobility and quality of life?o Method: exploring the issue of Transit Oriented Developmentso Result: review paper II: “Designing the city-region”.

• How to introduce new infrastructure that tackles the traffic problems and can contribute to a changing model-split, focusing on more users of public transport?o Method: exploring innovative use of public transporto Result: design or adjusting the public transport system of the Utrecht-region

• Source: Remko Stinissen and Johanan van Dijk, Studio Mobile Strategies, Studio Leaders R. Rooij, R. Rocco, Fall 2008.