ISTA Purity Seminar15. June 2009 Zürich5. June 009 ürich
Tools for seed identificationTools for seed identification
by
b i d d iNorbert Leist and Andrea JonitzProf. Dr. Norbert LeistBrahmsstr.25
Dr. Andrea JonitzLTZ Augustenberg
76669 Bad Schö[email protected]
Neßlerstr.2376227 [email protected]
Where are the specialists for seed identification?
• Seed testing analysts
• Botanists taxonomists morphologistsBotanists, taxonomists, morphologists
– university
– museum– museum
• Paläobotanists
• Feeding stuff testing specialists• Feeding stuff testing specialists
• All there is knowledge literature seed collection• All there is knowledge, literature, seed collection
Juglans cinerea
Precondition for reliable seed identificationis expert knowledge inp g
– Botany in general
– Plant and seed developmentPlant and seed development
– Morphology
– Construction of seed tissue– Construction of seed tissue
– Diagnostic characteristics of the tissues
Plant propagation: allogam autogam hybrid– Plant propagation: allogam, autogam, hybrid
• Anatomy
• Physiology• Physiology
• Genetics
Literature:
S d A t W b E 1997 G b B t B li St tt tSeed Anatomy, Weber, E., 1997, Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin‐Stuttgart, Germany
Seed testers basic equipment in the bookshelfSeed testers basic equipment in the bookshelf
Further readingsFurther readings
• Bibliography on Seed Morphology, Jensen, 1998, A.A. Balkema Rotterdam BrookfieldBalkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield
• Flora Europaea, 5 vols, ed. Tutin, 1964 ff, Cambridge University Press
Li f S bili d Pl N 2007 5 h di i ISTA• List of Stabilized Plant Names, 2007, 5th edition, ISTA, Bassersdorf
•Handbook of Pure Seed Definitions, with illustrations, F lf ldi 1983 ISTA Zü i h S it l dFelfoldi, 1983, ISTA Zürich, Switzerland
Where to find seed descriptions?
• Floras
– national, eg. Spain, Japan, Switzerland, g p , p ,
– regional, eg. Europe, North America, Australia
• Monographs eg. about
– Families PrimulaceaeFamilies Primulaceae
– Genera Androsace
– Species Androsace septentrionalisSpecies Androsace septentrionalis
• Handbooks about special tasksHandbooks about special tasks
• Websites• Websites
• Internet /quality has to be ensured
Weed seedsWeed seeds
• Bayer Crop Science, Verzeichnis der wichtigsten Schadpflanzen
• Ciba Geigy, Weeds Documenta
• A global compendium of weeds, R.P. Randall
• World weeds, natural histories and distribution, LeRoy Holm et al.
ISTA LiteratureISTA Literature
Determination of Provenance of a seed lot, a big challange until 1975
Information and pictures in:
Die Herkunftsbestimmung der Klee‐und Grassamen, A. Grisch,
Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association g g
1941/43, Vol. 13, 147 – 416
Determination of provenance ISTA 1941
Literature 1
• Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen, Hanf, 1982, BASF Aktiengesellschaft Limburger Hof, GGermany
• Acker- und Gartenunkräuter, Partzsch et al., 2006, A i di BAgrimedia, Bergen
• An illustrated taxonomy manual of weed seeds, R. Delorit, 1970, Agronomy Publications River Falls Wisconsin col fotAgronomy Publications River Falls, Wisconsin, col fot
• Atlas für die Mikroskopie von Nahrungsgrundstoffen, Meszaros and Bihler 1988 VDLUFA Verlag Darmstadt Germanyand Bihler, 1988, VDLUFA Verlag Darmstadt, Germany
• Atlas of seeds (several volumes), A.L. Anderberg, 1994, ISBN 91‐86510‐26‐6, bw fot,
Literature 2 • Das Bestimmen der Samen von Gräsern und
