ISMUNHK

ISMUNHK 2020European Union

CHAIR REPORT

TOPIC: Mitigating domestic terror in European states

By Joaquin Magno

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Table of Contents

Topic introduction 1

Key terms 3

Background information 5

Guiding questions for debate 5

Key parties involved and timeline 9

Points of contention and possible solutions 15

Bibliography 20

Topic introduction

The European Union (EU) is a committee that seeks to preserve the freedom,

democracy, economic prosperity, and security of its 27 member nations. It seeks to uphold

the rights and freedoms of all citizens within its borders[3].

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Terrorism, for the purposes of this committee, is defined as “the unlawful use of

violence or intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims”[1]. As a

result, the chairs would like all delegates to adhere to this said definition, and not attribute

any specific political or religious leaning towards the notion of terrorism. Likewise, domestic

is defined as “existing or occurring inside a particular country, not foreign or

international”[2], and thus the purview of the debate should lie solely within the European

Union’s member nations’ borders.

Domestic terror has been an issue which has plagued the EU dating back to the EU’s

preliminary stage, the European Coal and Steel Community (1952). It is an issue involving

numerous aspects and motivations from all over the political and religious spectrum.

Nevertheless, it has acted detrimentally for the wellbeing of all European member states up to

the modern day.

Terrorism, an act of violence against an individual or community, runs against the

fundamental values of the EU, which are “respect for human dignity and human rights,

freedom, democracy, equality and the rule of law”[3]. Terrorism persecutes and attacks, and as

a result, cannot be tolerated. Such acts only serve to diminish the quality of life, freedom, and

rule of law present within the EU. Consequently, this committee sees this issue as incredibly

pertinent and urges all delegates to contribute to debate which will attempt to mitigate

domestic terror within European states.

We hope to see all delegates fully immersing in days of fruitful debate, representing

the stances of their countries well, and compromising with each other to make the best

resolutions. Moreover, we believe that MUN is more than just debate. As chairs, we hope to

provide a platform for developing skills, broadening horizons, enhancing views on global

issues, and creating memories. We implore all of you to try to take an objective, introspective

approach to this very real and very serious topic. With that, however, we hope that you enjoy

doing your research and debating upon this topic. We wish you the best of luck in preparing

for the conference. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us at

19magnotj2@kgv.hk or tiffany.yeung0205@gmail.com. We are happy to help! We look

forward to meeting all of you at ISMUNHK 2020!

Best Wishes,

Joaquin Magno and Tiffany Yeung

Chairs of the European Union, ISMUNHK 2020

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Key terms

Term Definition

Terrorism The unlawful use of violence or intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims[1]. It does not necessarily have religious or political connotations.

Domestic Existing or occurring inside a particular country, not foreign or international[2]. Relevant only to the European Union.

Fundamentalism The belief in old and traditional forms of religion, or the belief that what is written in a holy book, such as the Christian Bible, is completely true[4]. A fundamentalist organization acting in Europe would be Daesh (Islamic State).

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Nationalism A sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on the promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups[6].

Secessionist A party which advocates for a section of a nation to break free from its established borders, upon the basis of a differing ethnicity, culture, language, and history. Secessionist areas include the Spanish Basque and Catalan regions.

Xenophobia Fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners or of anything that is strange or foreign[7]. Particular groups that face xenophobia in the EU are people of Middle Eastern, Sub-Saharan African, and South Asian descent - specifically Muslims.

Extreme left / Far left

Adherence to drastic forms of left wing ideologies such as communism and anarchism. For the purposes of this committee, extreme is defined as being willing to use violence to attain goals. An extreme left organization would be Euskadi Ta Askatasuna.

Extreme right / Far right

Adherence to drastic forms of right wing ideologies such as nationalism and fascism. For the purposes of this committee, extreme is defined as being willing to use violence to attain goals. An extreme right organization would be the members of the parties of the European National Front.

Paramilitary organization

A group that is organized like an army but is not official and often not legal[5]. An example of a paramilitary organization would be the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA).

Guerrilla conflict

When smaller organizations clash with organized military forces irregularly, typically using ambush tactics. Guerrilla organizations include the Provisional IRA and Marxist Greek 17N organization.

Radicalization The action or process of making someone become more extreme in their political or religious beliefs[18]. Largely applies to Islam and the extreme right or left in a modern European context.

