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Research methods/TOOLS used to study Geography:
• Direct Observation – visiting a region, aerial photos & satellite
• Mapping / Cartography – study & making maps• Statistics - math• Technology – Graphic information systems (GIS) • Definition: computer systems that store and analyze
geographic data (ex: GOOGLE Earth)
– Global Positioning system (GPS) • Definition: a system that uses satellites and receivers to
determine absolute location
T.O.D.A.L.S.I.G.S.’s.• T is for TITLE: What is this map of?• O is for Orientation: Compass Rose• D is for Date: When was this map created?• A is for Author: Who created this map?
S is for SCALE• Map Scale is the ratio of the distance on the map
to the distance on the ground
Small ScaleLarge Scale
G is for Grid System• Combining Longitude and Latitude allow people to
identify exact locations of places on the earth (absolute location)
• (DON’T COPY below)
Example:Denver is found at 39 degrees North Latitude and 104 degrees West Longitude
GRID: Meridian (Longitude) • Lines that run north and south or vertical: divide world
into Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere• 0 degrees called Prime Meridian
– Goes through Greenwich, England– 180 degrees is called the International date line: Cross the line from the
east to the west and a day is added. Cross from west to the east and a day is subtracted
GRID: Parallels (Latitude)• Imaginary lines that run west to east or horizontal • 0 degrees latitude called equator• Two other major parallels are the Tropic of Cancer
and the Tropic of Capricorn-located 23 ½ degrees above and below the equator
• S is for source: What did you use to make this map? (IF not obtained by direct experience or observation)… GIVE CREDIT!
• ’s is for: surrounding areas (places or features that border the map)
MAP ACTIVITY• Create a map of your home or school
using the TODALSIGS’s• You don’t have to include I or G• For the key, color code rooms or buildings
and include symbols for things like trees if necessary
• It should look like a blueprint (like you’ve chopped off the roof of your house and you’re looking down at it)
“Know Your World”: MAP Activity #2• Label the areas on the maps with the letters given.• Bodies of Water (label and color blue): Oceans (4),
Mediterranean/Black/Aral/Norwegian/North/Caspian/Red Seas and Sea of Japan (8), Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi River, Nile River, Volga River, Rio Grande, Danube River, Persian Gulf, English Channel
• Land (label): Continents(7), Rocky Mts., Himalaya Mts., Sahara Desert, Alps (Mts.), Carpathian Mts., Ural Mts.
• Find (write on back): examples of a Peninsula, Archipelago, plateau• Find Latitude and Longitudes for (label, write on back): New York
City; Tokyo, Japan; Moscow, Russia; Cape town, South Africa; Mexico City, Mexico; London, England; Paris, France; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Munich, Germany; Constantinople, Turkey; Rome, Italy; Sydney, Australia….. Include a city of your choice as well!
• IF THINGS DON’T FIT…. Create a KEY! (TODALSIG’s!)