Programme: M.Sc.(Chemistry) Course: Advanced Inorganic Materials Semester: IV Code: MSCHE4003E04 Topic: 3D printing Date- 15/04/2020 Dr. Angad Kumar Singh Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry , Central University of South Bihar, Gaya (Bihar) Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia. Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia. For F P Pe e Use y Only g 20
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Programme: M.Sc.(Chemistry) Course: Advanced Inorganic MaterialsSemester: IV Code: MSCHE4003E04
Topic: 3D printingDate- 15/04/2020
Dr. Angad Kumar Singh Department of ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry,
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya (Bihar)
Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
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3D printing is a way of creating three dimensional (3D) solid3D printing
3D printing is a way of creating three dimensional (3D) solid
objects. 3D printing is done by building up the object layer by layer.
U ll 3D i l i b i i i d hUsually, 3D printers use plastic, because it is easier to use and cheaper.
A 3D printer essentially works by extruding molten plastic
through a tiny nozzle that it moves around precisely under computer
control. It prints one layer, waits for it to dry, and then prints the next
layer on top.
The most-commonly used 3D-printing process is a material
extrusion technique called fused deposition modeling (FDM). The
term "3D printing" originally referred to a process that deposits a
binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by
layer.y
Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
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Th t h l f i ti h i l 3D bj t f di it l d tThe technology for printing physical 3D objects from digital data
was first developed by Charles Hull in 1984.
He named the technique as Stereo lithography, other similar
technologies such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Selective
Laser Sintering (SLS) were introduced.
In 1993, "3 Dimensional Printing techniques", which is similar to
the inkjet technology used in 2D Printers.
In 1996, three major products, "Genisys" from Stratasys, "Actua
2100" from 3D Systems and "Z402" from Z Corporation, were introduced.
In 2005, Z Corp. launched a breakthrough product, named, p g p ,
Spectrum Z510, which was the first high definition color 3D Printer in the
market.market.
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3D printing is utilized for the rapid prototyping of 3D models
originally generated by a computer aided design (CAD) program, e.g.,originally generated by a computer aided design (CAD) program, e.g.,
AutoDesk, AutoCAD, SolidWorks, or Creo Parametric. The original
design is drafted in a CAD program where it is then converted to andesign is drafted in a CAD program, where it is then converted to an
.STL (Standard Tessellation Language or STereoLithography) file
d l d b H ll t 3D t Th STL fil f t h b t ddeveloped by Hull at 3D systems. The STL file format has been accepted
as the gold standard for data transfer between the CAD software and a
3D printer.
The .STL file stores the information for each surface of the 3D
model in the form of triangulated sections, where the coordinates of the
vertices are defined in a text file.
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By increasing the number of triangles that define a surface,y g g
more data points exist in the text file to spatially define the part
surface. This increase in vertices results in an increased resolution ofsurface. This increase in vertices results in an increased resolution of
the printed device.
A visual example of how an STL file triangulates the definedA visual example of how an .STL file triangulates the defined
surfaces can be seen in below given Fig.
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The 3D printer interprets the digitally supplied coordinatesThe 3D printer interprets the digitally supplied coordinates
derived from the .STL file by converting the file into a G-file via slicer
software present in the 3D printer.software present in the 3D printer.
The G-file divides the 3D .STL file into a sequence of two-
the fabrication technique), which allows the 3D object to be printed,
starting at the base, in consecutive layers of the desired material,g , y f ,
essentially constructing the model from a series of 2D layers derived
from the original CAD file.f g f
In the medical field, several other methods are utilized to
generate 3D object renderings, e.g., computerized tomography (CT),g j g , g , p g p y ( ),
laser scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which
generate data that can all be converted to the .STL format.g f
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3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where
a three dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of
material. It is also known as Additive manufacturing. 3D printing is
achieved using an additive process, where successive layers of material are
laid down in different shapes.
Additive Manufacturing refers to a process by which digital 3D design
data is used to build up a component in layers by depositing material. The
term "3D printing" is increasingly used as a synonym for Additive
Manufacturing.