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Background information

Guiding questions for debate

The key motives for domestic terror can be summarized as the following:

- Ideological conflict between the extreme left, extreme right, and democracy

- Economic reasons, or class conflicts

- Nationalism and secession

- European nationalism

- Religious fundamentalism

The following questions, for the purposes of this committee, must be addressed:

- To what extent should a tolerant community allow intolerance?

- What can the European Union do to prevent ‘lone actors’ from becoming radicalized

and turning to violence?

- Should people groups be able to subvert the EU’s settled borders, even if it is by

democratic means?

- Should there be a formal process for secession?

- How should the European Union try terrorists who operate in multiple countries? (see

Josu Ternera, p.11)

- Is it ever right to use force to achieve goals, even when there is no alternative?

- Under what conditions is governmental intervention considered to be an infringement

of privacy?

- What differentiates free speech from hate speech?

- What is the exact role of the government when it comes to religion?

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Deeper explanations

Following the collapse of the Nazi regime in 1945, the continent became increasingly

polarized along ideological lines. This ideological conflict between capitalism and

communism became more complex as the century progressed past the Cold War, spurring

ideological conflicts encompassing other ideologies, such as fascism, white nationalism

anarchism, and socialism. These political systems and ideas oftentimes run contrary to the

EU’s values of democracy and freedom, and thus actively seek to attain goals opposing that

of this committee. Of note, left-wing violence has been sufficiently crushed by European

governments by the mid 1990s, although there was a resurgence via the particularly extreme

members of the European Antifa movement through isolated violent incidents during their

masked protests. Organized right-wing violence has also declined since the 1980s, yet several

incidents still happened since then, courtesy of ‘lone actors’. The question of whether it is

ethical to cut their right to speech and privacy, despite the universal guarantee of such

freedoms, must be answered.

A particular issue of note, dating back to the Treaty of Versailles (1919), is the

concept of nationalism and self-determination, the idea whereby groups should rule over and

be ruled by people of their own nationality. A key feature which stems from this is

separatism, which is when nationalistic fervor creates a desire to secede from a sovereign

nation’s borders. If brought to an extreme, this may manifest itself as political violence and

thus terrorism. From this, the question of whether a nation’s sovereign borders, or the will of

the people, takes more precedence must be answered. Should a group of people be allowed to

assert their desire to rule themselves in a democratic manner, even if it means altering an

established country’s borders? Is it ever right for a people to manifest their will by force,

when the powers that be reject compromise?

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Figure I, outlining a Europe wherein all separatist movements succeed[7]

The EU has prided itself by being a diverse community, being home to millions of

people hailing from within and beyond its borders. However, with the recent influx of

migrants into Europe, from the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa due to various conflicts,

there has been a considerable amount of xenophobic backlash from those who are angered by

this new population. It is when these prejudice-fueled hate crimes are made organized and

widespread against a given community that it can be defined as terror. Regardless of whether

it constitutes such, these actions cannot be tolerated, and the question of how EU member

states will remove their threat, or attempt to make peace between the two groups, must be

answered. Additionally, the question of investigating said groups also becomes relevant. As a

preventative measure, such activities have been incredibly helpful. However, the line between

state intervention for the good of wider society, and infringement upon individual rights to

privacy and freedom of speech must be defined. Likewise, the distinction between vitriolic

hate speech, and democratic engagement courtesy of freedom of speech must be established

for the purposes of this committee.

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Figure II, demonstrating the proportion of arrests to potentially dangerous attacks[8]

Likewise, with this quantity of immigration into the continent, this has created certain

opportunities for foreign terror groups to enter the EU’s borders and conduct attacks within it.

Most notable are the terrorist groups associated with Al-Qaeda, and the Islamic State (IS).

Fundamentalist religious organizations as a whole adhere to the teachings of their respective

holy book, which can be interpreted by certain organizations to promote violence and hatred.

Consequently, the EU strongly advocates against such activities, as they run against the core

values of community. However, both the European Union and the United Nations advocate

for freedom of religion as a core human right, which creates a strange relationship between

the role of the state and the role of religion in wider society. To what extent should a

government, be it domestic or international, have a role in regulating, investigating, and

monitoring religious actions?

