Tort Project Damage

8/18/2019 Tort Project Damage

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DamagesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the law term. For the television series, see Damages (TV series). For other uses,

see Damages (disambiguation).

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with common law and do not represent a worldwide view of thesubject.Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (November 2010)

Part of the common law series

Tort law

Intentional torts

• Assault

• Battery

• False imprisonment

• Intentional infliction of emotional distress

• Transferred intent

Property torts

• Trespass

• land

• chattels

• Conversion

• etinue

• !eplevin

• Trover

Defenses

• Assumption of risk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferred_intenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_chattelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detinuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replevinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferred_intenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_chattelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detinuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replevinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(TV_series)


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• Comparative negligence

• Contri"utory negligence

• Consent

• #ecessity

• $tatute of limitations

• $elf%defense

• efense of others

• efense of property

• $hopkeeper&s privilege

Negligence

• uty of ' standard of care

• Proximate cause

• !es ipsa lo(uitur

• Calculus of negligence

• !escue doctrine

• uty to rescue

• #egligent infliction of emotional distress

• )mployment%related

• )ntrustment

• *alpractice

• legal

• medical

Liability torts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributory_negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense#Defense_of_othershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopkeeper's_privilegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_ipsa_loquiturhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_doctrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_to_rescuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_to_rescuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence_in_employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_entrustmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpracticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_malpracticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_malpracticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributory_negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense#Defense_of_othershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopkeeper's_privilegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_ipsa_loquiturhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_doctrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_to_rescuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence_in_employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_entrustmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpracticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_malpracticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_malpractice


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• Product lia"ility

• +uasi%tort

• ,ltraha-ardous activity

Nuisance

• Pu"lic nuisance

• Rylands v. Fletcher

Dignitary torts

• efamation

• Invasion of privacy

• False light

• Breach of confidence

• A"use of process

• *alicious prosecution

• Alienation of affections

• $eduction

Economic torts

• Fraud

• Tortious interference

• Conspiracy

• !estraint of trade

Liability and remedies

• ast clear chance

• )ggshell skull

• /icarious lia"ility

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahazardous_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_v._Fletcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_confidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_prosecutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation_of_affectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortious_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(civil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_clear_chancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshell_skullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahazardous_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_v._Fletcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_confidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_prosecutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation_of_affectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortious_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(civil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_clear_chancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshell_skullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability


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• /olenti non fit in0uria

• )x turpi causa non oritur actio

• #eutral reportage

• Damages

• In0unction

• Torts and conflict of laws

• 1oint and several lia"ility

• Comparative responsi"ility

• *arket share lia"ility

Duty to visitors

• Trespassers

• icensees

• Invitees

• Attractive nuisance

Other common law areas

• Contracts

• Criminal law

• )vidence

• Property

• 2ills3 trusts3 and estates

Law portal

• /

• T

• )

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volenti_non_fit_injuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_turpi_causa_non_oritur_actiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_reportagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_(conflict)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_and_several_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inviteehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attractive_nuisance_doctrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tort_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tort_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tort_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tort_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Tort_law&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Tort_law&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volenti_non_fit_injuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_turpi_causa_non_oritur_actiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_reportagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_(conflict)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_and_several_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inviteehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attractive_nuisance_doctrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tort_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tort_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Tort_law&action=edit


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In law, damages are an award, typically of money, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury.

[1 !he rules for damages can and fre"uently do #ary based on the type of claim which is presented $e.g.,

breach of contract #ersus a tort claim% and the jurisdiction.

&t common law, damages are categori'ed into compensatory damages and puniti#e damages. (ompensatory

damages are further categori'ed into special damages, which are economic losses such as loss of earnings,

property damage and medical e)penses, and general damages, which are noneconomic damages such as

pain and suffering and emotional distress.

Contents

[hide

• 1 (ompensatory or e)pectation damages

• * +)ample

o *.1 uantum $measure% of damages

*.1.1 -reach of contract duty $e) contractu%

*.1.* -reach of tort duty $e) delicto%

*.1./ 0eneral damages

*.1. 2peculati#e damages

• / uantification of personal injury claims

o /.1 2pecial damages

• 3arious matters

o .1 Incidental and conse"uential losses

o .* 4ro)imate cause

o ./ uantifying losses in practice 5 e)pert e#idence

• 6 2tatutory damages

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensatory_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensatory_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Compensatory_or_expectation_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Examplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Quantum_.28measure.29_of_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Breach_of_contract_duty_-_.28ex_contractu.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Breach_of_tort_duty_-_.28ex_delicto.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#General_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Speculative_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Quantification_of_personal_injury_claimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Special_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Various_mattershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Incidental_and_consequential_losseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Proximate_causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Quantifying_losses_in_practice.C2.A0.E2.80.93+expert_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Statutory_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensatory_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Compensatory_or_expectation_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Examplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Quantum_.28measure.29_of_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Breach_of_contract_duty_-_.28ex_contractu.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Breach_of_tort_duty_-_.28ex_delicto.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#General_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Speculative_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Quantification_of_personal_injury_claimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Special_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Various_mattershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Incidental_and_consequential_losseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Proximate_causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Quantifying_losses_in_practice.C2.A0.E2.80.93+expert_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#Statutory_damages


