1 2 Topic: Early Civilizations
EQ: Why was the Neolithic Revolution significant in history?
Causes of the Neolithic Revolution
- Hunter and gathers scattered seeds = Crops grow
- Climate changes
- Rise in temperatures
- Longer growing seasons and drier land
Neolithic Revolution = Shift from gathering food to
producing food
Effects of Neolithic Revolution
-Created permanent settlements
- first cities
- Writing System
- record keeping
- farming and flooding of the rivers
- Settled Communities
- created common cultures
- populations grew
- close living = spread of disease
Why do we study the past?
Neolithic Revolution = the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis
Summarize impact
Changes
Cause & Effect
3 4 Topic: Early Civilizations
EQ: How did civilizations arise in early history??
Causes of Civilizations
- Farming and domestication (tame) of animals =
larger settlements
- Flooding of the rivers = rich fertile soil
- Food surplus = having more than you need
Effects of Civilizations
- Developed common political, economic and
cultural patterns
- Social divisions develop - Ownership of land = wealth
- Food Surplus = specialization of labor - Get really good at one task
- Religions developed - Polytheistic = believing in many gods
- Mathematics
- Time Keeping
- Metal Working
- Monumental Building
- Law codes -
Civilization – a complex culture
in which large numbers of
people share a number of
common elements such as
social structures, religion, and
art.
What is a civilizations?
Civilizations
Record Keeping
Complex institutions – government,
religion, economics
Specialized Workers
Cities
Advanced Technology
5 6 Topic: Early Civilizations
EQ: What were the accomplishments of Mesopotamia?
Mesopotamia “land between two rivers” 3500 BC –
1600 BC
- Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
- flooding = fertile soil
- Sumerians arrived and begin irrigation
Agriculture
- Irrigation = water diverted to the land
- Farming and settlement flourished
- Food supply increased
- Allowed for activities other than farming
- Potters, weavers, metal workers,warriors
Religiom
- Polythestic = beliving in many gods
- 2000 gods
- World’s oldest faiths
- Sumerian rulers = faith
- Theocracy = society governed by religious
leaders
- Ziggurates = stepped-pyramid temple
- Temple to please the Gods
- Center of each city
Achievements Sumerians
- The wheel and sailboat
- Tools and weapons of copper and bronze
- 12 month calendar
- Cuneiforms = world’s earliest writing system
- Symbol writing on clay tablets
- The elite could read and write cuneiform
- Priest and scribes
-
Social Structure Pyramid
Mesopotamia
Symbols on clay tablets
Carts, Wheels,
Irrigation
Temple, Wall Medicine,
King, Warriors
Religion. Monarchy
7 8 Topic: Early Civilizations
EQ: Why was the Code of Hammurabi an important accomplishment?
King Hammurabi 1792 – 1750
- Babylonian Empire reaches its peak
- Number system based on “60”
Code of Hammurabi
- A written code of law
- Ensure justice and protect
- Stable and predictable
- Judiciary system as part
Choose two laws that you agree with and write
them below as an example.
-
Hammurabi’s Code Writing Assignment Choose one of the following options to complete. 1. Write a two paragraph letter to the editor of the Babylonian Times. In the letter, you must give your opinion of one of Hammurabi’s laws (state the code number they are discussing) and explain why you feel that way. If they disagree with the code, they should offer suggestions for Hammurabi to consider. If you agree, explain why this is an important law for citizens to follow. 2. Create a set of 10 laws for our classroom along with appropriate punishments for those that break a law.
9 10
Topic: Early Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Ancient
Egypt?