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Key parties involved and timeline

Groups of interest that have contributed to terror in the EU

Country Name Description and History

Ireland UK

Provisional Irish Republican Army (1969-2005)

(nationalist, secessionist, socialist, democratic)

Voluntary Provisional IRA troops

The Provisional IRA is formed after a split within Sinn Fein, the largest party advocating for a united, socialist republic encompassing the entire island of Ireland, and the rejection of the loyalist, royal British presence on the territory. The Provisional wing advocated for terrorism and violence to end British rule in Northern Ireland, whereas the Official wing advocated for parliamentary measures[9]. Their tactics were inspired by the Irish Republican Army (1919-1921), wherein they opted to use guerrilla warfare, bombings, and assassinations rather than open conflict, harming civilians as a result. Additionally, the group had funding and weapons supplied to them from international actors, especially during The Troubles. Most notably, they performed an attempted assassination on former United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the Brighton Hotel Bombing[10], and the three most expensive terrorist attacks in European history, the 1993 Bishopsgate Bombing, the 1996 Manchester Bombing, and the Baltic Exchange Bombing[11]. Those three attacks alone cost the UK government nearly $4 million in total. They were finally quelled in 1997 by democratic means, when their associated party, Sinn Fein, entered into Northern Ireland Peace Talks, after which point they were fully integrated into the democratic system. The terrorist organization then disarmed themselves under international supervision in 2005. However, following the 1997 ceasefire, the groups Real Irish Republican Army,

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and the Continuity Irish Republican Army continued violence, yet on a significantly diminished scale.

Spain France

Euskadi Ta Askatasuna(1959-2018)

(nationalist, secessionist, socialist, quelled)

ETA insignia, lit. Basque Homeland and Liberty

Between Northern Spain and Southwestern France lies the Basque region, which is home to a people group that are ethnically, culturally, and linguistically distinct from their Spanish and French governments. Consequently, the ETA, as a part of the wider Basque National Liberation Movement, is formed in order to preserve Basque culture and attain independence. This manifested itself in the form of assassinations, kidnappings, and bombings. Similarly to the Provisional IRA, they sought to attain independence through violence, targeting the comparatively weaker post-Franco Spanish government. Their most recent violent attacks comprise of shooting the former, Socialist Health Minister, Ernest Lluch in 2000, having their leader Josu Tenera dodge a Spanish Supreme Court summon for his involvement in a barracks bombing, and the killings of 11 people (including minors) in 2002, and attending, then subsequently breaking a peace negotiation via a car bombing in Madrid Airport in 2006[12]. Over their 60 years of activity, they killed 853 people in Spain and France, injured countless more, and still failed to gain independence for the Basque country. In 2011, they arranged their final ceasefire, and by 2017, they willingly disarmed themselves, disbanding in 2018[13], although they still expressed a desire for a “reunited, independent, socialist, Basque-speaking and non-patriarchal Basque Country". Ternera was arrested in France, in May 2019[13].

France Belgium GermanyUK

The Islamic State (Daesh)(1999-Present)

(fundamentalist,

The Islamic State rose to prominence following the failure of Al-Qaeda, and their significant territorial gains in the Middle East. With the group’s increasing notoriety in the region, they

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radicalizing)

An ISIS member carrying the organization’s flag

chose to expand into international terrorism. In January 2015, radicals attacked satirist Charlie Hebdo following the release of a comic depicting the prophet of Islam, Muhammad[14]. Representing the prophet in any manner, especially in one that may be viewed as mocking, is an egregious sin in Islam, thus spurring the violence. However, many argued in favor of Hebdo and the comic’s use of freedom of speech. Contrarily, others argued that this was an example of European Islamophobia, and decried the artists for blatantly disrespecting Islam. Later in the year, they took on the November 2015 Paris Attacks during an Eagles of Death Metal concert, killing 137, injuring 413, and critically harming 100[15], in response to a French air strike. The group has gone on to operate in EU countries such as Belgium, Germany, and Spain, and the non-member European nation, the UK. Daesh kill many, through the use of shootings and suicide bombings. A key method of recruitment for fundamentalist organizations is radicalization. The perpetrators of the January 2015 attacks were born in Paris, yet became radicalized via the online presence of the group[17]. Oftentimes, they target the young into joining the Islamic State, by providing them a sense of identity and community. All the while, the connectivity that the online world provides allows for potentially radicalized individuals to come into contact with Daesh, without having them travel to Syria in person. However, it is notable that between 2014 and 2018, 104 Islamic radicals entered the EU, utilizing international protections such as refugee status or asylum seeking to remain within the respective nation’s borders for up to 11 months[19]. Such factors contribute to the international spread of Islamic terror, and general radicalization for vulnerable individuals.