Schmetterlingsblütlern, K. Dörter, 1968, VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, paint
• Dicot Weeds 1 and 2, Häfliger and Wolf, 1988, Documenta CIBA‐GEIGY, Basle, Switzerland
• Docks and Knotweeds of the British Isles, Lousley, Kent, 1981, Handbook, No. 3, Botanical Society of the British Isles, London
Fl Ib i l 1 21 C i j l 1986 ff R l M d id• Flora Iberica vol.1‐21, Castroviejo et al., 1986 ff, Real Madrid Botanico, ISBN 8400062213, per internet available, draw
• Flora of North America vol 1 27 M Barkworth et al 2003 ISBN• Flora of North America vol.1‐27, M. Barkworth et al., 2003, ISBN 0‐19516‐748‐1 Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the subfamily Mimosoideae (Fabaceae) vol. 1‐4, R. Gunn, 1984, United StatesMimosoideae (Fabaceae) vol. 1 4, R. Gunn, 1984, United States Dept. Of Agriculture, Agri. Res. Serv. Techn. Bull. No. 1681
• Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest, Wendy Cooper, 2004, p y pISBN 0‐95817‐421‐0
Example from the Flora IbericaExample from the Flora Iberica
Rumex
Literature 3 • Gärtnerische Samenkunde, Ruge, 1966, Parey Verlag Berlin‐
bHamburg
• Grass weeds 1 and 2, Häfliger and Scholz, 1980, Documenta CIBA‐GEIGY Basle S it erlandGEIGY, Basle, Switzerland
• Handbuch der Samenkunde, Brouwer, Stählin, 1975, ISBN 3769002725 keys and draw3769002725, keys and draw
• Handbücher der praktischen Vorgeschichtsforschung, Bd.1 Früchte und Samen Bertsch 1941 Enke Verlag StuttgartFrüchte und Samen, Bertsch, 1941, Enke Verlag Stuttgart
• Historical papers: Development of ISTA Purity Analysis and Det. of Other seeds 1924‐2006, Jensen, 2008, ISTA Secretariat , , ,Bassersdorf, Switzerland
• Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds, Musil, 1963, Handbook No. 219, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25 D.C.
• Identifikation von Rumex Keimlingen, Grob, 1977, Seed Science and Technology, 6, 563‐578
Literature 4• Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa 18 vols., Conert et al., 1984
ff, Parey Verlag Berlin‐Hamburg
• International Dictionary of Botanical Gardens
• Key to and description of the fruits of some Rumex species, Jensen, 1979, Seed Science and Technology, 7, 525‐528
• Landwirtschaftliche Samenkunde, Brouwer, 1927, Verlag Neumann‐Neudamm , bw fotos
M i II S il d 1967 Ak d i i Ki d B d• Magismeret II, Szilard, 1967, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary, draw
• Mansfeld`s Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural• Mansfeld s Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, 6 vols., Hanelt, 2001, Springer Verlag, ISBN 35404101713540410171
• Monocot Weeds 3, Häfliger et al., 1982, Documenta CIBA‐GEIGY, Basle, Switzerland
ExampleFlora from Midle Europep
Seeds of nine Moehringia species
out ofGustav Hegi: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa
Verlag Paul Parey, g yBerlin - Hamburg
Literature 5• Plantas infestantes e nocivas 3 vols Kissmann Groth 2000Plantas infestantes e nocivas 3 vols, Kissmann, Groth, 2000,
BASF S.A., Estr. Samuel Aizemberg, 1.707, 09851‐550 Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brasilien
• Reconocimiento de Semillas en Malezas, Petetin et al., 19.., Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria
• Samenatlas Teil 1: Caryophyllaceae Bd.15/1, Knapp, 2006, ISBN 3700137532, bw elescans
• 0893274674
• Seeds of wild plants in Japan, Shiday Nakayama, 1996, Tohoku dUniv. Press Sendau, ISBN 4925085298
• Seed identification Handbook, 2004, 2nd edition, NIAB, C b id ISBN N 0 948851 14 7Cambridge, ISBN No. 0‐948851‐14‐7