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• 7 8ominal damages

• 9 4uniti#e damages $noncompensatory%

•

: (ontemptuous damages

• ; &ggra#ated damages

• 1< =estitutionary or disgorgement damages

• 11 >egal costs

• 1* ?istory

• 1/ 2ee also

• 1 8otes

(ompensatory or e)pectation damages[edit

(ompensatory damages, called actual damages, are paid to compensate the claimant for loss, injury, or harm

suffered as a result of $see re"uirement of causation% another@s breach of duty. $e.g., in a negligence claim

under tort law%. +)pectation damages are used in contract law.

+)ample[edit

8eal !ownsend signs a contract agreeing to buy 1< hours of landscaping ser#ices from Wisda@s >andscaping

for A6< an hour. If 8eal !ownsend breaks the contract and doesn@t use any of Wisda@s >andscaping@s ser#ices,

e)pectation damages paid to Wisda@s >andscaping would be A6


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was entered $known as the Creliance measureC%, or designed to pre#ent the breaching party from being unjustly

enriched $CrestitutionC% $see below%.

4arties may contract for li"uidated damages to be paid upon a breach of the contract by one of the parties.

Ender common law, a li"uidated damages clause will not be enforced if the purpose of the term is solely to

punish a breach $in this case it is termed penal damages%. !he clause will be enforceable if it in#ol#es a

genuine attempt to "uantify a loss in ad#ance and is a good faith estimate of economic loss. (ourts ha#e ruled

as e)cessi#e and in#alidated damages which the parties contracted as li"uidated, but which the court

nonetheless found to be penal.

Breach of tort duty - (ex delicto)[edit

Damages in tort are generally awarded to place the claimant in the position that would ha#e been taken had the

tort not taken place. Damages in tort are "uantified under two headings general damages and special

damages.

In personal injury claims, damages for compensation are "uantified by reference to the se#erity of the injuries

sustained $see below general damages for more details%. In nonpersonal injury claims, for instance, a claim for

professional negligence against solicitors, the measure of damages will be assessed by the loss suffered by

the client due to the negligent act or omission by the solicitor gi#ing rise to the loss. !he loss must be

reasonably foreseeable and not too remote.[* Financial losses are usually simple to "uantify but in comple)

cases which in#ol#e loss of pension entitlements and future loss projections, the instructing solicitor will usually

employ a specialist e)pert actuary or accountant to assist with the "uantification of the loss.

General damages[editGeneral damages, sometimes styled hedonic damages, compensate the claimant for the nonmonetary

aspects of the specific harm suffered. !his is usually termed @pain, suffering and loss of amenity@. +)amples of

this include physical or emotional pain and suffering, loss of companionship, loss of consortium, disfigurement,

loss of reputation, loss or impairment of mental or physical capacity, loss of enjoyment of life, etc.[/ !his is not

easily "uantifiable, and depends on the indi#idual circumstances of the claimant. Gudges in the Enited Hingdom

base the award on damages awarded in similar pre#ious cases.

0eneral damages are generally awarded only in claims brought by indi#iduals, when they ha#e suffered

personal harm. +)amples would be personal injury $following the tort of negligence by the defendant%, or the

tort of defamation.

Speculative damages[edit

2peculati#e damages are damages that ha#e not yet occurred, but the plaintiff e)pects them to. !ypically, these

damages cannot be reco#ered unless the plaintiff can pro#e that they are reasonably likely to occur.[

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_damages_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidated_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidated_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_damages_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidated_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-4


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uantification of personal injury claims[edit

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article "y adding citations to relia"le sources.

,nsourced material may "e challenged and removed. (October 2010)

!he "uantification of personal injury is not an e)act science. In +nglish law solicitors like to call personal injury

claims as general damagesJ for pain and suffering and loss of amenity $42>&%. 2olicitors "uantify personal

injury claims by reference to pre#ious awards made by the courts which are similarJ to the case in hand. !he

guidance solicitors will take into account to help "uantify general damages are as hereunder

1 The age of the client

!he age of the client is important especially when dealing with fatal accident claims or permanent injuries. !he

younger the injured #ictim with a permanent injury the longer that person has to li#e with the 42>&. &s a

conse"uence, the greater the compensation payment. In fatal accident claims, generally the younger

deceased, the greater the dependency claim by the partner and children.

