NAME IMRAN ALI REG NO # 657FBAS/bsbt-f14 COURSE NAME BIOMOLECULE

DEPARTMENT: BIOTECHNOLOGYFACULTY OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

TOPIC: WATER

MOLECULE

CONTENTSINTRODUCTION

HISTORY

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES

APPLICATION

Conclusion

Reference

Question/answer

Introduction

Water is a transparent fluid which forms

the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain,

and is the major constituent of the fluids of

living things.

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface

It is vital for all known forms of life

As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected by covalent bonds.

Pure Water is tasteless and odorless.

Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure

It often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice and gaseous state steam (water vapor).

Water is the only substance that exists naturally on Earth in all three physical states of matter gas, liquid, and solid and it is always on the move among them.

Water in all three states makes a large contribution to the planet’s climate.

HISTORY

The first decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, by electrolysis, was done in 1800 by English chemist William Nicholson.

In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

Gilbert Newton Lewis isolated the first sample of pure heavy water in 1933.

The accepted IUPAC name of water is oxidane or simply water, or its equivalent in different languages, although there are other systematic names which can be used to describe the molecule.

The simplest systematic name of water is hydrogen oxide.

This is analogous to related compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, and deuterium oxide (heavy water

Another systematic name, oxidane, is accepted by IUPAC as a parent name for the systematic naming of oxygen-based substituent groups, although even these commonly have other recommended names.

For example, the name hydroxyl is recommended over oxidanyl for the –OH group.

The name oxane is explicitly mentioned by the IUPAC as being unsuitable for this purpose, since it is already the name of a cyclic ether also known as tetra hydropyran.

The polarized form of the water molecule, H+OH−, is also called hydron hydroxide by IUPAC nomenclature.

Dihydrogen monoxide (DHMO) is a rarely used name of water. This term has been used in various hoaxes that call for this "lethal chemical" to be banned, such as in thedihydrogen monoxide hoax.

Other systematic names for water include hydroxic acid, hydroxylic acid, and hydrogen hydroxide. Both acid and alkali names exist for water because it is amphoteric (able to react both as an acid or an alkali).

None of these exotic names are used widely.

STRUCTURE OF WATER MOLECLUE

Water molecules are tiny and V-shaped with molecular formula H2O.

The water molecule consists of two light atoms (H) and a relatively heavy atom (O)

In water, each hydrogen nucleus is bound to the central oxygen atom by a pair of electrons that are shared between them; chemists call this shared electron pair a covalent chemical bond

In H2O, only two of the six outer-shell electrons of oxygen are used for this purpose, leaving four electrons which are organized into two non-bonding pairs

The four electron pairs surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsions between these clouds of negative charge.

This would ordinarley result in a tetrahedral geometry in which the angle between electron pairs (and therefore the H-O-H bond angle) is 109.5°.

PROPERTIES OF WATER MOLECULE

WATER has two types of properties

Physical properties

Chemical properties

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

Water has a high specific heat.

Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance. Because water has a high specific heat.

It can absorb large amounts of heat energy before it begins to get hot. It also means that water releases heat energy slowly when situations cause it to cool.

Water's high specific heat allows for the moderation of the Earth's climate and helps organisms regulate their body temperature more effectively.

Water in a pure state has a neutral pH. As a result, pure water is neither acidic nor basic.

Water changes its pH when substances are dissolved in it.

Rain has a naturally acidic pH of about 5.6 because it contains natural derived carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.

Water conducts heat more easily than any liquid except mercury. This fact causes large bodies of liquid water like lakes and oceans to have essentially a uniform vertical temperature profile.

Water is called a universal solvent because It is able to dissolve a large number of different chemical compounds.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

Chemically, water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, having the formula H2O

Boiling point of water is 100℃

Melting point of water is 0℃

It is chemically active, reacting with certain metals and metal oxides to form bases, and with certain oxides of nonmetals to form acids

It reacts with certain organic compounds to form a variety of products, e.g., alcohols from alkenes

APPLICATIONThere are so many application of water but some are as below

For Drinking:

The human body contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size. To function properly, the body requires between one to seven liters of water per day to avoid dehydration.

Washing:

The property of water to form solutions is useful in various washing processes. Many industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water,

using water to dissolve and extract substance.

Transportation:

The use of water for transportation of materials

through rivers and canals as well as the international

shipping lanes is an important part of the world

economy.

Chemical uses:

Water is widely used in chemical reactions as

a solvent or reactant and less commonly as

a solute or catalyst

Future Water UseWater-use trends established over the past half century

provide some basis for estimating future water demands.

It seems likely that water withdrawals for public supply and domestic uses will continue to increase as population

increases.Higher water prices and active water conservation

programs, however, may reduce the per capita use rates.

With increased competition for water for instream uses, such as river-based recreation, aesthetic enjoyment, fish and wildlife habitat, and hydroelectric power, along with

higher municipal uses, irrigators will have increasing difficulty competing economically for available water

supplies.

In the United States, many existing sources of water are being stressed by withdrawals from aquifers and diversions

from rivers and reservoirs to meet the needs of homes, cities, farms, and industries.

Consideration must also be given to leaving water in the streams and rivers to meet environmental, fish and wildlife,

and recreational needs.

As planners, managers, and elected officials wrestle with the varied water management problems facing the nation at the beginning of the twenty-first century, they need consistent information on water supply and use by state, watershed,

and water-use category.

This will help the United States realize the maximum benefit from its water resources and will help strike that crucial

balance between supply and demand.

CONCLUSIONWater is one of the most vital natural resources for all life on Earth.

The availability and quality of water always have played an important part in determining not only where people can live, but also their quality of life.

Even though there always has been plenty of fresh water on Earth, water has not always been available when and where it is needed, nor is it always of suitable quality for all uses.

Water must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its availability and suitability for use.

Without water life Is impossible on earth.

Q: Water is a molecule or compound??

Water is a molecule because it is made from atoms that have been chemically combined. It is also a compound because the atoms that make water are not all the same - some are oxygen and some are hydrogen

REFRENCES

www.google.com/wikipedia

www.infoplease.com

www.apswater.com

www.college-cram.com

www.boundless.com

www.visionlearning.com

www.britineca.com

www.chem1.com

www.biology.arizona.edu

Thank you