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4/18/2013 1 Topical Toxicity in Tots Renee Howard MD Associate Professor of Dermatology University of California, San Francisco [email protected] Disclosures Topical Toxicity in Tots Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC’s) Who is worried and why? Sources of societal concern Endocrine disruption & low level exposures Should we worry? 1. Oxybenzone 2. Phthalates 3. Parabens 4. Triclosan Should our patients/parents worry? San Francisco Bay Area, California local organic sustainable green artisanal humane free-range grass-fed safe natural healthy Activist Network Breast Cancer Activists Zero Breast Cancer Advocates collaborating with Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program (BCERP) Breast Cancer Fund Environmental Groups Environmental Working Group (EWG) Campaign for Safe Cosmetics/Skin deep Teens Turning Green Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC’s) in Skin Care Products Ubiquitous Can potentiate or inhibit hormone effect or both Nonlinear dose response curve so low doses relevant “The dose makes the poison”? Fagin 2012, Guillette 2012, Myers 2009, Vandenberg 2012
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Page 1: Topical Toxicity in Tots Disclosures and White/6a...1969 • Used in personal care, medical products • Poorly absorbed through dermis • Bioaccumulates in fat, breast milk, urine

4/18/2013

1

Topical Toxicity in Tots

Renee Howard MDAssociate Professor of DermatologyUniversity of California, San Francisco

[email protected]

Disclosures

Topical Toxicity in TotsEndocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC’s)

• Who is worried and why?

– Sources of societal concern

– Endocrine disruption & low level exposures

• Should we worry?

1. Oxybenzone

2. Phthalates

3. Parabens

4. Triclosan

• Should our patients/parents worry?

San Francisco Bay Area, California

local organic sustainable green artisanal humane free-range grass-fed safe natural healthy

Activist Network

• Breast Cancer Activists– Zero Breast Cancer

• Advocates collaborating with Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program (BCERP)

– Breast Cancer Fund 

• Environmental Groups– Environmental Working Group (EWG)

• Campaign for Safe Cosmetics/Skin deep

– Teens Turning Green

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC’s) in Skin Care Products

• Ubiquitous

• Can potentiate or inhibit hormone effect or both

– Nonlinear dose response curve so low doses relevant 

– “The dose makes the poison”?

Fagin 2012, Guillette 2012, Myers 2009, Vandenberg 2012 

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Toxicologists vs. Endocrinologists (linear vs. non‐monotonic)

Fagin D, The Learning Curve. Nature 2012;290:462-465.

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 

• Animal, cell culture studies

• Human studies difficult 

– National Health and Nutrition Education Study (NHANES)

• Long lag time to see effects

• Critical periods of exposure?

www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htmFagin 2012, Guillette 2012, Myers 2009, Vandenberg 2012, Wang 2011

1954 Age 2

1963 Age 10

1993 Age 39 2007 Age 53

Teresa Howard Wootton 1954-2007

Breast Cancer Fund “State of the Evidence 2010”

SunscreenL(OMC), octyl‐dimethyl‐PABA(OD‐PABA), bexophenome‐3(Bp‐3) and homosalate (HMS)(Schlumpf, 2001). The results for4‐MBC have been replicated inanother laboratory (Klann, 2005).A recent laboratory rat study hasdemonstrated that application ofOMC to the skin of the animalsenhances the penetration of theendocrine‐disrupting herbicide2,4‐D (Brand, 2007).M. Tobacco smoke: Active andpassive exposures [I‐K, N‐K; EDC]Tobacco smoke contains PAHs,which may explain a potential linkbetween increased breast cancerrisk and both active and passivesmoking.

www.breastcancerfund.org/about/victories/#178103400

==?

EDC Health Concerns

• Breast & other cancer

• Early puberty

• Obesity

• Infertility

• Immune dysfunction

– Savage 2012

• Developmental Problems

– Meeker 2012

“Poisoned by everyday life. Gender bending chemicals…found in every home may cause breast cancer, asthma, infertility, and birth defects…”

Zerobreastcancer.org

Guilette TJ, Iguchi T. Life in a contaminated world. Science 2012;337:1614.

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PARANOIAGENS EDC Health Concerns

• Breast & other cancer

• Early puberty

• Obesity

• Infertility

• Immune dysfunction

– Savage 2012

• Developmental Problems

– Meeker 2012

“Poisoned by everyday life. Gender bending chemicals…found in every home may cause breast cancer, asthma, infertility, and birth defects…”

Zerobreastcancer.org

Guilette TJ, Iguchi T. Life in a contaminated world. Science 2012;337:1614.