EU Lone actors(Present)

Similarly to the previous topic, the group of terrorists collectively known as ‘lone actors’ are

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(nationalist, extreme right, radicalized)

Tobias Rathjen (1977-2020), perpetrator of the Hanau Shooting, Germany

made up of radicalized individuals. However, as their name suggests, they do not act on behalf of any organization and thus commit acts of terror on their own accord. Such individuals overwhelmingly have agreed with nationalistic views and involved themselves with far-right politics. On February 19, 2020, a German named Tobias Rathjen attacked two shisha bars frequented by Middle Eastern patrons, killing 11 and injuring 5 in what would become known as the Hanau Shooting[20]. This lone actor is quite relevant to the topic at large due to his mental depravity and derangement, as evidenced by his manifesto[21], wherein he called for the deaths of other races, especially Arabs, accused US President Donald Trump of stealing his slogans, asserted the biological superiority of white Europeans, and admitted that he was an incel, a term used for those who are involuntarily celibate. The final detail is expanded upon when he admits that he has not been in a relationship for over 18 years, due to his fear of government surveillance. Such dangerous and violent tendencies, however, had failed to be addressed by his family, nor the mental health services provided by his country for the 43 years of his life, demonstrating how such lone actors may potentially be stopped and saved through sufficient care.The perpetrator of the 2016 Munich Shooting, 18 year old Iranian-German Ali Sonboly also performed a heinous mass crime, injuring 36 and killing 10, including Turkish people, Kosovans, Greeks, and Romanians[31]. After investigating his connection to the Aztec High School shooter, the Bavarian police concluded that his crime was racially and politically motivated, coinciding with these other acts of terror.Another lone actor terrorist, albeit from 9 years ago, was Norwegian Anders Behring Brevik[30], who killed 77, and injured 319 by detonating a

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bomb in a tower block, and shooting at civilians while masquerading as a police officer. Through his manifesto, he denounced modern feminism and Islam, calling for the deportation of immigrants, Muslims in particular. Following the massacre, he stated that the purpose of it was to publicize his writing. Forensic psychologists diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia, demonstrating the importance of sufficient psychological care. It is notable that Norway, the terrorist’s home country, is not an EU member state, only part of the European Free Trade Agreement, and the European Economic Area.On 11 April 2020, a pan-European right wing organization leader was arrested and unmasked in Estonia for sharing details on how to make bombs, and planning attacks. Feuerkrieg, a terrorist group containing approximately 70 members, planned various attacks in major European cities. They followed Nazi ideology strongly, naming themselves after prominent party members and posing with rifles and Mein Kampf. Most shockingly, the mastermind, named ‘Commander’, was revealed to be a 13 year old boy[32]. As such, it is essential for the committee to consider the utility and danger of the internet when it comes to propagating terror.

EU Non-terrorist groups of note (Present)

Les Identitaires, Lyon.

Nationalist group.

The European Identitarian Movement, also known as Les Identitaires in France, their home country, is an assortment of far right parties on the continent, advocating for nationalism, protectionism, closed borders, and the preservation of European culture and identity. Some of the more extreme members adhere to doctrine inspired by Nazism. The French Les Identitaires, when investigated by an undercover journalist, revealed to advocate for Islamophobic violence, accosting a woman in Lille[22].

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Antifa Protests, Paris(Lit. Against Fascist Zionism)

Extreme left group.

Last year, the German branch of Les Identitaires, known as Identitäre Bewegung was classified as a "verified extreme right movement against the liberal democratic constitution." by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution[23].

Antifa, a portmanteau of ‘anti-fascist’ are a far-left group which hold rallies and protests against conservative, right-wing, and alt-right speakers. They will also reveal personal details about people with such beliefs. During these protests, they wear masks and can be found with pepper spray, knives, and other makeshift weapons, which they supposedly use for self defence, yet are oftentimes arrested at counter-demonstrations[24].

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Points of contention and possible solutions

These are some of the issues and causes of European terror:

1. Xenophobia

2. Fundamentalism, particularly Muslim and Far-Right

3. Nationalism and secession

4. Mental health

5. Unregulated, underground far-right and far-left movements

As such, the following list includes some potential approaches from a variety of perspectives

when it comes to addressing the issue of European terror. Considering that the chairs hope to

see fruitful debate and deliberation upon these topics, these possible solutions are very

barebones and will require expansion on behalf of the delegates. Please take note that

alternative solutions are highly appreciated.

1. Possible solutions to Xenophobia

- Education towards European populations about other cultures, normalizing them.

- Education towards immigrants about European society, to help them integrate.

- Criminalization of xenophobic acts, which diminishes freedom of speech.

- Integration of immigrant populations at a steadier rate into European communities.

This may cause backlash from nationalists.

