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ASON GMPLS MRN Overview
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Course outline
Section 1. ASON GMPLS MRN
Module 1. ASON GMPLS MRN Introduction
Module 2. ASON GMPLS Protocols
Module 3. ASON GMPLS Protections
Module 4. MRN Overview
Welcome to
ASON GMPLS MRN Overview
Section 1. ASON GMPLS MRN
Module 1. ASON GMPLS MRN Introduction
Module 2. ASON GMPLS Protocols
Module 3. ASON GMPLS Protections
Module 4. MRN Overview
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Course objectives
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:
Upon completion of the course; students should be able to describe MPLS evolution to GMPLS;describe ASON network principles; advantages and value proposition of GMPLS automatic discovery;control layer and link monitoring
Be familiar with the concepts of Shared Risk Group; restoration types and rules; understandmaintenance actions need in case of problems.
The student will also understand the architecture evolution towards a unique control layerintroduced by MRN for OTNWDM and OCS OTN switching cross connections
Welcome to
ASON GMPLS MRN Overview
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:
Upon completion of the course; students should be able to describe MPLS evolution to
GMPLS; describe ASON network principles; advantages and value proposition of GMPLS
automatic discovery; control layer and link monitoring
Be familiar with the concepts of Shared Risk Group; restoration types and rules; understand
maintenance actions need in case of problems.
The student will also understand the architecture evolution towards a unique control layerintroduced by MRN for OTNWDM and OCS OTN switching cross connections
Your feedback is appreciated!
Please feel free to Email your comments to:
Please include the following training reference in your email:
TOP63094_V1.0-SG Edition 1
Thank you!
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Module 1ASON GMPLS MRN Introduction
Section 1
ASON GMPLS MRN
ASON GMPLS MRN OverviewTOP63094_V1.0-SG Edition 1
TOP63094_V1.0-SG-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
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Document History
Edition Date Author Remarks
01 2013-07-15 Lecchi, Vincenzo First edition
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Module objectives
ASON GMPLS introductionUpon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Have an overview of the ASON GMPLS value propositions
Understand what is a control plane
Understand the Standards evolution from MPLS to GMPLS
ASON GMPLS machine model
ASON GMPLS Network Protection
Multi-Region Networks fundamentals
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Module objectives [cont.]
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Table of contents
Page
1 ASON Introduction 7End of module 24
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Table of contents [cont.]
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@@SECTION @@MODULE 7
1 ASON introduction
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THE NETWORK CONTROL VISION IN THE PAST
SDH/SONET Rings
Point-Point DWDM
IP/MPLS mesh
Early 2000s point of view
Multi technology networkswithout a real traffic integration
Complex SLA assurance andresilience
No Automated network
No cross-layer operations
ATM Rings
Networks in the past, were considered as the sum of separated
standalone subnetworks, with independent life.
No traffic integration were present, no automation in the processes orcross layer operations.
For this, SLA (Service level agreements) assurance is and was very
complex
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CROSS-LAYER INTELLIGENT CONTROL PLANE VISION
Common control plane:
- GMPLS intelligence
- Multiregion network (MRN)
Converged optical layer:electronic and photonic switching
Electronic and optical layerintegration
Service over circuit
Photonic switching layer
Electronic switching layer
Service over
GMPLS GMPLS
ASON/GMPLS MRN VISIONASON
GMPL
S
Automated network
cross-layer operations
Enhanced SLA assurance and
resilienceMaximized network monetization
The new vision is a unique and automated network, with cross-layer
operations.
To do this a common control plane with GMPLS (Generalized MPLS) + MRN(Multiregion Network) on a unique electronic + photonic layer is proposed.
This allows an enhanced SLA maximizing the network usage
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CONTROL PLANE CONCEPT
NetworkElement
Client, e.g.Service router
Control Plane
Management Plane
Control Plane
Transport/DataPlane
NetworkManagement A Control Plane is a
method of distributedconnection control
OPTICAL
PLANE
S
NMS Network Management System
In the traditional Networks, Services are provided connecting a chain of subnetworkconnections, with no end-to-end visibility of the service.
To introduce an enhancement in the network management the control plane concepthas been created: is a method to coordinate a distributed connection control.
A Network could be seen in separated layer : Transport, Control and management
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Management Plane
centralized network management: Management of ASON and non-ASON NEs
Full awareness of current network state (configuration, paths, alarms)
Stipulation of paths and routes
Separation of network domains
Control Plane Represents a distributed set of protocols running between Network Elements to
manage the ASON;
Consists of Routing Plane and Signaling Plane;
Transport/Data Plane Realizing transmission and switching of data
Consists of: Transport layer realizing classical legacy features and Service Layer
THE OPTICAL CONTROL PLANE CONCEPT
OPTICAL
PLA
NES
GMPLS protocols :
are at the heart of the Optical Control Plane a distributed connection
control that unlocks the potential of the intelligent optical network
GMPLS protocols :
are at the heart of the Optical Control Plane a distributed connection
control that unlocks the potential of the intelligent optical network
GMPLS protocols :
are at the heart of the Optical Control Plane a distributed connection control
that unlocks the potential of the intelligent optical network
A Managed Plane is used to centralize the network management for:
- Ason and Non Ason ntwks
- Full awareness of current network state (configuration, paths, alarms) to set
paths and routes
- ensure the separation of network domains (see the next slides)
Control Plane- Represents a distributed set of protocols running between Network
Elements to manage the ASON: Routing Plane and Signaling Plane
Transport and Data plane
- Realize the transmission and switching layer (physical ntwk)
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WHAT IS ASON?
ASON automates the resource and connection management within the network
ASON could be extended to a multi providers control plane
Signaling is extended in a distributed Control Plane for Networkadministration and Path management
Dynamic signaling-based policy-driven control over OTN (Optical TransportNetwork)
ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network)
is a network architecture that maximizes the advantages of theOptical Control Plane
ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network)
is a network architecture that maximizes the advantages of theOptical Control Plane
ASON
GMPL
SASON
What is ASON?
ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network)
is a network architecture that maximizes the advantages of the
Optical Control Plane
The automation inside control plane allowed by the real time feedback of the
dynamic signaling, is the key element to ensure : elements discovery and
synchronization and efficient control.
ASON automates the resource and connection management within the
network
ASON could be extended to a multi providers control plane
Signaling is extended in a distributed Control Plane for Network
administration and Path management
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GMPLS
is a protocol, or better a set of protocols (protocol suite), introduced inTransport Networks in order to allow automatic traffic routing and distributedrestoration.