Ancient Egypt “gift of the Nile” 3000 BC – 500 BC
- Farming in desert region
- Nile flooding = fertile soil
- Made communication easy
- Offered protection from invaders
- Developed irrigation = large amounts of food
Government and Society
- Pharaoh (God-King) = most powerful person in
Egypt
- Absolute ruler
- Owned all the land, army, and made laws
- Defended Egypt against invaders
Monarchy = a system of government where power
is inherited. Also Theocracy = religious laws
Religion
- Polytheistic = believing in many gods
- Mummification – preserve body after death for
afterlife
- Pyramids = built as tombs for Pharaohs
- Surrounded by gold, jewels, and other precious
objects
Achievements Sumerians
- Hieroglyphics = writing system, pictures &
symbols. Appeared on temples, pyramids, and
scrolls of paper (papyrus)
- Architecture = pyramids , palaces, temples of
stone columns
- Developed geometry to build pyramids
- Developed a calendar based on 365 days
- Performed surgical operations
-
Social Structure Pyramid
Ancient Egypt
Record Keeping
Complex Institutions
Government, Religion,
Economics
Specialized Workers
Cities
Advanced Technology
11 12
Topic: Early Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of the Indus
River Valley?
Indus River Valley 3000 BC – 1500 BC
- Located on the banks of the Indus and Ganges
River
- Developed irrigation = large amounts of food
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
- More than 30,000 people in each city
- Developed on grid systems and had sophisticated
plumbing and sewage systems
Collapse
- Indus River changes courses – Cities were
abandoned
- Environment changes = no longer suitable for
agriculture
Aryans 1500 BC
- Indo-European settled in the Indus River Valley
- Caste system developed under Aryans to separate
Aryan from non-Aryan
- Sanskrit = the first writing system of the Aryans
Religion
- Hinduism created by the Aryans, sacred text the
Vedas
- Polytheistic = believing in many gods
Caste = determine social and economic elements
Reincarnation = living things have souls, upon
death souls transfer into new living creature
Karma = Force generated by a person’s action that
determines how the people will be reborn.
Dharma = Set of rules that need to be followed to
be reincarnated up a caste.
-
Social Structure Pyramid
Indus
Record Keeping
Complex Institutions
Government, Religion,
Economics
Specialized Workers
Cities
Advanced Technology
13 14
Topic: Early Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Ancient
China?
Huang He (Yellow River) - China’s first
civilizations
- Flooding = fertile soil
Government
Dynasty = ruling family
- Shang Dynasty (2000 BC)
- Division of class
- Importance of family
- Shang Kings = military leaders and priests
- Offered sacrifices to their royal ancestors
Achievements
- Bronze work
- Weapons
- Silk from silkworm
- Coined money
- Ironworks
- Great Wall of China
- Characters = system of writing
- Each character represents an idea
- Still used today
-
Social Structure Pyramid
Ancient China
Record Keeping
Complex Institutions
Government, Religion,
Economics
Specialized Workers
Cities
Advanced Technology
17 18
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical
China?
Zhou Dynasty (1027 BC-256 BC) – Nobles ruled through
feudalism
- 500 BC local nobles fought Zhou for power
Mandate of Heaven justifies royal authority and establishes
dynastic cycles
- Ruler was chosen by Heaven
- Would continue to rule if good to people
- Heaven would overthrow a bad ruler
- Punish by brining floods, riots, or revolts
– Many early Chinese philosophies were established under
the Zhou
Confucianism – order to China’s social life and government
- Traditional ways to achieve peace and harmony
- Stressed obedience, order, good deeds, and harmony
- Filial Piety – children should show devotion to their parents
Daoism – philosophy established by Laozi that addresses order
and harmony
Qin Dynasty (256 BC-202 BC) – ruled by Shi Huangdi, who
uses Legalist ideas to unify China through autocracy
– Legalism – stressed punishment over rewards
– Centralized system of highway and irrigation networks
– Mass murder of Confucian scholars
– Great Wall of China built
Han Dynasty (202 BC-9 AD) – centralized government,
complex bureaucracy, civil service jobs, promotion of
Confucianism, invention of paper
- Examinations to select candidates for government jobs
Innovations Porcelain Movable type Gunpowder Mechanical clock Paper money Magnetic compass Chinese junks, large ships some more than 400 feet in length with a capacity to displace up to 1500 tons of water with four large masts Initial fleet of junks included 62 ships that carried nearly 28,000 sailors, merchants, and soldiers
Silk Road = trade routes connected China to the Roman Empire = Diffusion - Exported silk, iron, bronze,
Confucianism - Imported gold, linen, cloth,
glass, ivory, horses, cattle, Buddhism
19 20
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were fundamental ideas that originated in
Classical China?