- Employing greater barriers to entry for potential migrants to Europe.

When it comes to addressing the issue of xenophobia, one can either opt to change the

will of the xenophobic population, or prevent immigrant groups form coming into contact

with them in the first place. As a whole, Europeans seem rather ambivalent towards

immigrants. When the European Social Survey asked citizens of EU countries to gauge the

positive or negative impact of immigrants on both the economy and culture, they gave 5.1

and 5.3, on average, respectively[25]. However, it is notable that countries such as Czechia,

Serbia, and Hungary ranked them much lower as opposed to countries such as Ireland and

Finland.

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On the topic of refugees, many Europeans believe that they pose a general threat as

contributors to terrorism, and generally view the process of them entering their countries, on

behalf of the European governments, as something that has been mishandled[26].

Various diagrams outlining European thoughts on the influx of individuals entering the

continent for safety in lieu of the refugee crisis[26].

2. Possible solutions to Fundamentalism

- Intervention into suspicious religious affairs.

- Investigation into suspicious religious organizations.

- Education towards potential fundamentalists to dissuade them from terror.

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- Greater investigation and background checks towards prospective migrants.

The central authority of the European Union has expressed favor in diminishing state

intervention in terms of religion, yet has asserted the importance of protecting the community

from radicalism. From this, they argued that it is the responsibility of local communities, such

as mosques and churches, to promote normalized religious narratives as opposed to

fundamentalist ones, all the while ensuring that the rights of individuals to practice religion

and free expression are maintained[27].

3. Possible solutions to Nationalism and Secession

- Legalizing democratic secession on a European scale, overseen by an external body.

- Integrating secessionist parties, policies, and platforms into the democratic process.

- Criminalizing all secession-related activities to protect the union of a nation.

- Criminalizing all democratically subversive parties.

- Culturally integrating rebellious regions, by providing state-sponsored culture,

language, and identities.

There can really only be two approaches when it comes to combating the issue of

nationalism and secession, and that is to either integrate them into the democratic system, as

was done with the Irish Sinn Fein, leading to the dissolution of the Provisional IRA, or to

fully eliminate them through use of imprisonment and criminalization, as was done with the

ETA. Although it lies beyond the purview of the European Union, the relationship between

the pro-independence Chechen Republic and the Russian Federation is helpful when

analyzing how a nation can tackle a secessionist movement. Through the Russian

Federation’s use of great violence, one can see that such methods lead to impoverishment,

suffering, and greater national resentment[28]. However, one must recognize that the context of

a small Caucasian republic in Russia is different to that of Catalonia or the Basque country,

lying within the more economically developed and politically stable EU, which should be

taken into account.

An example of a more effectively executed set of actions against a secessionist

movement would be that of The People’s Republic of China’s, in response to Tibetan

independence movements[29]. In a dark turn of events, China’s use of reeducation programs to

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decry the Dalai Lama, who lives in exile, against Buddhist practitioners is harsh yet effective.

Likewise, the ethnic and cultural erasure of the Tibetan plateau via the use of railways, which

incentivize Han Chinese immigration and settlement into the country’s western marches,

contributes to this greater national unity.

4. Possible solutions for Mental Health

- Direct provision of mental health services throughout the EU.

- Normalization of mental health issues through the education system.

- Prevention of the propagation of dangerous ideas which prey on the mentally ill.

- Greater control of the spread of information via the internet.

As evidenced by the derangement of lone actor terrorists such as Tobias Rathjen [21],

Anders Behring Brevik[30], and Ali Sonboly[31], one can see the immense value in taking care

of the European population’s mental stability and health. However, it is impossible to reach

all possibly dangerous members of society before they pose a genuine threat. As a result, it

may be in the committee’s best interest to choke the flow of ideas through the internet which

promote vitriolic and hate-filled ideas and actions which only serve to diminish the freedoms,

equalities, and quality of life of all EU citizens.

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5. Possible solutions to the Far-Right and Far-Left

- Criminalizing masked protest, which removes violent activists’ protections.

- Integrating these parties into the democratic system, similarly to the Provisional IRA

and Sinn Fein.

- Criminalizing these parties and movements outright.

Similar to the political extremes brought on by nationalism and the desire for

secession, one can either opt to directly combat radical parties via criminalization or

imprisonment, upon the basis that the political philosophies perpetuated by these

organizations threatens the democracy, peace, and stability of the EU, or to integrate them

into the democratic system. The latter option, of course, allows them to maintain their

freedom of speech, yet does so at a social cost.

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