Additive manufacturing techniques are a group of technologies that
make it possible to produce models and prototypes of any complicated parts
directly from three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD; is used
to prepare a 3-D or 2-D model of the desired object.), without using any
tools.
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Additive manufacturing –
• Technologies that create objects through sequential layering.
• Rapid prototyping - is a group of techniques used to quickly
fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using
• Subtractive processes - removal of material by methods such
as cutting or drilling.Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in
three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any
desired angle.
Most 3D printers require a special file (typically .stl format)
to print. Additionally, we need to modify the design to make up for
limitations of the printer and build material.p
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Programme: M.Sc.(Chemistry) Course: Advanced Inorganic MaterialsSemester: IV Code: MSCHE4003E04
Topic: 3D Printing TechnologiesDate- 16/04/2020
Dr. Angad Kumar Singh Department of ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry,
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya (Bihar)
Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
5. Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)5. a ated Object a u actu g ( O )
Stereo lithography
Stereolithography as a "system for generating three dimensionalStereolithography as a system for generating three- dimensional
objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed"
Stereo lithographic 3D printers (known as SLAs or stereoStereo lithographic 3D printers (known as SLAs or stereo
lithography apparatus) position a perforated platform just below the surface
of a vat of liquid photo curable polymerof a vat of liquid photo curable polymer.
A UV laser beam then traces the first slice of an object on the
surface of this liquid causing a very thin layer of photopolymer to hardensurface of this liquid, causing a very thin layer of photopolymer to harden.
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The perforated platform is then lowered very slightly andThe perforated platform is then lowered very slightly and
another slice is traced out and hardened by the laser.
Another slice is then created and then another until a completeAnother slice is then created, and then another, until a complete
object has been printed and can be removed from the vat of
h t l d i d f li id d dphotopolymer, drained of excess liquid, and cured.
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Inkjet 3D printingInkjet 3D printing
It creates the model one layer at a time by spreading a layer of
d ( l t i d d t i h t l i blpowder (plaster, or resins and does not require photopolymerizable
materials or liquids with modified viscosities) and inkjet printing binder
in the cross-section of the part. inkjet printing has served much use in
commercial industry, mostly for printing inks on paper. inkjet printing
has also been used for printing structures out of sol�gel, conductive
polymers, ceramic, metal, and nucleic acid or protein materials.
1. It is the most widely used 3-D Printing technology these days
2. This technology is the only one that
3. Allows for the printing of full color prototypes.
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Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
4. Unlike stereo lithography, inkjet 3D printing is optimized for speed,g p y, j p g p p ,
low cost, and ease-of-use.
5. No toxic chemicals like those used in stereo lithography are5. No toxic chemicals like those used in stereo lithography are
required.
6 Minimal post printing finish work is needed; one needs only to use6. Minimal post printing finish work is needed; one needs only to use
the printer itself to blow off surrounding powder after the printing
process.
7. Allows overhangs and excess powder can be easily removed with
an air blower
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The printed liquid’s chemical and physical properties will
dominate those of the printed device. For example, many polymer glues are
b l ll d h b d f ff ld f bbiologically toxic and thus cannot be used for tissue scaffold fabrication.
Another limitation of inkjet printing is the optical transparency of finished
devices; incomplete interaction of binding liquid with powder particles can
cause a material to have reduced transparency due to light scattering, which
would be a severe limitation for microscopy studieswould be a severe limitation for microscopy studies.
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Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)Selective Laser Sintering (SLS).SLS is another powder-based 3D model fabrication method.
Although SLS is similar to inkjet printing SLS uses a high power laser toAlthough SLS is similar to inkjet printing. SLS uses a high power laser, to
sinter polymer powders to generate a 3D model, rather than using liquid
bi di t i l t l d ti l t thbinding materials to glue powder particles together
One advantage of SLS is that a
wide range of materials can be used, from
polymers such as polycarbonate (PC),
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS), nylon, resin,
and polyester to metal and ceramic
powders.
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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) f b 3 d l b d h l l dfabricates a 3D model by extruding thermoplastic materials and
depositing the semi-molten materials onto a stage layer by layer.A bl d f FDM iA notable advantage of FDM is
that it can create objects fabricated from
l i l i l b i i dmultiple material types by printing and
subsequently changing the print material,
hi h bl t lwhich enables more user control over
device fabrication for experimental use.