Early Puberty

• Increasing numbers of young acne patients

• Hysteria around early puberty studies 1997, 2010

Goldberg 2011, Herman‐Giddens 1997, Biro 2010

1970

Average age of menarche today only slightly younger (12.5 vs. 12.8) but puberty takes longer—secondary sexual characteristics showing up earlier

1963

“Typical acne patient”

13 year old boy 15 year old girl

Initiation vs. Completion of Puberty

Age eightt

• Early onset acne

Menarche age 13

Age 8

Age 3.5

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Why is Puberty Taking Longer?

• Worry about peripheral, exogenous triggers of development ‐‐ environmental toxins (EDC’s)– “I think we need to think about the stuff we’re exposing our bodies to and the bodies of our kids…This is a wake‐up call, and I think we need to pay attention to it.” 

‐ Frank Biro*

Biro 2003, Biro 2010, Herman‐Giddens 1997, Weil 2012 *Grady New York Times 2010

BCERP.org: Early Puberty

• “environmental exposures, including chemicals in personal and household products that may be hormonally active; lifestyle factors, such as food intake and physical activity; body size and development; and psychosocial factors”

Topical Toxicity in TotsEndocrine Disrupting Chemicals

• Who is worried and why?

– Sources of societal concern

– Endocrine disruption: low level exposure

• Should we worry?

1. Oxybenzone

2. Phthalates

3. Parabens

4. Triclosan

• Should our patients/parents worry?

EDC’s in Skin Care Products

• Oxybenzone

• Parabens

• Phthalate esters

• Triclosan

Diamante‐Kandradarakis 2009, Vandenberg 2012

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Oxybenzone(benzophenone‐3= BP3)

• Organic UVA filter widely used in sunscreen

• FDA‐approved in early 1980’s

• Present in urine of 96% of Americans in 2003‐4 NHANES, breast milk of 13% Swiss mothers (BP‐3)

Calafat 2008, Schlumpf 2010

Oxybenzone as EDC in Humans

• Estrogenic, anti‐androgenic in vivo and in vitro

• Adult male & female volunteers

– Well absorbed, rapidly excreted in urine

– Affected reproductive hormone levels at 24 hours but not after

– Authors concluded hormone changes unrelated

• Janjua 2004

• NHANES 12‐16 yo females

– Benzophenone‐3 not associated with menarche

• Buttke 2012 

Lesson from Oxybenzone

• Absorp on ≠ toxicity

• May be absorbed and excreted without significant biological effect so probably safe

Zinc and Titanium nano

• Penetrate only into the stratum corneum in healthy, undamaged skin

• Aggregate in sunscreen so not so nano

• Concern is that the rapid integration into many skin care products outpaced research into safety

• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences “ONE‐Nano”

Sunscreen in infants < 6 months

• AAP guidelines now state can be used on small areas of skin not covered by clothing

• Concern about greater absorption 

• Unscented, zinc‐based creamy sunscreens best

• Emphasize protective clothing

www.solartex.com

pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/3/e791.full.pdf+html

Phthlate esters

• Many different compounds

• Thickener, softener, scent

• Percutaneous absorption

• Metabolism depends on route of entry, type

• Extensive exposure

– Soap, shampoo, perfume, 

nail polish

Janjua 2008, BCERP 2007

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“Personal Care Products”

1. Soap

2. Shampoo

3. Conditioner

4. Hair spray

5. Sunscreen

6. Makeup

7. Lipstick

8. Antiperspirant

9. Moisturizer

Phthalate Threat Outside Skin Care

• Soft toys

– Rattles, pacifiers, teethers

• Baby care

– Bottle nipples

• Medical equipment• IV tubing, blood bags, catheters

• Other

– Raincoats, shower curtains, vinyl flooring, dust(!)

Not so innocent?

bcerp.org 2007, Sathyanarayana 2008

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds• Bisphenol A (BPA)

• Persistent organic pollutants

– Polychlorinated, brominated biphenyls

• Flame retardants

– TetrabromoBPA

• Oxybenzone

• Parabens

• Phthalate esters

• Triclosan

Diamante‐Kandradarakis 2009, Vandenberg 2012

Phthalate Esters:?   

