E X A M P L E :

How to Win Friends and Influence People

(BY: Dale Carnegie 1936)

QUESTIONS:

1) How do you influence people?

2) If something wrong was done on to you, how you are going to react on that person?

3) What do you think of the title “How to win friends and Influence people”?

4) What is/are your expectation/s on the selection?

1) What is the problem in the story?

2) Who is responsible for what happened? Why?

3) How did Mr. Bob Hoover reacted on the mechanic?

4) In what way do you think did Mr. Hoover influence the mechanic?

QUESTIONS:

Answer the following questions in ¼ sheet of paper tobe passed after 5mins.

Company

LOGO

THEORIES ON TEACHING READING

What are the

Features of

the Top-

Down

Approach?

It allows readers to decode a text even without understanding the meaning of each word

It helps recognize unfamiliar words through the use of meaning and grammatical cues.

It emphasizes reading for meaning instead of giving attention to each words, its letters and its sounds.

It engages the readers in meaning activities instead of concentrating on the enhancement of word-attack skills.

It considers reading of sentences, paragraphs, and the whole texts as the core of instruction.

It identifies the amount and kind of information derived from reading as an important element.

According to Frank Smith:

•Reading does not aim to translate

written language to spoken language;

•It does not aim to process each word

or letter; and

•It does not derive meaning from text.

According to Kenneth S.

Goodman

Focus the goal of reading which

is “constructing meaning

according to text.”

Top-down Processing

Reader generates meaning by employing background

knowledge, expectations, assumptions, and questions, and

reads to confirm these expectations.

Example

Pre-reading activities (i.e. activating schema, previewing, and predicting) + background knowledge (cultural, linguistic, syntactic,

and historical) = comprehension

Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L., (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second language

classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Step 1: Read the title. Predict what the text is going to be about.

Step 2: Ask questions:

- What is your purpose for reading this text?

- What type of text is this? (A newspaper article? A letter? A textbook? A poem?)

- What is a “Jabberwocky”?

Step 3: Activate background knowledge: What do you know about Lewis Carroll’s style of writing?

Top-down Strategies:

Application

“Jabberwocky”By Lewis Carroll

(from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There,

1872)

Top-down Strategies:

Application

“Jabberwocky”By Lewis Carroll

(from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There,

1872)

`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:

All mimsy were the borogoves,

And the mome raths outgrabe.

Top-down Strategies:

Application

ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS..

EXTENSIVE READING PROCESS

How to read?

Read for general understanding

Focus on meaning, rather than on the language

Read rapidly

Compete only against yourself

No pressures of testing

E X A M P L E :

How to Win Friends and Influence People

(BY: Dale Carnegie 1936)

Nickname: Bob

Born: January 24, 1922 (age 93)Nashville, Tennessee

Allegiance: United States of America

Service/branch: United States Air Force

Years of service:1940–1948

Rank: First Lieutenant

Unit: 52nd Fighter Group Flight Evaluation

Group Battles/wars: World War IIKorean War

Awards:Distinguished Flying CrossSoldier's Medal for ValorAir Medal with ClustersPurple HeartCroix de guerre

Other work: Test and air show pilot