Confucianism
Definition:
Major Beliefs:
Filial Piety - children
should show devotion
to their parents
Daosim:
Definition:
Major Beliefs:
Legalism = harsh punishments for sins
Roles of Women and Children:
FACTORS THAT LED TO COLLAPSE OF HAN CHINA
Including, but not limited to:
1. Corrupt governments in empire
2. Infighting among political elites
3. Empire too large in area to manage
4. Invasions from hostile nomadic tribes
5. Social inequality among the classes with tax burdens on lower
classes
6. Inequitable distribution of lands
7. Decline in traditional morals and values at the cultural core of
each civilization
8. Public health and urban decay
9. Unemployment and inflation
Fall of Han
Dynasty
Large area difficult to
govern
Corruption from within
High taxes invasions
Large differences
between rich and poor classes
21 22
Topic: Early Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical
India?
Hinduism – Religion and way of life
Caste System – provide social order in South Asia
- No social mobility
- Cant marry outside of your caste
- Based on birth
Buddhism
Siddartha Guatama = noblemen in Northern India
530 BC
- Left his family and wealth
- Became Buddha “the enlightened one”
- End suffering by no longer desiring what you
cannot have
Mauryan Empire (302 BC – 232 BC)
- King Chandragupta
- Established powerful empire
- Organized government
- Improved roads
- King Ashoka spread Buddhism
Gupta Empire (300AD)
- Chandra Gupta 1
- Literature
- Astronomy – earth is round
- Medicine – plastic surgery
- Math – zero, decimals, value of Pi to 4 decimal
places
-
Warm-Up Questions: 1. What is an “empire”? 2. How are “empires” different from “river valley civilizations”?
River valley civilizations were complex societies with advanced technologies, cities, workers, writing, & institutions
Empires were advanced societies with well-organized, centralized gov’ts that conquered & ruled a variety of formerly independent people
3.What are the advantages of having an empire?
23 24
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical
Greece?
Geography
- Large mountainous peninsula
- Hilly terrain
- Farming was difficult
- Relied on trade in the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean
Sea
Rise of City-States
- Mountains, sea cut off populations from one another
- Isolation caused different communities to develop their own
ways of life.
- Cities-States = city and surrounding villages, created a
government and system of laws
- Polis = a town where people would meet to discuss political,
economic, social and religious activities
Religion = Polythestic
- Olympics games played every 4 years to honor Zeus
- Honored athletes and competition
- Pleased the Gods
Sparta
- Important city-state
- Large slave population = wealth
- Controlled and disciplined lives
- Large effective army
- No arts or new ideas
- Only war mattered = young boys left to train at age 7
Athens
- Limited Democracy = government controlled by its citizens
- “ruled of the people”
- Only men over 30 years could participate
- Women, foreigners, slaves = non-citizens
- Oligarchy = ruled by small group of elite wealthy people.
Rights = voting, passing laws, speaking at public meetings
Responsibilities = participation in government, paying taxes,
following laws.
25 26
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical
Greece?