The concepts applied in GMPLS are derived from MPLS protocol, which wasintroduced in Ys 80 in order to speed up packet routing in IP-Networks.
GMPLS Control Plane
consists of embedded SW in the NEs of the Transport Network to implementsignaling and automatic routing.
The two main new services provided by GMPLS in a Transport Network are:
On-demand circuit provisioning
Distributed Restoration.
WHAT IS GMPLS?
GMPL
S
What is GMPLS?
GMPLS is set of protocols , introduced in Transport Networks in order to
allow automatic traffic routing and distributed restoration.
MPLS is the original concept at the base of ASON, but it has been updated
and integrated with a set of protocols to produce the GMPLS (Generalized
MPLS) to ensure the distributed restoration (next module)
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ASON improvement on control plane
Management Plane
Control Plane
Transport/DataPlane
ASON
NetworkManagement
ASON NetworkElement
Client, e.g.Service router
Control PlaneNon-ASONNetwork Element
Distributedcontrol plane:
AutoDiscovery
End-to-Endconnectionsetup
Restoration
ASON Automatically Switched Optical NetworkASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network)
The Dynamic signaling-based policy-driven control is realized over OTN andSONET/SDH networks, Signaling is realized via a distributed Control Plane
Key features
Network Administration
Auto discovery of resources and network topology
Multi-vendor inter-working (networking)Multi-layer interworking
Path Management
Dynamic connection setup
Support for end-to-end service provisioning
Bandwidth on Demand Services
Rerouting
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@@SECTION @@MODULE 15
IP
GMPLS Extension to MPLS for multiple switching types:
Packets, Circuits, Lambdas, Ports Routing at NE level
Standardized
Multi technology
MPLS
GMPLS
IP-packet
IP Router
Label
LSP
Control Plane
Node
IP Connectionless service
Packets
IP address
MPLS Connection oriented service
in packet switched network
Routing according toinput/output labels
Label switched path: LSP
Constraint based explicitrouting
THE EVOLUTION FROM MPLS TO GMPLS
We will see the evolution of IP -> MPLS -> GMPLS in the next ASON
Protocols module,
but before let see the Status of the standard
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In the control plane two different standard bodies play the main role :
ITU has defined ASON as a control plane architecture concept based on a set ofrequirements laid out in ITU G.807 Recommendation
IETF has defined GMPLS as extension to MPLS protocol suites in order to supportnot only packet but also TDM and OTH network.
In additional OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum) is fosteringinteroperability between vendors and define a profile of GMPLS. ITU has takena very formal top-down approach by setting out requirements
STANDARD BODIES
Historically there are different visions in the communication world: ITU
European and IETF US
For ASON there is a separation and a coordination between the two worldswere ITU has defined ASON, IETF the GMPLS and a new actor OIF that it
has been introduced to ensure the interworking between vendors
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@@SECTION @@MODULE 17
GMPLS / ASON standardization
UNI NNI
Architectureandrequirements
ASON Architecture ASTN Requirements Network control Adaptation of GMPLS protocols
GMPLS
protocols Routing Signaling Link management
Networkinteroperabilityspecifications
OIF is working on IA ImplementationAgreements between vendors
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (replaced CCITT in1993)
has not been the only standardization body involved in the conceptualization of the optical control plane
ASON Architecture
ASTN Requirements G.807
Network control G.8080
Adaptation of GMPLS protocols
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
has developed the Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS). GMPLS extends the signalling and routingprotocols developed for packet networks and applies them to optical networks.
Routing: OSPF-TE, IS-IS
Signaling: RSVP-TE
Link management: LMP
OIF Optical Internetworking forumhas had the more immediate objective. OIFs goal is to reach interoperable implementation agreements among
vendors. Among all of the standards options, OIF chooses ones that can be deployed quickly with the greatestreturn within a carrier environment.
Alcatel-Lucent has strongly pushed to achieve an interoperable standard on intelligent optical networking, by:
actively participating in the standardization activities of the relevant bodies:
ITU-T for ASON architecture
IETF for protocols
OIF for interworking
propelling the activities of the three bodies in order to minimize the different flavors, and enable end-to-endservices like restoration and bandwidth on-demand in a seamless manner
Alcatel-Lucent has successfully implemented the GMPLS/ASON in several network elements, such as opticalCross Connects and Wavelength Division Multiplexers
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@@SECTION @@MODULE 18
Control Plane Specifications - Example
This is an example of the specifications distributed by the main architecture
topics
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GMPLS model and definition : Overlay Model
The Overlay Model, which is recommended by ITU-T and OIF, considers aseparation of the different technologies involved.
User-Network Interface
Internal Network-Network
Interface
External Network-Network Interface
ASON
GMP
LS
IETF standards have historically pushed a vision of a PEER to PEER model between
elements, derived by the IP world.
The Overlay Model, which is recommended by ITU-T and OIF, considers aseparation of the different technologies involved.
Networks are partitioned into Domains
Domains may be based on vendor, technology or administrative partitioning
Domain edges provide inter-working between vendor-specific protocols.
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@@SECTION @@MODULE 20
GMPLS VALUE PROPOSITION HIGH AVAILABILITY
SLAassurance
< 50ms
No faulttolerance
1 2 3 4
# of simultaneous failures
>50ms
Restorationtime
Unprotected
Source Based Routing (SBR)
Protection andRestoration Combined
(PRC)
High availability and SLA assurance GMPLS based restoration
Services/OperationsAttributes
Key Feature
High availabilityBandwidth monetization
GMPLS restorationGMPL
S
GMPLS INTELLIGENCE Optimal use of Network capacity:Optimum Network Usage needs to recover a resource when it is available again.
GMPLS INTELLIGENCE Optimal use of Network capacity:Optimum Network Usage needs to recover a resource when it is available again.
Why introduce GMPLS?
An important reason is the HIGH AVAILABILITY and network restoration
GMPLS intelligence produce an optimum Network capacity usage (for
example need to recover a resource when it is available again) and it ensures
the SLA feasibility in a very complex Ntwk.
We will see the RESTORATION concepts in the ASON Protections module
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GMPLS INTELLIGENCE MAINTENANCE
Key Feature
Maintenance Maintenance activities andnetwork optimization
Services/Operations Attributes
Shut down, lock, free port
NetworkOperation
Control
Plane
Automatic, semi-automatic or
manual maintenance and network optimization
GMPL
S
GMPLS introduce automation in the maintenance actions with full flexibility.