• Anti‐androgenic in animal studies

• More worrisome than the other 3

• Ingestion/inhalation major route of exposure in kids

• Concern about exposures to multiple types

• Many studies in progress

• Some banned in EU (2005) & US (2008) in CA (2009) in children’s toys

Parabens

• Preservative, antimicrobial

• In many personal care products, most cosmetics

• In urine of 99.1% (methyl) of adults in US

• 63% in postmenopausal Norwegian women & level correlated with topical moisturizer use

– Calafat 2010, Sandanger 2011

Parabens

• Uptake from dermis but hydrolyzed & excreted rapidly in urine

• Methyl, ethyl safe

• Butyl, propyl still under review as estrogenic and anti‐androgenic EDC’s

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Parabens in Alternative Topicals

Methyl paraben

Topical Temerity

Parents may be reluctant to use skin care products we prescribe or recommend & may seek alternatives

Green Skin Care Industry

• AKA “premium baby skin care category”

• Increased 68% 2005‐10 

– total baby care 16%

• Parents spend $150‐300/month on their child’s “natural” skin care products

• insert photo of shelf of these at local Good Earth

Vora S. New York Times 2012

“Natural”, “Baby”  ≠ “Safe”

• Measurable phthalate level in baby skin care products

Lampel 2011

• In alternative products

– Highest level of paraben in an alternative kids’ shampoo but not on labelDodson 2012

– Gynecomastia due to lavender and tea tree oil in prepubertal boysHenley 2007

• No standards for testing and labeling

Safe Chemicals Act(Toxic Substances Control Act 1976)

U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg D-NJ introduced 2005; 2012 passed Environment and Public Works Committee

Precautionary Principle: Guilty till proven innocent

Page 8: Topical Toxicity in Tots Disclosures and White/6a...1969 • Used in personal care, medical products • Poorly absorbed through dermis • Bioaccumulates in fat, breast milk, urine

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Triclosan

• Antimicrobial first registered as a pesticide in 1969

• Used in personal care, medical products

• Poorly absorbed through dermis

• Bioaccumulates in fat, breast milk, urine

Triclosan

• 74.6% of 2003‐2004 NHANES participants had triclosan in urine

• Not removed by wastewater treatment

• Safety currently in review by EPA and FDA

– Calafat 2008

Triclosan toxicity

• Anti‐thyroid hormone, estrogenic, androgenicVandenberg 2012

• Link to allergies and asthma Clayton2010

• In vitro and in vivo in mice, impaired cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility via ryanodine receptors ABC News 8/14/12: “Soap ingredient Triclosan linked to muscle weakness”

Cherednichenko PNAS 2012

Lesson from Triclosan

• Some drugs and chemical compounds not removed by waste water cleaning so end up in natural waterways

• Even if minimal impact on human health, some agents can have huge impact “downstream” on aquatic and wildlife ecosystems

Toxic Tips

1. Oxybenzone: even if absorbed may have minimal biological effect…precautionary principle?

2. Phthalates: low level exposure, multiple agents can still cause endocrine disruption

3. Parabens: alternative/baby products aren’t necessarily safer

4. Triclosan: need better testing and more research to better protect both human & “downstream” environmental health

Topical Toxicity in TotsEndocrine Disrupting Chemicals

• Who is worried and why?

– Sources of societal concern

– Endocrine disruption: U‐shaped controversy

• Should we worry? 4 potential toxins

1. Oxybenzone

2. Phthalates

3. Parabens

4. Triclosan

• Should our patients/parents worry?

Page 9: Topical Toxicity in Tots Disclosures and White/6a...1969 • Used in personal care, medical products • Poorly absorbed through dermis • Bioaccumulates in fat, breast milk, urine

4/18/2013

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How can we reassure patients?

• Convey perspective

– Acknowledge uncertainty

– Inconclusiveness of studies

– Risk/benefit

• Research your local retail outlets, internet

– Pricing, safety

• Don’t fight the fanatic

• Listen to activist groups

What advice should we give?

• Be a minimalist: eliminate unnecessary products

• Don’t be fooled by marketing

• Avoid scented & antimicrobial agents

• Rely on covering up for sun protection, zinc?

• Eat organic if possible

“Johnson & Johnson to remove formaldehyde from products”

“Even though as a scientist I will sit here and tell you these things are perfectly safe,” consumers are worried about reports that call her conclusions into question, Ms. Nettesheimsaid. “I understand that and we can’t ignore that.”Vice President of Product Stewardship inNew York Times 8/15/2012

The End

Selected References

• Diamanti‐Dandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC. Endocrine‐disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2009;30:293‐342.

• Fagin D. The Learning Curve. Nature 2012;290:462‐465.

• Guillette LJ, Iguchi T. Life in a contaminated world. Science 2012;337:1614‐1616.

• Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Lee DH, Shioda T, Soto AM, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT, Myers JP. Hormones and endocrine‐disrupting chemicals: low‐dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Endocr Rev 2012 Jun;33(3):378‐455. 

• For complete list of references: [email protected]


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