Athens Continued
- Jury System = trial by a jury of your peers
- Innocent until proven guilty
- Equal justice to all
- Patriarchal = men lead society
- Women had little political life
- Women ran household
- Women shared in family business
- Children were educated at home by mothers
- Children help farm
Persian Wars (490 BC – 479 BC) = united all the Greek city-
states against Persia
- Greeks vs. Persian Empire
- Greek victories at Marathon and Salamis
- Barely bet the Persians
- Faster Greek naval ship helped them win
Golden Age of Pericles
- Era of peace and achievements after the Persian Wars
- Freedom and confidence
- Strengthening of navy and oversea trade
Direct Democracy = one person, one vote
Philosophy = “love of wisdom”
- Human reasoning
- Understand the world, solve problems
- Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
- Applied logic to science
Art = statues and buildings with balance and proportions
- Painted with bright colors
- True to life sculptures
- Use of columns
- Parthenon = marble temple for Athena, Acropolis = hilltop
27 28
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of the Persian
Empire?
Darius
- Royal Road connects the empire for over 1,500 miles
- Use of standarized metal coins
- Promote trade and unify the empire
Zoroaster
- Creates a religion
- People’s own choices determine fate
Zoroastrianism
- Monotheistic
- Worship of Ashura Mazda
- Avesta – sacred writing
- Early beliefs in heaven, hell and a final judgement
Persia and Greece Timeline Foldable
29 30
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical
Greece?
Accomplishments
Eratosthenes – geographer
- Earth was round
- Calculated its circumference
Hipparchus – mathematician
- Latitude, longitude
Archimedes – greatest mathematician of ancient times
- Geometry
- Studied pulleys and levers
- Measured volume and density
- Designed catapults
- Studies Pi
Pythagoras
- geometry, philosophy
- Numbers are useful for more than counting things
- Formulas could help establish patterns in nature
- Modern scientific theory based on his theories
Euclid
- Geometry
Aristarchus
- Sun is larger than Earth
- Earth and other planets revolve around the sun
• An important decision needs to be made at
MHS…Should students be able to have
headphones?
• An important decision needs to be made at
MHS…Should students be able to have
headphones?
• Which column do you think is the best style?
Make a sketch
• Do you think that questioning is a good way of
learning?
• Is there such a thing as too many questions? Why
or why not?
• Which contribution of the Greeks to astronomy
and geography do you think is the MOST
important? Make a sketch to represent that idea.
• Why do you think that these and other Greek
statutes are considered to be works of art?
• What makes them different from other art that you
have seen?
• What part of the excerpt from the Hippocratic
Oath stands out the most to you?
• What are doctors promising?
• Summarize the quote in a short phrase.
31 32
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What changes occurred during the Hellenistic
Era during the rule of Alexander the Great?
Alexander the Great
- Inherited the throne of Macedonia
- Military tactics and leadership
- Conquered the Persian Empire to the Indus River Valley
- Spread Greek thought and practice across Africa, Europe,
and Southwest
Hellenistic Age
- Blend of Greek culture with cultures from the Middle East
and India
- Spread through conquest
- Library in Alexandria, Egypt = encouraged learning
- Dies returning from India at a young age and his empire falls
apart
Create a timeline of the Classical Civilizations and Illustrate an
Accomplishment they are known for. Color code timeline (India
–red, China-blue, Persia – Green, and Greece - Yellow)
1. Located along Ganges River; Asoka converts to Buddhism;
tolerant (321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized
empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.
2. Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but
allowed village power; restored Hinduism
(320-550 CE ) Indian empire characterized by peace,
prosperity and trade, "Golden Age" of Hindu culture.
3. Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an
Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious
empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.
4. 1045-256 BCE. Longest dynasty. Beginnings of Chinese
philosophy were founded such as Confucianism and
Taoism. Believed in the Mandate of Heaven which said that
heaven would grant the Zhou power only as long as the
rulers governed wisely.
5. (221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that
used Legalism as its base of belief.
6. (202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the
centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on
Confucianism and education instead of Legalism.
7. (700 – 323 BCE) City-state of Athens and Sparta develop
political systems, Alexander of Macedonia spreads Greek
culture.
35 36
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What factors caused the rise of Rome?
Ancient Rome
- Rome was located on the Italian peninsula.
- t’s geography provided a natural defense against
invasion.
- The Alp Mountains protected the north.
- While the Mediterranean Sea gave protection, a
route for trade, and for expansion.