It is possible in fact to set a full automatic, semi-automatic or manual control
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@@SECTION @@MODULE 22
GMPLS INTELLIGENCE NETWORK PLANNING
Nominal routing
Optimal resourcing
Resource coloring for
Administrative segregation
Key Feature
Network Planning Planning consistencyAvoid blocking point in the network
ControlPlane
NetworkPlanning
nominal
route
active route
reversion
Optimal resourcing,traffic constrains,
administrativesegregation
Services/Operations Attributes
GMPL
S
Another value proposition is the automatic network planning for services and
operations design to avoid blocking points.
NOMINAL route is the new reference idea inside the dynamic GMPLS controlplane
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MRN MULTI REGION NETWORKS and GMPLS
CAPEX reduction
Forwarding and protectingtraffic at the most economicallayer
OPEX reduction
Increases service availability viadisjointedness of main andspare resources in multiplelayers
Harmonizes operations andservices
Avoids traffic hits by using acoordinated reversion strategy
Recovers quickly bycoordinating responses tofailures
Highest network powerefficiency
MRN INTEGRATES PHOTONIC AND ELECTRONIC SWITCHING CONTROL
Path setup from A to B
Photonic switching (WDM)
Electronic switching (ODU)
A BUNI UNI
GMPLS/multi-region network (MRN)control plane
MRN
With traditional networks the separation between photonic and electronic
layers produce a non coordinated and non efficient separation.
MRN (Multiregion network) integrates the two layers for CAPEX and OPEXreduction
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@@SECTION @@MODULE 24
ASON GMPLS MRN Introduction
End of module
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Module 2ASON GMPLS Protocols
Section 1ASON GMPLS MRN
ASON GMPLS MRN OverviewTOP63094_V1.0-SG Edition 1
TOP63094_V1.0-SG-Ed1 Module 1.2 Edition 1
Learning experience powered byAlcatel-Lucent University
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Document History
Edition Date Author Remarks
01 2013-07-15 Lecchi, Vincenzo First edition
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Module objectives
ASON GMPLS introduction
ASON GMPLS machine modelUpon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Have an overview of the ASON GMPLS Domains
See the evolution from IP to GMPLS and the related Routing enhancements
Understand the GMPLS building blocks and their implementations
ASON GMPLS Network Protection
Multi-Region Networks fundamentals
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Module objectives [cont.]
This page is left blank intentionally
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Table of contents
Page
2 ASON GMPLS Machine model 72.1 From IP to GMPLS 132.2 GMPLS 222.3 OSPF ROUTING 272.4 RSVP Signaling 392.5 LMP Link Management 452.6 GMRE Main Blocks 52End of module 57
APPENDIX Labels Format 58
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Table of contents [cont.]
Page
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2 ASON GMPLS machine model
Why we need ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network)
Section 1 Module 2 Page 7
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ASON views the network as composed of domains which interact with otherdomains in a standardized way, but whose internal operation is protocol-independent and not subject to standardization.
Internal Network-Network
Interface
External Network-Network Interface
AS
ON
GMPLS
ASON GMPLS CONTROL PLANE DOMAINS
User-Network Interface
The problem in an heterogeneous Ntw is the interaction between different areas.
ASON views the NTW divided into DOMAINS, that are interacting with the other in a
STANDARD way.For this the operation inside domains could be protocol independent and notsubject/ critical of standardization.
The domains are connected using standardized interface : E-NNI between carriersand UNI with the final client
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ASON Domain Model and Architecture Reference
Carrier
Domain C
UNI E-NNI UNI
Carrier
Domain ACarrier
Domain B
E-NNI
UNI-NUNI-C
ClientClient
Domains may be based on vendor, technology or administrative partitioning
Domain edges provide interworking between vendor-specific I-NNI and UNI-N/E-NNI protocols
UNI (User-Network Interface): standardized interface for clients to request services
from optical network (low trust, high functionality)
E-NNI (External Network-Network Interface): standardized interface providingcall/connection control between domains (low - medium trust)
I-NNI (Internal Network-Network Interface): non-standardized interface (in ITU!)providing connection control within domains (high trust)
The overall architecture and interfaces of the OIF network are shown in thisgraphic, it shows client devices being connected over a multi-carrier network.
The key interfaces the UNI and the E-NNI are control planeinterfaces that allow optical services to be provided to networkusers. The UNI or User Network Interface, allows client devices (on the UNI-C side) to signal (to the UNI-N side) for end-to-end optical connectivitythrough carriers networks. The E-NNI or External Network-Network Interface,provides signaling to set up network resources and provides routing tomaintain a current picture of network resources and topology. This networkmodel is consistent with the Automatically Switched OpticalNetwork or ASON architecture defined by the ITU-T. By distributing thisintelligence though the optical control plane, connection managementbecomes more automated, resilient and adaptable to changing network
conditions.
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DOMAIN-BASED ARCHITECTURE
NE NE
Optical Control Plane must support
Heterogeneous topologies, technologies,
applications and trust relationships
Support control plane-based or management plane-based sub networks
Provide boundaries of policy and information sharing
Provide functional independence between control plane, data plane,management plane.
CarrierDomain C
UNI E-NNI UNI
CarrierDomain A
CarrierDomain B
E-NNI
NE NE NE NE
UNI-NUNI-C
ClientClient
NE NE
NE
NE
Carrier Domain C
E-NNII-NNI
Vendor 1Domain
Vendor 2Domain
Each carrier network may consist of multiple domains containing equipmentfrom individual vendors. Each carrier and vendor domain is shown as an
abstract cloud in the figure. This means each domain does not need toexpose internal topology or addressing outside of the domain, thusimproving scalability and security. The domains either within orbetween carrier networks are connected by an E-NNI. The individualdomains can be advertised either as multiple interconnected border nodes, oras an abstract node depending on carrier administration or policy preference.
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Each domain can use either management or control plane internally Control plane topology can differ from transport plane topology
Domain CDomain A Domain B
UNI E-NNI UNIE-NNI
ClientClient
NM
ASON ARCHITECTURE Requirements
Transport technology and topology can differ in each domain
Control Plane
Transport/Data Plane
In ASON the transport plane could be realized by any technology and
topology.
The control plane could be managed by the NMS (Network ManagementSystem) or by GMPLS control plane
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ASON and Multi-layer model
ASON is focusing on the inter-operability of different types of Networksto simplify and standardize operations. They can be either multi-vendor, multi-layer or multioperator.
An Intelligent Optical Networkshould be managed either in an centralizedmanner by traditional Network Management Systems or in a decentralizedway, using Control Planes on each node.