B id ti l t i l hBesides conventional materials such as
PC, polystyrene (PS) and ABS.FDM can also print 3D models out of glass reinforced polymersFDM can also print 3D models out of glass reinforced polymers,
metal, ceramics, and bioresorbable materials. However, a binder is typically
mixed with ceramic or metal powders enabling the material to be used in amixed with ceramic or metal powders, enabling the material to be used in a
filament form.Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
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Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
LOM generates a 3D model by stacking layers of defined sheet
materials such as paper, plastic and metal. The LOM process does require a
heating step during production, either on the support stage or on the roller, to
ensure that the adhesive acts to bond the sheets together.
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Programme: M.Sc.(Chemistry) Course: Advanced Inorganic MaterialsSemester: IV Code: MSCHE4003E04
Topic: Applications 3D printingDate- 17/04/2020
Dr. Angad Kumar Singh Department of ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry,
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya (Bihar)
Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
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ApplicationsApplications
The applications of rapid prototyping in biomedical engineering,
manufacturing has found widespread use as a tool to bioengineer tissue,
i i iti f b d t th t l dvarying in composition from bone and teeth to vascular and organ
scaffolding. Major concerns when introducing a foreign scaffold to the
body are the ability of the material to be absorbed by the body
(bioresorption) and whether or not it will be rejected by the body
(biocompatibility).
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For these reasons, scaffolds are traditionally comprised of tissue
taken from the individual in need (autogenous tissue). However, in some
cases the required scaffold area is large enough that autogenous tissue
sampling is not feasible for the patient.
The ability to customize a 3D printed scaffold for tissue
regeneration allows for individualized treatment while avoiding the need to
sample from the patient’s own tissue for scaffold formation. In this respect,
3D printing has become an attractive avenue for the development of
biocompatible materials that are resorbable.
Autogeneous bone is ideal for bone graphs, as it allows for new
bone growth at the implantation site due to already present growth factors.
The risk of infection, often seen with foreign implants, is lowered in
patients with autogenous grafts.
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Many bone replicate materials are made from calcium
(CPC) monetite (CaHPO ) or brushite (CaHPO ·2H O)) as these are(CPC), monetite (CaHPO4), or brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O)), as these are
comparable to the mineral components of bone.
A new combinations of materials are being tested for increased
bioresorption and biocompatibility, such as a �-TCP and bioactive glass
mixture. These materials are made into 3D scaffolds by selective laser
sintering inkjet based printing or printing the powdered form of thesintering, inkjet-based printing, or printing the powdered form of the
chosen material with an organic binder to form a ceramic 3D scaffold.
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When using Hydrogels for tissue engineering, the scaffold must be
biocompatible, retain its structure, and allow for cell adherence and
growth. Scaffold dimensions range from �m to mm, with a variety of
materials available depending on the desired scaffold strength, porosity, and
type of tissue application (soft or hard). Hydrogels are most suited for soft
tissues.
Ideal porosity composition of scaffolds for tissue engineering has
been reported to be between 60 and 80%, with pore sizes ranging from 100
to 500 �m. highlight 3D tissue engineering techniques available for printing
cells and tissue scaffold materials as well as the various compositions that
can be selected to suit a specific application. Inkjet and direct writing are
commonly used 3D printing techniques for soft tissue fabrication and offer
a faster completion time than their predecessors.
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Examples of hydrogel applications for tissue engineeringExamples of hydrogel applications for tissue engineering
encompass a vast array of organ and soft tissues. Incorporation of support
( ili ) bi l i l ( h d ) d l i ( d i il(silicon), biological (chondrocytes), and electronic (conducting silver
nanoparticles) modalities has led to the development of an anatomically
correct 3D printed bionic ear capable of detecting electromagnetic
frequencies produced from a stereo.