• Samenatlas Teil 2: Ranunculaceae, Knapp, 2006, Österreich. Akademie der Wissenschaften http//verlag oeaw ac atAkademie der Wissenschaften, http//verlag.oeaw.ac.at
Literature 6
• Oats: Wild and cultivated Baum 1977 Supply and Services• Oats: Wild and cultivated, Baum, 1977, Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa
• Queensland weed seeds Friend 1983 Dept Of PrimaryQueensland weed seeds, Friend, 1983, Dept. Of Primary Industries, GPO Box 46, Brisbane 4001 Australia
• Seed‐book, GEVES France, 2004, seeds, images, descriptionsSeed book, GEVES France, 2004, seeds, images, descriptions
• Seeds and fruits of plants of eastern Canada and Northeastern United States, Montgomery, 1977, ISBN 0802053416, g y, ,
• Seed Identification Manual, Martin and Barkley, 1961, Univ. of California Press No. 61‐ 7528
• Seeds of Central America and Southern Mexico, Lentz and Dickan, 2005, New York Bot. Garden Vol. 91, ISBN 0893274674, sw fotos
Literature 7
• Seeds of woody plants in North America, Young, 1992, Dioscorides Press Portland Oregon
S d f d l i h U i d S S h• Seeds of woody plants in the United States, Schopmeyer, 1974, US Department of Agriculture, Handbook No. 450
• The woody plants seed manual Bonner and Karrfalt 2008• The woody plants seed manual, Bonner and Karrfalt, 2008, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 727Agriculture Handbook 727
• Unkräuter in der Saatguterzeugung, Lampeter, 1962, Akademie Verlag, Berlin, Germanyg y
• Weeds of Central America and Southern Mexico, Lentz and Dickan, 2005, New York Bot. Garden Vol. 91, ISBN 0893274674, sw fotos
• World guide to tropical drift seeds and fruits, Gunn and Dennis, 1976, ISBN 0812906160
• Zadenatlas , Beijerin, 1976, Backhuys u. Meesters, Amsterdam
Websites
• www dista unibo it/Collezione%20Laras/index php;• www.dista.unibo.it/Collezione%20Laras/index.php; Prof. Dr. Enrico Noli, Laboratorio di Ricerca e Analisi Sementi, LARAS
• www seedimages com; colour images descriptions keys;www.seedimages.com; colour images, descriptions, keys; Prof. Dr. Arnold Larsen, Colorado State University
• www.oardc.ohio‐state.edu/seedid; images; Prof. Dr. Millerwww.oardc.ohio state.edu/seedid; images; Prof. Dr. Miller McDonald, Ohio State University
• www.ars‐grin.gov/cgi‐bin/npgs/html/taxassoc.pl GRIN Taxonomy and g g / g / pg / / p yimages (family guide for fruits and seeds) Dr. John Wiersema, United States Dept. Of Agriculture/ Agricultural Research Service
• Internet seed images, but check reliability
• Virtual herbarium
– Isstechwww.isstech.org
– [email protected] (subscription)
Digital collection: LaRAS Bologna, Italy
LTZ Augustenberg digital seed collection
Anchusa officinalis Bunias erucago
Anethum graveolens Atropa belladonna
ISTA`s taskISTA s task
• Digital seed collection – Starting with the Universal List of Species, g p ,working group Andrea Jonitz, LTZ Augustenberg, Germanyy
– There will be other individual projects which could be combined for the benefit of all ISTA membersbe combined for the benefit of all ISTA members
Search for informationExample, you are asked to identify Blossfeldia
Bl f ldiBlossfeldia
• Mabberley: The plant – book: it is a Cactaceae
H A J Bibli h S d M h l• Hans Arne Jensen: Bibliography on Seed Morphology
entry 0736: Leuenberger B. (1974): Testa surface of Cactaceae
l l f l dPreliminary results of a scanning electron microscope study. Cactus and Succulent Journal (U.S.), XLVI:175‐180
order of the copy from a library