Different technology can beseen as separate layers
When Networks are converging, theselayers have to inter-work dynamicallyto keep control of the OPEX
Ethernet/MPLSLAYER 2
TDM OTN/ODUkLAYER 1
DWDM OTN/OCh/WSONLAYER 0
Different technologies could be used in ASON but seen as separated layers
There is a Standard classification :
LAYER 0 = DWDM-OTN
LAYER 1 = TDM SDH OTN
LAYER 2 = Ethernet / MPLS
LAYER 3 = IP etc
The Management architecture could be centralized using NMS ordecentralized using control plane in each node, and multi-vendor andmulti-operators
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FROM IP TO GMPLS
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GMPLS Extension to MPLS for multiple switching types:
Packets, Circuits, Lambdas, Ports
Routing at NE level
Standardized
Multi technology
MPLS
GMPLS
MPLS Connection oriented service
in packet switched network
Routing according toinput/output labels
Label switched path: LSP
Constraint based explicitrouting
THE EVOLUTION FROM MPLS TO GMPLS
Let see now the IP evolution versus MPLS
The IP Internet Protocol is :Connectionless service
Information is transmitted in packets
Each packet contains source and destination address
Packets are routed according to the routing tables in each router of thenetwork
MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching
Connection oriented service in packet switched network (Note: IP provides aconnectionless service only!)
Routing according to input/output labels
Label switched path: LSPMPLS supports traffic engineering - via constraint-basedexplicit routing (Note: not possible with IP!)
Let see in the next slide the reason of MPLS introduction
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MPLS principle in IP-Network
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
provides a mechanism for engineering Network Traffic patterns that is independent ofrouting tables. MPLS assigns short labels to the packets that describe how to forwardthem through the Network.
MPLS Network
MPLS Network
Outgoing Router
I-LER Router
E-LER Router
LSP
(Label Switched Path)
LSR = LabelSwitched Router
LSR
LSR Router
LSR Router
Ingress-LabelEdge Router
Egress-LabelEdge Router
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
provides a mechanism for engineering Network Traffic patterns that is independent ofrouting tables. MPLS assigns short labels to the packets that describe how to forward
them through the Network.
MPLS use LSR(Label Switched routers) that consists on:
SW, for reading the messages inside the Labels and building up the Routing Tablesaccording;
Matrix for packet forwarding according to the Routing Tables.
At the ingress of an MPLS Network, incoming IP packets are examined and assigned alabel by a Label Edge Router (LER).
The labeled packets are forwarded through Label Switched Path (LSP), where eachLSRmakes a switching decision based on the packets label field.
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Label switching example
UnlabeledPacket arrives
IP
Egress routerremoves label
IP
IP20
Label switching &packet forwardingIngress router
adds label topacket
IP10
IP10
original IP packet with IP Header
MPLS packet with IP Header + Label
IP
The final result of Label-switching is a fast path set-up.
The path which is set-up by MPLS is called LSP (Label Switched Path)
All packets that follow the same path through the MPLS Network and receive the
same treatment at each node are known as a Forwarding Equivalence Class(FEC) .
A circuit set up by using MPLS protocolis called LSP (Label Switched Path).
Ingress router introduce a label in each data packet incoming, LSR will distribute theMPLS packet based on the destination label, Egress router removes the label in theoutgoing stream
MPLS was originally introduced for IP Networks, as a Protocol at Layer-3.
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Path-1
Path-2
Path-3 Path-4
S1
S4S3S2
D
In the above example, the 4 traffic paths have to be routed at minimum costfromthe source Routers to the destination Router, over the physical cables.
Example:
Traffic Demand: Four paths originated by sources S1-S4 to destination D
Example:
Traffic Demand: Four paths originated by sources S1-S4 to destination D
IP Network routing
Let see an example of traffic routing using IP protocols.
The routing rule used by routers is the choice the minimum cost path inside the
network.
The minimum cost is defined during the link (route) creation in the router configuration
phase
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IP Routing solution
IP Routing implementation:
Minimal cost routing: calculated by each router in an independent way
IP Routing implementation:
Minimal cost routing: calculated by each router in an independent way
In the traditional Level 3 IP-Networks, an independent forwarding decision is made ateach hop, the IP Header is analyzed, and the next hop is chosen based on this analysisand on the information in the routing table distributed in each Routers, in anindependent way.
Path-1
Path-2
Path-3
Path-4
S1S4S3S2
DIPForwarding
Routing Solution in IP Network.
In the traditional Level 3 IP-Networks, as a packet travels from one router to the next, anindependent forwarding decision is made at each hop. The IP Header is analyzed, and thenext hop is chosen based on this analysis and on the information in the routing table. EachRouter executes, in an independent way, the IP packet forwarding, i.e. it decides the nexthop for each incoming packet, on the basis of the destination address.
Each Router has the Network topology information, in order to perform the minimum costRouting, e.g. by using Dikjstra Routing Algorithm.
Topology information is distributed to the Routers e.g. by means of IGP (Interior GwProtocol).
By using this information, a Router is able to automatically build-up the Routing Table.
The final result is a Traffic Routing, where each requested path is routed with the minimumcost, e.g. with the minimum number of hops.
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IP Routing problems
IP Routing implementation:
Disadvantages: It is slow and it creates an unbalanced network
IP Routing implementation:
Disadvantages: It is slow and it creates an unbalanced network
1. It can be too slow, because IP forwarding performed packet by packet can be quite longand in case of Network variation, automatic routing tables can require a long time
2. The minimum cost Routing can result into an unbalanced Network, with some links over-loaded and some other links not used at all or under-loaded.
Path-1
Path-2
Path-3
Path-4
S1
S4S3S2 Not Used
MPLSwas originally
invented to overcome
the above two IP
routing problems
MPLS
was originally
invented to overcome
the above two IP
routing problems
Not Used
This process has two disadvantages:
1. It can be too slow, because:
- IP forwarding performed packet by packet can be quite long;
- In case of Network variation, automatic routing tables can require a long time,mainly in a large Network;
2. The minimum cost Routing can result into an unbalanced Network, with some linksover-loaded and some other links not used at all or under-loaded.
MPLS was originally invented to overcome the above two problems.
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MPLS Routing solution
MPLS Routing implementation:
Minimal Cost routing using LSP: The Network load remains Unbalanced
MPLS Routing implementation:
Minimal Cost routing using LSP: The Network load remains Unbalanced
In an MPLS environment, analysis of IP-Headers is performed just once, when a packetenters the MPLS cloud. The packet is then assigned to a stream (FEC ForwardingEquivalence Class), which is identified by a label.
LSP-1
LSP-2
LSP-3
S1
S4S3S2
DLabel Switchingand Label Swap
Label/FEC
assignment
LSP-4
Routing solution in MPLS Network
IP forwarding is speed-up by using Label Switching technique.
