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PISMP Semester 7TSL3113 Action
Research IWeek 1:
Introduction to researchmethods in education
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This session will cover
• The aims of educational research
• The characteristics of educationalresearch
• Approaches in educational research – The positivist approach (quantitative)
– The interpretive approach (qualitative)
• Ethics of educational research – The important aspects of research ethics
– Ethical codes
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what is educationalresearch!
Educational research is a eld of inquiry aimed at:
• advancing knowledge of education
• exploring the learning processes for improvement
• developing of tools and methods to deal withlearning prolems
Education researchers aim to descrie! understand!
and explain:• how learning takes place throughout the life cycle
• how formal and informal processes of educationa"ect learning! attainment! and the capacity tolead productive lives
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what is educational research!"contd#$
#reswell ($%%&) views educational research
• as a cyclical process of steps that typically eginswith identifying a research prolem or issue of study
• that involves
– reviewing the literature
– specifying a purpose for the study
– collecting and analy'ing data
– forming an interpretation of information
This process nishes in a report! disseminated toaudiences! that is evaluated and used in theeducational community
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The aims o% educationalresearch
• The unifying purpose for educationalresearch is to uild cumulative andsound knowledge aout human and
social process of fundamentalsignicance to individuals! to groups!and to the larger society
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The aims o% educationalresearch "contd#$
• mprove practice
• Add to knowledge
• Address gaps in knowledge• Expand knowledge
• *eplicate knowledge
• Add voices of individuals toknowledge
(#reswell! $%%$)
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The characteristics o%educational research
+ *esearch egins with a question in the mind ofthe researcher
$ *esearch requires a plan
- *esearch demands a clear statement of theprolem
. *esearch deals with the main prolem throughsu/prolems
& *esearch seeks direction through appropriatehypotheses
0 *esearch deals with facts and their
meaning
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The characteristics o%educational research "contd#$
n his ook entitled Fundamentals of Educational Research!1ary Anderson has outlined ten characteristics that can eused to further understand what the eld of educationalresearch entails:
+ Educational research attempts to solve a prolem
$ *esearch involves gathering new data from primary or rst/hand sources or using existing data for a new purpose
- *esearch is ased upon oservale experience or empiricalevidence
. *esearch demands accurate oservation and description& *esearch generally employs carefully designed procedures
and rigorous analysis
0 *esearch emphasi'es the development of generali'ations!principles or theories that will help in understanding!
prediction and2or control
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#ontd
3 *esearch requires expertise4familiarity withthe eld5 competence in methodology5 technicalskill in collecting and analy'ing the data
6 *esearch attempts to nd an o7ective!uniased solution to the prolem and takes greatpains to validate the procedures employed
8 *esearch is a delierate and unhurried activitywhich is directional ut often renes the prolemor questions as the research progresses
+% *esearch is carefully recorded and reported toother persons interested in the prolem
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A&&roaches in educationalresearch
9our ma7or approaches:
• ositivist
• nterpretive• ragmatic
• Advocacy2participatory
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the &ositivist a&&roach"'uantitative$
• Aim – Explanation! control
• ;nowledge
–
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the inter&retive a&&roach"'ualitative$
• Aim – >nderstanding
• ;nowledge
– ?u7ective! contextualised! valuedependent
• *esearcher
– ndependent participant This approach is suitale to e used to develop the understanding required for evaluating if a variale is relevant or not to a givenprolem situation #ompared to the perspective on positivistapproach as counting! this approach can e seen as proposing
which variables to count
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(thics o% educationalresearch
• n writing up a study of three nurseries!the researcher realises that his analysis islikely to e interpreted y parents and the
local media as suggesting that one ofthese nurseries does not meet currentinspection standards Should he&roceed to &u)lish the *ndin+s!
,our o&inion &lease---
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EducationalResearch Ethics
Ethics is defined asthe principles and
guidelines that help
us to uphold thethings we value
Approaches Areas ofConcern
EthicalPrinciples
the im&ortant as&ects o%research ethics
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the im&ortant as&ects o%research ethics
Approaches
@eontological
?ays ethicalissues must e
7udged onasis of
universal code
Ethical?kepticism
?ays concreteand inviolatemoral codescannot eformulated
>tilitarianism
@o enetsoutweigh
risks
This approachis used y *B
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Area of#oncern
?ocietyand
?cience
rofessional ssues
9raudulentActivity
artial and@uplicate
ulication
Treatmentof
articipants
the im&ortant as&ects o%research ethics
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EthicalPrinciples
MinimisingHarm
Respecting Autonomy
ProtectingPrivacy
OfferingReciprocity
TreatingPeopleEquitably
the im&ortant as&ects o%research ethics
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ethical codes
• rofessional #ompetence
• ntegrity
• rofessional! ?cientic! and ?cholarly*esponsiility
• *espect for eopleCs *ights! @ignity!and @iversity
• ?ocial *esponsiility
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Tutorial tasks
Dork in groups of not more than four *ead thehandout Plants drink water and eat fertilizer.#omplete the following tasks:
Task +:
s AliciaCs attempts to solve the teaching/learningprolem in - awar an educational researchdentify the relevant characteristics
Task $:
Explain and 7ustify the approach Alicia has employed
Task -:
Dhat are some of the ethical issues that Alicia shouldconsider in planning her research