Topic 11 - Diversity

A plethora of species

What is an animal?Cell differentiation

Locomotion

Responsive to environment

Obtain energy by consuming other organisms

Taxonomy: Carolus LinnaeusSwedish Naturalist (1707-1778)

System of Classification of organisms ( based on morphology)

Modern approach:

Domain (3)

Kingdom (6)

Phylum (35)

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Eukarya

Anamalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Primate

Hominidae

Homo

sapiens

Eukarya

Anamalia

Mollusca

Cephalopoda

Teuthida

Architeuthidae

Architeuthis

dux

Eukarya

Fungi

Basidiomycota

Basidiomycetes

Agaricales

Agaricaceae

Agaricus

bisporus

SpeciesAbout 1,500,000 species identified

Domain Bacteria (5,000?)

Domain Archaea (200?)

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protozoa (31,000)

Kingdom Plantae (350,000)

Kingdom Fungi (69,000)

Kingdom Animalia (1,100,000)

Sponges

Cnidarians

Flatworms

Roundworms

Annelid worms

Mollusca

Echinoderms

Insects – 750,000Other Arthropods

Fish – 19,000

Amphibians

Reptiles – 6,000

Birds – 9,000

Mammals – 4,000

Species

http://neatorama.cachefly.net/images/2008-12/species-population-size.jpg

Estimates: 30-100 million species on Earth!

Insects, bacteria, plants, fungi

1 out of every 5 organisms is a beetle

Species: 2010

> 100s of new species annually

tiny scaley-eyed gecko

Ecuador

purple octopus

Atlantic coast CanadaTube-nosed bat

Papua New Guinea

Snub-nosed monkey

Myanmar

“Squid-worm”

Celebes Sea

Discovery of Dinosaurs

1st discovery: 1822 – Iguanodon

The Bone War (1877-1892)

Montana and Wyoming

150 new dinosaur species

O. C. Marsh (Peabody Museum, Yale)

Edward Cope (Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia)

Roy Chapman Andrews

(American Museum of

Natural History, NY)

1923, Gobi desert,

Mongolia: First

dinosaur nests

Types of Fossils

Replacement/Compression

Trace

Resin

Living

Pseudo

http://www.dino-

nakasato.org/image/

special97/FightVelo-

pht-l.jpg

http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/image

s/2007/07/18/coelacanth_3.jpg http://www.scienceclarified.com/imag

es/uesc_05_img0260.jpg

http://www.stonecompany.com/fossil

s/images/castz.JPG

Fossil Dating

Stratigraphy: layers in the rock tell the age

Radiometric dating: use of isotopes

Index fossil (who is where?): compare to

known groups of known ages

Together, these methods corroborate one

another and give support to dates

Burgess ShaleCanadian Rockies

Sedimentary rock

Ancient ocean

Contain early complex lifeforms

http://basalt.geology.utoronto.ca/facultycaron/images/Walcot

t-SI-2.gif

Charles Walcott, 1910

Simple to ComplexMajor steps:

Sponges

Cnidarians

Flatworms

Cambrian Explosion (550 million years ago)

21 animal Phyla (body plans) today, 50 during

Cambrian!

Causes?

Ecological changes (habitat, interactions)

Oxygenation of atmosphere

Evolutionary Arms race

The Evolutionary Arms Race

Predator- Prey- Predator tries to eat prey, prey tries to escape

- Predator evolves a better way to kill prey

- only those prey who survive reproduce (prey “improve”)

- repeat

4 examples

Clams

Bats & moths

Cheetah & Gazelles

Humans & bacteria

The Evolutionary Arms RaceClams and predators

Clams evolved before predators, filled the oceans

When predators evolved (rays), they were able to

easily eat clams

Clams developed defenses

burrowing

living at the waters edge (Coquina clams)

20,000 species of bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels)

The Evolutionary Arms Race

Bats and moths

Bats use echolocation (sonar) to find moths

Some moths evolved ears to hear sonar

Some bats avoid sonar and use their ears to

listen to moths

All bats can still see

140,000 species of moths

900 species bats (most mammals next to rodents)

The Evolutionary Arms RaceCheetah-Gazelle

Cheetah fastest land animal

70 mph short bursts

0-68 mph in 3 seconds http://www.car-catalog.com/sports_cars/chevrolet_corvette.jpg

0-60 in about 4 seconds

Gazelle second fastest land animal

50 mph for long periods

13 species

Fastest Cheetahs catch the slowest Gazelles

Cheetah success = only 20% of time

Fastest Gazelles remain to reproduce

Cheetahs must get faster

Never ending cycle

The Evolutionary Arms Race

Red Queen Hypothesis

Predators and prey are locked in a never ending cycle of improvement, in which both stay the same

http://www.fromoldbooks.org/LewisCaroll-

AliceThroughTheLookingGlass/pages/036-red-queen-chastises-

alice/036-red-queen-chastises-alice-q75-402x500.jpg

Lewis Carroll’s

Alice Through the Looking Glass

“"It takes all the running you can

do, to keep in the same place."

The Evolutionary Arms Race

Humans and microbes

Microorganisms (bacteria) infect and kill

humans

How humans fight bacteria

natural ways (immune system)

artificial ways

antibiotics: > 100 types

ex: Penicillin

Antibiotic ResistanceAntibiotics kill most bacteria by affecting some aspect of

bacterial physiology

Resistance?

Random mutations in bacteria

or

Improper exposure to antibiotics

Those left behind multiply and leave more offspring

New population is resistant

Multi-drug resistant strains (bacteria develop resistance to

many antibiotics) example: Tuberculosis

Prevent? Don’t:

take antibiotics for viruses or the wrong antibiotic

(antibiotics are species specific)

take them if you don’t need them

forget to finish the course (leaving individuals can

create resistance)

Next topic: Coexistence

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