IP packets are not forwarded on the basis of the destination address only, but on the basisof their Label and the corresponding FEC.
In a MPLS Network, the ingress Router (I-LSR) inserts the MPLS Label, deciding the FEC(Forwarding Equivalent Class) for the incoming client signals, by grouping packets with thesame characteristics (e.g. with the same priority or with the same destination).
The rest of the Network, i.e. the LSRs, should follow the FEC decided by the Ingress-LSR.
Ingress Router (I-LSR)
Classifies packet to an FEC, generates MPLS header and assigns initial label
Upstream toward all other LSRs in the LSP
Intermediate Routers (LSR)
Forwards MPLS packets using label-switching
Executes one or more routing protocols
Egress LSR (E-LSR)
Removes the MPLS label,
Downstream from all other LSRs in the LSP
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GMPLS Routing Solution
GMPLS Routing implementation:
LSP are routed considering the link bandwidth: The Network is Balanced
GMPLS Routing implementation:
LSP are routed considering the link bandwidth: The Network is Balanced
When traffic is distributed over the Network resources by MPLS-TE, the final routing result isan uniform (balanced) load of the links. GMPLS-TE (MPLS-Traffic Engineering) is animprovement of standard MPLS enabling Multitechnology.
LSP-1
LSP-2
LSP-3
S1S4S3S2
D
Label Switchingand Constraint
Routing
Label/FECassignment
LSP-4
When traffic is distributed over the Network resources by MPLS-TE, the final routing result is
an uniform (balanced) load of the links.MPLS-TE (MPLS-Traffic Engineering) is an improvement of standard MPLS, which adoptsconstraint-based routing criteria. The ultimate goal of Traffic Engineering is to optimize theutilization of Network resources and to minimize traffic congestion. It is a pragmatic way ofhandling traffic problems. One of the design goals for MPLS was to create a tool to achievethis. A description of Traffic Engineering can therefore be as follows:
Traffic Engineering is all about discovering what paths and links are available in theNetwork, what the current traffic usage is within the Network and then directing traffic toroutes other than the shortest so that optimal use is made of the resources within theNetwork. This is achieved by a combination of extensions to the existing IGP routing protocols,traffic monitoring tools and traffic routing techniques
-
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(G)MPLS-TE Link Attributes
Unreservedbandwidth
MaximumReservedbandwidth
(Under-subscription)
Over-subscription
Resourceclass/colour
Maximumbandwidth Traffic
Engineeringmetric
TE-Link parameters
QoSparameters
(G)MPLS-TE extensionto support (G)MPLS allowing distribution of additional TE link attributes:
Link capacity, Protection type, Shared risk group, Supports link bundling
Parameters that are taken into account in MPLS-TE routing:
1. Traffic Engineering Metric (TE metric): Link metric (e.g. delay, jitter)
2. Resource Class/Colour: Administrative group membership per TE link
3. Maximum Bandwidth: true TE link capacity
4. Maximum Reservable Bandwidth: User configurable (by default = maximum link
capacity but may be greater i.e. link over-subscription)
5. Unreserved Bandwidth (per priority): Bandwidth not yet reserved on the TE link
(initial values correspond to the Maximum Reservable Bandwidth)
In practical cases, it is difficult to take into account parameters like delay and jitter; so
the Link bandwidth, with its related attributes, is the main parameter used in constraint
routing applied in Traffic Engineering.
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GMPLS
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GMPLS Extension to MPLS for multiple switching types:
Packets, Circuits, Lambdas, Ports
Routing at NE level
Standardized
Multi technology
MPLS
MPLS Connection oriented service
in packet switched network
Routing according toinput/output labels
Label switched path: LSP
Constraint based explicitrouting
GMPLS
THE EVOLUTION FROM MPLS TO GMPLS
GMPLS Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
Evolution of MPLS towards circuit-oriented transport networks (SDH/SONET,DWDM, OTN, ports)
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) is a key functionality fornext-generation optical transport networks
Combines the benefits of well-proven carrier-class optical transport and IPpacket-based technologies
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MPLS extension to GMPLS
Generalization of label space values (Generalized Label Formatexample in appendix)
in packet the label is a tag used for forwarding; in TDM or WDMNetworks for example, labels identify real physical resources (lambda ortimeslots)
Generalization of LSP
Optical connections/TDM circuits/etc. are the new LSPs (from ControlPlane)
Generalization of TE Link concept and TE attributes to non-packetresources
GMPLS (Generalizing MPLS)Generalization of MPLS-TE concepts for the definition of distributed control
plane protocols also applicable to non-packet Networks
GMPLS (Generalizing MPLS)
Generalization of MPLS-TE concepts for the definition of distributed control
plane protocols also applicable to non-packet Networks
The main reason of the GMPLS introduction is the generalization of the MPLS-TEconcepts for the non-packet technologies and the introduction of the DISTRIBUTED
control plane
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GMRE GMPLS CONTROL PLANE IMPLEMENTATION
TransportPlane
NE
ControlPlane
Signaling Routing
Link Management
SDH
/SONET/
OTH
/Etherne
t
GMPLS
ManagementPlane
GMRE: is the GMPLS Routing Engine, it performs the three maintasks: Routing, Signaling and Link Management
GMRE: is the GMPLS Routing Engine, it performs the three maintasks: Routing, Signaling and Link Management
The Control Plane is realized with GMPLS (Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switching).GMPLS is a family of different protocols to perform the required actions to establish anASON. These protocols are transmitted between the NEs. GMPLS is based on the MPLSprotocols for packet based transmission.
According to their function the protocols can be divided into:
Signaling
Routing
Link Management
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GMPLS CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS
1. OSPF Routing
Exchanges topology information between
nodes so routes for connections can be
computed
2. RSVP Signaling
Negotiates the allocation and release of
resources to establish connections
3. LMP Link Management
Maintains control channels, supports
neighbor and service discovery
C
D
E
B
A
5
5
6
6
5
55
5
55 5
5
Control Channels
Data LinksGMPLS is a family of different protocols toperform the required actions to
establish the control plane
GMPLS is a family of different protocols toperform the required actions to
establish the control plane
1. OSPF Routing
Exchanges topology information between nodes so routes for connections
can be computed
2. RSVP Signaling
Negotiates the allocation and release of resources to establish connections
3. LMP Link Management
Maintains control channels, supports neighbor and service discovery
Let see in the following chapters dedicated slides on this three topics
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OSPF ROUTING
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GMPLS CONTROL PLANE Routing
TransportPlane
NE
ControlPlane
Signaling Routing
Link Management
SDH
/SONET
/
OTH
/Ethern
et
GMPLS
ManagementPlane
Routing: in GMPLS routing is performed by OSPF
Routing: in GMPLS routing is performed by OSPF
Routing
OSPF
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OSPF ROUTING Concepts
OSPF is a link state protocol
Every node builds a map of the connectivity of the network, in the form of agraph showing which nodes are connected to which other nodes.