Greek Influence on Rome
- The Romans were greatly influenced by the
Greeks and adopted much of their culture.
-The Romans believed in the same gods and
goddesses as the Greeks, they just gave them
Latin (Roman) names.
-The Romans also studied
and imitated Greek art,
literature, sculptures, &
achievements in science
and math.
Early Roman Social Classes
- Early Rome had two different social classes:
– Patricians: the nobles, wealthy landowners
– Plebeians: average people like farmers,
craftsmen, and merchants
- In the earliest of Rome the people overthrew their
king and made Rome a republic.
PATRICIANS DEFINE
ROLE
ILLUSTRATION
PLEBEIANS DEFINE
ROLE ILLUSTRATION
37 38
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What rights and responsibilities did Romans
have during the Roman Republic?
Roman Republic 509 BC – 44 BC
Republic = a system of government led by
representatives.
- Decision making in a large empire
- Voting rights
Rule of Law = officials and rulers were not above the
law, nor could they act outside of the law.
The Roman Republic was governed by :
– Consul: 2 elected officials
– Senate: an assembly of 300 patricians
– Tribunes: 10 speakers who represented the
plebeians
The Twelve Table of Rome 450 BC
- All citizens protected by law
- Cannot file charges without witness or documents
- Criminal, religious, civil law
- Put in places for all to see
- Government officials are not above the law
Judges and Trial by Jury
- Must provide proof
- Innocent until proven guilty
- Punished for actions
39 40
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical
Rome?
Roman Achievements
- Arch
- Dome
- Concrete
- 50,000 miles of Road
- Aqueducts= Transport water into cities
Fresco Art = painting on wet canvas
- Painted on walls
- Creative work remained a model for later
generations
- Balance, contrast, movement, pattern, portion
The Coliseum
- Gladiator contests
- Animals, slaves, and criminals would fight to the
death for entertainment.
- Horses and chariot races
- Dramatic performance
Women
- Patriarchal Society = lead by the man
- Could testify in court, not allowed to hold office,
could own property
Latin Languages
- Through diffusion become Romance languages
- Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian
Name three achievements of the Ancient Romans that have influenced American culture today. Describe how each of these achievements has impacted American culture. Minimum 5 Sentences.
Address all aspects of the Task by accurately analyzing and interpreting at least four documents
Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details
41 42
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What lead to the diffusion of Christianity?
Christianity
- Based on the teachings of Jesus, a Jew
- Preached forgiveness, mercy, sympathy for the
poor
- Missionaries = people sent to convert non-
believers
- Used Greek, Latin to speak to large crowds
- Jesus died
Christianity Spreads Quickly
- Promised an afterlife in which you would be
rewarded
- Simple to follow
- Love, hope, salvation,
- Peter, Paul.
- Pax Romana – 200 years of Roman Peace
Emperor Constantine
- 1st Christian emperor
Edict of Milan = 313 AD
- Christianity became the official religion of the
Roman Empire
Nicene Creed = 325 AD
- Defines core Christian beliefs
- Roman and Christian traditions combined
- Cultural unity = cultural convergence
2000 BC 1800 BC 1600 BC 14000 BC 1200 BC 1000 BC 500 BC 100 BC 70 AD
Hebrews in Mesopotamia
0 AD 33 AD 64 AD 313 AD 391 AD
Birth of Jesus Death of Jesus
Judaism
Similarities
Christianity
43 44
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What lead to the fall of Rome?
Fall of Rome From Within
- High taxes
- Unemployment
- Military disloyalty
- The size of the empire was to big
- Bad leaders
- Inflation – increase in prices
- Low funds for defense
- Problems recruiting Roman citizens; recruiting of
non-Romans
- Decline of patriotism and loyalty among soldiers
Fall of Rome From Within
- Invaded by the European Tribes and The Huns
Roman Empire
Similarities
Han Empire
Compare the Fall of the Roman and Han Empire