Example ‐ how to get informationCCuscuta
• Overview in Mabberly, The plant book
( )• 145 species, cosmopolits, (europe 17). Dodder. Parasites with short‐lived root – system and often brightly coloured chlorophyll‐less thread‐like twining stems linked by haustoriachlorophyll‐less thread‐like twining stems linked by haustoria to host. Formerly reduced yield of many crops, now largely controlled though some not restricted to 1 host species. g p
• Details in Bibliography on Seed Morphology, H.A. Jensen
• 1221 Brehmann, O. 1914: Contributions to the anatomy of , yseedcoat of some Cuscuta species. Mitteilungen des Kaiser –Wilhelm‐Instituts für Landwirtschaft in Bromberg, 6:96‐114
• 1223 Gaertner, E.E. 1950: Studies of seed germination, seed identification and host relationships in dodders, Cuscuta spp. (M i 294) 56 C ll U i it A i lt l(Memoir 294), pp.56; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Ithaca, New York. ………………….13 entries !
Example how to get informationExample ‐ how to get information
• Orobanche• Mabberley: 150 species, Europe 45, root ‐ parasitism some
restricted to particular families as hosts, rarely restricted to one host species; seeds wind dispersal, 0.0001 mg (O. arenaria)
• Jensen: 10 entries
• 2999 Joel, D.M., 1987, Detection and identification of O b h d i fl i S dOrobanche seeds using fluorescence microscopy. Seed Science and Technology, 15: 119‐124
• 3001 Musselman L J and Mann WF Jr 1976 A survey of• 3001 Musselman, L.J. and Mann, W.F.Jr., 1976, A survey of surface characteristics of Scrophulariacea and Orobanchaceae using scanning electron microscopy. Phytomorphology, 26 (4): g g py y p gy, ( )370‐378
Where to find seeds for a seed collection
• Botanical gardens
• Seed companies
• Collecting seeds in the fieldg
• Grow up your own seeds
Than you may have a herbarium on– Than you may have a herbarium on
• Seeds• Plants
Detailed information how to set up a seed collection is given by Hans Arne Jensen in: Proceedings of the ISTA Purity Workshop, Budapest, Hungary; April 1997
Worldwide collection of Bredemann and Nieser, Hamburg, 1936
Worldwide collection at LUFA Augustenberg,1986
Local collection south germany, Baden, 1930
SEED COLLECTIONLTZ Augustenberg Karlsruhe
System:
LTZ Augustenberg, Karlsruhe
System:
864 seed samples p
• Seeds verified by specialist• in clear plastic boxes• sorted by families
bl d i t i t• assembled in a containersystem• including a table of content
How to find addresses of competent botanical gardens for seed delivery
In the edition 1990 theIn the edition 1990 the addresses of over 1.400 botanical
d d b tgardens and arboreta all over the world are given, from Albania to Zimbabwe.Besides there are short informations eg. gaboutdate of foundation, climatic conditions,climatic conditions, conservation collections, special taxa in cultivationtaxa in cultivation,research.
Validation of seed collectionValidation of seed collection
• Search specialist
• Ask colleaguesAsk colleagues
• Collection for comparison
• Search for special collections eg. Avena
• Compare seeds with literatureCompare seeds with literature
• Compare your seeds with validated collection
How to promote seed exchangeHow to promote seed exchange
P l f h ISTA P i C i• Proposal for the ISTA Purity Committee
– Each member multiplies every year seeds
15 b h 5 i–15 members, each 5 species
= 75 new species every year= 75 new species every year
Thank you very much for your y y yattention !
Silene pusillaSilene pusilla