A OSPF instance resident on a node has a complete picture of theinternal-network.
Every OSPF router collects information from all peer routers.
The ultimate objective is that every router has identical information about theinter-network, and each router will independently calculate its own bestpaths to destinations.
OSPF is built around a well-known algorithm from graph theory, E. W. Dijkstrasshortest path algorithm.
OSPF
Routing
OSPF is a LINK STATE protocol used to build a map of connectivity in thenetwork.
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Link State: Adjacencies and Topological DB
Link State Packet (LSP)is a packet of information generated by anetwork element in a link state routing
Link State Packet (LSP)is a packet of information generated by anetwork element in a link state routing
OSPF
Each router establishes a relationshipcalled adjacency with each of itsneighbors:
Adjacencies are set-up, kept alive and
operated via dedicated protocols
Topological databaseOnce the adjacency is setup, a routersends information to its neighborsexchanging LSAs (Link-stateadvertisements )
Each neighbor receiving an LSA in turnforwards (Floods) the LSA to its ownneighbors
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Link State Concepts
Database
OS
PF
Routing tables
Routing tables
Topological database
Topological database
Link-state advertisements(LSA)
Link-state advertisements(LSA)
LSA
LSA
Link-state advertisements (LSAs)small packet of routing information that is sent between routers
Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithmperformed on the database resulting in the SPF tree
Routing tableslist of the known paths and interfaces
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Link State Concepts: Flooding algorithmOSPF
Flooding of link-state information
OSPF uses the Hello Protocol to acquire neighbors and establish anadjacency
Each router on the network announces its own piece of link-stateinformation to all other routers on the network.
The flooding algorithm is reliable, ensuring that all routers in an area haveexactly the same link-state database
Link-state advertisements (LSAs)
small packet of routing information
that is sent between routers
LSA
LSA
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Link State Concepts: Building a Topological DB
OS
PF
Building a Topological Database
Each router collects all of this link-state information from other routersand updates a topological database.
The same information can be received from different sources at slightlydifferent time frames.
Using this information, the routers can recreate a topology graph of thenetwork and traverse it using the Dijkstra Algorithm. (SPF)
TopologicalDatabase
Topological database
collection of informationgathered from LSAs
Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm
performed on the database resulting inthe SPF tree
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C
D
E
B
A5
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5
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Internet standard (RFC 2328 for IPv4) for routing
Calculates shortest path based on metric costs
Link state routing protocol
Own HELLO mechanism to find own neighbors
Adjacency database and link state database keepnetwork topology
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)
Removes all links from the network graph (pruning),which do not satisfy the constraints (e.g. remove allunprotected links)
Determines the shortest path as in OSPF
OSPF-CSPF ROUTING DEFINITION
OSPF
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)is an extension of shortest path algorithms. The path computed using CSPF is a shortest
path fulfilling a set of constraints. It simply means that it runs shortest path algorithmafterpruningthose links that violate a given set of constraints
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)is an extension of shortest path algorithms. The path computed using CSPF is a shortest
path fulfilling a set of constraints. It simply means that it runs shortest path algorithmafterpruningthose links that violate a given set of constraints
Which is the difference between OSPF and CSPF and why it is need?
Let see in the next example
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OSPF Routing and LSA example
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Sample Network
Routing Databaseequivalent in all nodes databases
Node A LSA: links: A->B, A->C
Node B LSA: links: B->A, B->D
Node C LSA: links: C->A, C->D, C->E
Node D LSA: links: D->B, D->C, D->E
Node E LSA: links: E->C, E->D
OSPF
OSPF Example: E as head node
E
E
C
C D
D
A
A B
B
5
10
5
1016
x
10x
Shortest pathfrom node E
to othernodes
The shortest path based on link costs only (not number of Hops or nodes)
If there are more than one possible path with the same link cost, then the
fragmentation costs is used to decideIf there are more than one possible path with the same link cost andfragmentation cost, then one is randomly picked.
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CSPF Routing and LSA example
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Sample Network
Routing Databaseequivalent in all nodes databases
Node A LSA: links: A->B, A->C
Node B LSA: links: B->A, B->D
Node C LSA: links: C->A, C->D, C->E
Node D LSA: links: D->B, D->C, D->E
Node E LSA: links: E->C, E->D
CSPF
E
E
C
C D
D
A
A B
B
5
10
5
1516
10
Failurebetween nodeE and D
link is notused for pathcomputation
CSPF Example: E as head node
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CSPF and OSPF
Routing Database
Routing Database after CSPF
CSPF OSPF
ROUTE
ROUTE
When there is a route calculation request, first CSPF is used to filter the database andthen the shortest path is calculated (OSPF) from the resulting filtered database.
The OSPF route calculation algorithm on the resulting filtered database finds : The shortest path based on link costs only (not number of Hops or nodes)
If there are more than one possible path with the same link cost, then thefragmentation is used to decide (link with the minimum fragmentation is chosen)
OSPF transfer protocol is used with Traffic Engineering Extensions (OSPF-TE) to exchangeall the necessary information about Te-Links for GMPLS
The routing information is stored locally in a database (in memory).
When there is a route calculation request, first CSPF is used to filter the database and thenthe shortest path is calculated (OSPF) from the resulting filtered database.
The OSPF route calculation algorithm on the resulting filtered database finds
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LSP RSVP Signalling
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GMPLS CONTROL PLANE Routing
TransportPlane
NE
ControlPlane
Signaling Routing
Link Management
SDH
/SONET
/
OTH
/Ethern
et
GMPLS
ManagementPlane
Signaling: in the GMPLS the signaling is performed by RSVP(Resource Reservation Protocol)
Signaling: in the GMPLS the signaling is performed by RSVP(Resource Reservation Protocol)
Signaling
R
SVP-TE
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OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE relationship
RSVP
-TE
OSPF-TE
presents the computed path
as an Explicit Route
OSPF-TE passes ExplicitRoute to RSVP-TE engine
for signaling
Routing tables
Routing tables
Signaling
RSVP-TE
RSVP-TE
RSVP-TE is used in GMPLS Control Plane, to provide: Label distribution
Explicit path configuration
Resource reservation and Admission control
Sequence of operations for Constraint Routing
a) OSPF-TE stores information from IGP (internal gateway protocol) flooding into
the Routing Table named Link State DB (LSDB)b) OSPF-TE stores traffic engineering information in the TE Link State DB (TEDB)
c) OSPF-TE examines user defined constraints for the incoming LSP request:
d) OSPF-TE/SPF performs path computation for the LSP through the TE linktopology
e) OSPF-TE presents the computed path as an Explicit Route
f) OSPF-TE passes Explicit Route to RSVP-TE engine for signaling
All the above operations are performed by the Ingress-LER where the path setuprequest arrived.