3D printed bionic earp
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The liver has proven difficult to recreate on a 3D platform dueThe liver has proven difficult to recreate on a 3D platform due
to its complex structure. There are a number of rapid prototyping
h i h l d h l h f b i i f bi ifi i l litechniques that lend themselves to the fabrication of bioartificial livers,
each with their own advantages and disadvantages. There are a variety
of examples where hepatocytes were successfully integrated into a 3D
printed scaffold. With the number of diseases that affect the
cardiovascular system, it is appropriate to apply tissue engineering for
vasculature reconstruction.
3D printing technologies used for microvascular formation3D printing technologies used for microvascular formation
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Programme: M.Sc.(Chemistry) Course: Advanced Inorganic MaterialsSemester: IV Code: MSCHE4003E04
Topic: Chemical ApplicationsDate- 20/04/2020
Dr. Angad Kumar Singh Department of ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry,
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya (Bihar)
Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data taken from several books, research articles including Wikipedia.
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Chemical Applications.pp
Micro/Macrofluidics. 3D printing stands to have a substantial impact on
the field of microfluidics and lab on a chip technology. 3D printing offersthe field of microfluidics and lab on a chip technology. 3D printing offers
a much simpler fabrication process by foregoing the need to use a master
for replica moldingfor replica molding.
What has made soft lithography-based PDMS
( l di th l il ) i fl idi d i tt ti id(polydimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices attractive as a rapid
prototyping tool lies in the user’s ability to fine-tune the device easily
until the desired effect is achieved, all within a short period of time.
Polydimethylsiloxane, called PDMS or dimethicone, is a
polymer widely used for the fabrication and prototyping of microfluidic
chips
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h i i h fl ll h id i fTo characterize mass transport in the flow cell, the oxidation of
ferrocenylmethyl trimethylammonium hexaflorophosphate was monitored
using a two-electrode setup with a working electrode of either gold or a
polycrystalline boron doped diamond band and a quasi-reference electrode
of a silver chloride coated silver wire. Such a device has potential impact
on future analytical and kinetic based flow measurements.
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Precise inkjet based 3D printing of conductive copper has been achieved, with
low costs and low material waste, and has applications in directly applying
conductive material for circuit board production. Electroencephalography
(EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) technologies rely on a Ag/AgCl
electrode that suffers from several drawbacks, including the use of gel to
lower impedance between the electrode and skin and the possibility of skin
lesions. Dry electrodes bypass these drawbacks, and recently a 3D printed dryy yp , y p y
electrode has been fabricated with gold spin-coated on the surface. Results are
comparable to standard wet Ag/AgCl electrode modelscomparable to standard wet Ag/AgCl electrode models.
A lithium ion battery has been 3D printed with implications in
energy storage. 3D printing technology has been used to fabricate a usable
electrochemical cell.
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A prototype of an electrically conductive model was made
by 3D printing a plaster-based structure that contained carbon
nanofibers. The creation of nearly any imaginable geometry can be
made tangible using CAD software capable of producing .STL files
to be read and fabricated by a 3D printer. Choosing the appropriate
printer type, SLA, inkjet, SLS, FDM, or LOM, depends on the
design, materials, and purpose of the device.g , , p p
3D printing has become a useful tool in a number of
different fields and as printer performance resolution and availabledifferent fields, and as printer performance, resolution, and available
materials have increased, so too have the applications. While this
featured article does not present a complete offering of what isfeatured article does not present a complete offering of what is
possible with 3D printing, it serves to show the platform from which
f d ill l hfuture endeavors will launch.
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3D printing is used to manufacture moulds for making
jewelry, and even the jewelry itself. 3D printing is becoming popular in
the customisable gifts industry, with products such as personalized
d l f d d ll i h i l l imodels of art and dolls, in many shapes: in metal or plastic, or as
consumable art, such as 3D printed chocolate
3 i i h f d i d i l li i i3D printing technology has found industrial applications in
the automotive and aerospace industries for printing prototypes of car
d i l i h hi l ld f i i land airplane parts, in the architectural world for printing structural
models, and in the consumer goods industry.
M di l li i f 3D i i h d i f d lMedical applications of 3D printing, the production of dental
implants and prosthetics.
A li i i h f d i d ll i f hiApplications in the food industry, as well as in fashion.
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