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Label Distribution with RSVP-TE
In GMPLS signaling, the Ingress node may suggest a label, and thus have somecontrol over the selection of a label at Egress nodes, but Egress node has theright to reject the Suggested Label and select its own from the available labelspace. As a result the Ingress node will have to reconfigure itself to the new label.
In GMPLS, the Ingress node may restrict the labels that may be used by an LSP(Label Switched Path) along the whole LSP path. This feature is driven from theOptical Domain where wavelengths used by the path must be restricted either toa small subset of possible wavelengths, or even to one specific wavelength.
RSVP
-TE
LSPdirection
(TransitLSR)
(TransitLSR)
In GMPLS signaling, the Ingress node may suggest a label, and thus have somecontrol over the selection of a label at Egress nodes, but Egress node has the right to
reject the Suggested Label and select its own from the available label space. As aresult the Ingress node will have to reconfigure itself to the new label.
In GMPLS, the Ingress node may restrict the labels that may be used by an LSPalong the whole LSP path. This feature is driven from the Optical Domain wherewavelengths used by the path must be restricted either to a small subset of possiblewavelengths, or even to one specific wavelength. This requirement occurs becausesome equipment may only be able to generate a small set of the wavelengths thatintermediate equipment may be able to switch, or because intermediate equipmentmay not be able to switch a wavelength at all, being only able to redirect it to adifferent fiber.
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LSP Setup
Setup: Path (R2, R6, R7, R4, R9 ) sent downstream (pre-allocates bandwidth)
Reply: Resv (sent upstream) communicates labels and reserves bandwidth on eachlink
R8R2
R6
R3 R4
R7
R1R5
R9Path (R2, R6, R7, R4, R9)
Path (R6, R7, R4, R9)
Path (R7, R4, R9)
Path (R4, R9)
Path (R9)
LSP Setup Path and Resv messages are sent HOP by HOP, Pathsare refreshed periodically re-sending path message
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EXAMPLE OF OTN LSP SETUP and TUNNEL CREATION
Electronic layerL1
Photonic layer L0
OCH LSP
OCH TUNNEL
ODU LSP
ODUTUNNEL
LOGIC PATH
PHYSICALPATH
LSP Tunnel
Determines a logical association between the source and the destination of a
uni/bi-directional traffic flow for which resource reservation will be required-
May comprise a set of one or more LSP tunnels which physically carry traffic
In this example it is shown a more elaborated Path setup with LSP for optical channelallocation, ODU logical tunnel to establish a logical path between ingress and egress
nodes.Tunnel
Determines a logical association between the source and the destination of a uni/bi-directional traffic flow (traffic trunk) for which resource reservation will be required
May comprise a set of one or more (at least one) LSP tunnels which physically carrytraffic
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LMP Link Management
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GMPLS CONTROL PLANE Routing
TransportPlane
NE
ControlPlane
Signaling Routing
Link Management
SDH
/SONET
/
OTH
/Ethern
et
GMPLS
ManagementPlane
Link Management: LMP is used to manage the links
Link Management: LMP is used to manage the links
Link Management
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Link ManagementLINK MANAGEMENT Concepts
LMP (Link Management Protocol)
a protocol introduced as an extension of RSVP-TE in order to enable thenetwork nodes to share link information between two adjacent NEs, tosynchronize NE link information between NEs, to share alarm
LMP consists of 4 primary procedures, of which the first two are mandatory andthe last two are optional
Control Channel management
Manage multiple control channels between nodes
Link Property Correlation
Discover and agree data link properties
Link verificationMap interface IDs and verify data connectivity
Fault Management
Detect and isolate faults
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GMPLS
LINK Maintenance Out of Band and In-band Signalling
GMPLS
I/f_Id 1
I/f_Id 6
I/f_Id 4
Link_Id 4
GMPLS GMPLS
IPCC_IDIPCC_ID IPCC_ID IPCC_ID
I/f_Id 4I/f_Id 8
In GMPLS devices must be able to send and receive protocol messages over
IP control channels (IPCC) a point to point channel
Control channels can be implemented (signaling transport mechanism)
in-Fiber/in-Band (IF/IB): Data Communication Channel (DCC)
in-Fiber/out-of-Band (IF/OB): Separate optical channel
out-of-Fiber/out-of-Band (OF/OB): IP over Ethernet
IPCC with
IB CC
IPCC with
OB CC
IB:In Band
OB:Out of Band
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IPCC Maintenance and Protocol Hellos
I/f_Id 1
I/f_Id 6
I/f_Id 4
Link_Id 4
IP_1
I/f_Id 4I/f_Id 8
IP_2IP_1 IP_2
R
R S
SL
L R
R S
SL
L R
R S
SL
L R
R S
SL
L
Adjacency maintenance: Hello message exchanges between neighborsfor independent detection of LMP, routing and signaling software failures
GMPLS provides:
LMP instance (L): LMP Hello message are exchanged
OSPF instance (R): OSPF Hello message are exchanged
RSVP-TE instance (S): RSVP-TE Hello message are exchanged
LMP (L) maintains control plane adjacencies by exchanging LMP Hellomessages enabling, in turn, control channel failure detection
LMP Hello: lightweight keep-alive that allows LMP reacting rapidly to controlchannel failure(s) activating (if possible) a parallel control channel (ifavailable) reduces probability of unnecessary removal of associatedrouting adjacencies due to loss of OSPF Hellos
LMP Hellosdo not eliminate the need to exchange RSVP-TE and OSPFHellos
Control channels used by OSPF and RSVP TE for message exchange may be thesame as the LMP control channels
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ManualConfigurationDISCOVERY
BootstrapmessageAUTO-DISCOVERY
Data Link(s) Correlated
IP ControlChannel Setup
LMP adjacency up
Data Links
Correlation(Link Summary)
Link VerificationIn-Band Test
message
TE Link(s) Identified
TE Link processing through IGP-TE (Interior Gw Protocol)
START = No CC (LMPAdjacency down)
Data Links
Correlation(Link Summary)
LMP = Link Management Protocol
Data Link and TE Link Discovery (LMP) Example
Hello timersnegotiated and hellomessages exchanged
LMP Control Channel management performs control channel set-up
Neighbor control channel address discovery via config
message Nodes negotiate acceptable control channel parameters (hello
timer and hello dead timer) via config message
Hello protocol monitors health of control channels
Nodes exchange channel status messages to supervisecontrol channel status. In case of fault LMP activates anothercontrol channel via a config message
Neighbor address discovery
Config message sent to a multi-cast address (224.0.0.1) in
case of in-band control channel Config message sent to the neighbor LMP controller address
in case of out-of band control channel. The neighbor LMP
address has to be configured by operator in this case.
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GMRE Main Blocks
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Data Link
Controller
Path Computation Module
Path Computation (CSPF)
and Selection
TE Link
Database
TE Link
Admission Control
& Policy
Routing Controller
Routing Adjacencies (Hello)
Routing Table
TE - Data Link
control and
maintenance
IPCC Controller
Link State
Database
GMPLS Controller
Database Exchange/Flooding
CC Maintenance
(Hellos) and
Configuration
P/R State Blocks
Signalling Controller
Hello (Adjacencies)
GMRE GMPLS Engine main blocks
CSPFPath
Computation
CSPFPath
Computation
Signalingcontroller
Signalingcontroller
Routingcontroller
Routingcontroller
TE-Link admissioncontrol and policy
TE-Linkadmission
control and policy
LMP: linkmanagement
protocol
LMP: linkmanagement
protocol
Let resume the GMRE engine with the main blocks and functions
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Data Link
Controlle
r
Path Computation
Module
TE Link
Routing Controller
Routing Table
IPCC
Controller
GMPLS Controller
SignallingController
GMRE GMPLS Engine main blocks
CSPF
Builds and maintain topology of the transportnetwork
Calculate constrained LSPs to be signaled viaRSVP-TE
Signaling controller
Implements all RSVP-TE related functionalities
Neighbor adjacency monitoring
RSVP-TE message set signaling and refresh
LSP state management
Routing controller
Disseminate TE-Linkinformation via linkstate advertisements
Builds and maintain the topology of the controlplane network
Builds the TE-link and LSA database
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Data Link
Controlle
r
Path Computation
Module
TE Link
Routing Controller
Routing Table
IPCC
Controller
GMPLS Controller
SignallingController
GMRE GMPLS Engine main blocks
LMP: link management protocol
Setup and maintenance of IPcommunication channels
Build associations between data links andTE-links
Correlation and verification of TE-Links withadjacent nodes
Verification of data links
TE-Link admission control andpolicy
Deals with admission control of bandwidthrequests (including priority management),implements policies related to link resourceusage (e.g. how to allocate bandwidth on aTE-link) etc..
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Data Link
Controller
Path Computation Module
Path Computation (CSPF)
and Selection
TE LinkDatabase
TE LinkAdmissionControl & Policy
Routing Controller
Routing Adjacencies (Hello)
Routing Table
2b
TE - Data Linkcontrol and
maintenance
3a
IPCC
Controller
2a
Link State
Database
GMPLS Controller
Database xchange/Flooding
3c
2c
Maintenance(Hellos) and
Configuration
3b
P/R State Blocks
1a
1b
Signalling Controller
Hello (Adjacencies)
GMPLS RSVP-TE Flows
Hello Signalling Messages (Trigger/Refresh)
OSPF TE Flows
[2a] [2b] HelloDatabaseDescription/LS Request[2c] LS Update/Ack
LMP IP Control ChannelMaintenance andConfiguration
[3a]Hello and Config
LMP Data Link Control[3b] Verification,Property Correlation and
Fault Management
LMP Data LinkVerification
[3c] (in-band) Testmessages
LMP Link Management Flows
In this example there are the main protocols and the relative senders.
RSVP-TE from signaling controller
OSPF-TE flows from Routing controller
LMP using IP CC from data link controller
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ASON GMPLS ProtocolsEnd of module
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APPENDIX Labels Format
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MPLS Label
Label Fields:
Label (20bits) Indicates a class (FEC=Forwarding Equivalent Class
EXP (3 bits) (experimental) 3 bits used for priority S (1 bit) (stacking bit) indicates the inner label, in a label stack (creates LSP tunnel
within LSP)
TTL (8 bits) (time to live) indicates the max delay, in terms of max number of hops thepacket can yet perform in the Network, before reaching destination; it isdecremented in each traversed node where it is processed and causes packetdiscarding when expires.
TCP headerIP header
DATA
MPLS Label
TCP/IP Packet
Shim
header
TCP/IPpacket with
MPLS
TTLLabel (20-bits) EXP S
32 bits
MPLS Label
The slide shows a TCP/IP packet modify by inserting a MPLS Labelin front of the IP-Packet.
The term label switching relies on associating a small, fixed-format label with each datapacket, at each hop across the Network. Each packet is forwarded based on the value ofincoming label and transmitted onward with a new label value.
The label is swapped and the data is switched, at based on the label value.
In an MPLS Network, packets are labelled by the insertion of an additional piece of informationcalled the shim header or the MPLS Label
In the above example, the label is placed between the Transport (TCP) header and the Network(IP) header.
A label is a short, fixed length, locally significant identifier which is used to identify a FEC(Forwarding Equivalent Class). The packet assignment to a FEC, and so the Label values, aredecided by the border Routers in the Network.
Each Network node (called LSR= Label Switching Router) maintains a look-up table (LFIB=Label Forwarding Information Base) to allow it to determine the next hop for the data, on thebasis of the Label values.
The LFIB contains a mapping of:
[incoming interface, incoming label] [outgoing interface, outgoing label]
The label is used as entry in the LFIB.
Signalling protocol are used to exchange label mapping information between the LSRs.
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In MPLS technology the label is the numerical 20 bit identifier that is inserted inthe MPLS label defined by RFC 3032.
In TDM technologies the label identifies a Timeslot (e.g. VC4,ODU-1 etc..)
In light technologies the label identifies a OCH
32 bits
RSVP-TE Label concept
MPLS Label value (20-bits)
A "labeled packet" is a packet into which a label has been encoded. In somecases, the label resides in an encapsulation header which exists specifically
for this purpose. In other cases, the label may reside in an existing data linkor network layer header, as long as there is a field which is available for thatpurpose. The particular encoding technique to be used must be agreed to byboth the entity which encodes the label and the entity which decodes thelabel.
RSVP
-TE
A short, fixed length identifier (32 bits)
Sent with each packet
Local between two routers