The nature and extent of the in!uries sustained"

2olicitors will consider like for likeJ injuries with the case in hand and similar cases decided by the courts

pre#iously. !hese cases are known as precedents. 0enerally speaking decisions from the higher courts will

bind the lower courts. !herefore, judgments from the ?ouse of >ords and the (ourt of &ppeal ha#e greater

authority than the lower courts such as the ?igh (ourt and the (ounty (ourt. & compensation award can only

be right or wrong with reference to pre#ious judgments. 2ometimes it is a matter of opinion of how much an

injury claim is worth and the skill of the solicitor is persuading the opponent and ultimately the judge that their

assessment is right.[citation needed 2olicitors must be careful when looking at older cases when "uantifying a claim

to ensure that the award is brought up to date and to take into account the court of appeal case in ?eil #

=ankin [6 0enerally speaking the greater the injury the greater the damages awarded.

& "uick guide to assess personal injury claims is by reference to the Gudicial 2tudies -oard 0uidelines for the

&ssessment of 0eneral Damages in 4ersonal Injury (ases [1. 2ome case e)amples can also be

considered [*

# Gender of the client

0enerally speaking damages for personal injury for males and females are the same. ?owe#er where therecan be a difference weighted in fa#our of females is where the injury results in permanent scarring to the skin.

Where the scarring is clearly #isible such as the face, legs, and arms, females will usually obtain a greater

amount of compensation than males. !he compensation reflects the general assumption that females will be

affected more than males by scarring and thus will be awarded more. ?owe#er each case will be decided on its

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heil_v_Rankin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heil_v_Rankin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Studies_Board_Guidelines_for_the_Assessment_of_General_Damages_in_Personal_Injury_Cases&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Studies_Board_Guidelines_for_the_Assessment_of_General_Damages_in_Personal_Injury_Cases&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Studies_Board_Guidelines_for_the_Assessment_of_General_Damages_in_Personal_Injury_Cases&action=edit&redlink=1http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199595334.dohttp://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199595334.dohttp://workaccidents.org.uk/compensation-claims/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heil_v_Rankin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heil_v_Rankin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Studies_Board_Guidelines_for_the_Assessment_of_General_Damages_in_Personal_Injury_Cases&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Studies_Board_Guidelines_for_the_Assessment_of_General_Damages_in_Personal_Injury_Cases&action=edit&redlink=1http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199595334.dohttp://workaccidents.org.uk/compensation-claims/


9/17

own particular facts. For instance a male model who sustains a scarring tissue to his face may obtain just as

much as a female.[citation needed

$ %ersonal attri&utes and fortitude of the client

!his heading is ine)tricably linked with the other points abo#e. Where two clients are of the same age,e)perience and suffer the same injury, it does not necessarily mean that they will be affected the same. We are

all different. 2ome people will reco#er more "uickly than others. !he courts will assess each claim on its own

particular facts and therefore if one claimant reco#ers more "uickly than another, the damages will be reflected

accordingly. It is important to note here that psychological injuriesJ may also follow from an accident which

may increase the "uantum of damages.

When a personal injury claim is settled either in court or out of court, the most common way the compensation

payment is made is by a lump sum award in full and final settlement of the claim. Bnce accepted there can be

no further award for compensation at a later time unless the claim is settled by pro#isional damages oftenfound in industrial injury claims such as asbestos related injuries.

Special damages[edit

Special damages compensate the claimant for the "uantifiable monetary losses suffered by the plaintiff.[citation

needed For e)ample, e)tra costs, repair or replacement of damaged property, lost earnings $both historically and

in the future%, loss of irreplaceable items, additional domestic costs, and so on. !hey are seen in both personal

and commercial actions.

2pecial damages can include direct losses $such as amounts the claimant had to spend to try

to mitigate [7 problems% and conse"uential or economic losses resulting from lost profits in a business. 2pecial

damages basically include the compensatory and puniti#e damages for the tort committed in lieu of the injury or

harm to the plaintiff.

Damages in tort are awarded generally to place the claimant in the position in which he would ha#e been had

the tort not taken place. Damages for breach of contract are generally awarded to place the claimant in the

position in which he would ha#e been had the contract not been breached. !his can often result in a different

measure of damages. In cases where it is possible to frame a claim in either contract or tort, it is necessary to

be aware of what gi#es the best outcome.

If the transaction was a Cgood bargainC contract generally gi#es a better result for the claimant.

&s an e)ample, 8eal agrees to sell Kary an anti"ue =ole) for L1


10/17

would ha#e been in had the misrepresentation not been made. 2he would clearly not ha#e entered into the

contract knowing the watch was fake, and is entitled to her L1


11/17

• Ade(uate remedy

• )lection of remedies

• Provisional remedy

• Tracing

• egal costs

• /

• T

• )

'ncidental and conseuential losses[edit

2pecial damages are sometimes di#ided into incidental damages, and conse"uential damages.

Incidental losses include the costs needed to remedy problems and put things right. !he largest element is

likely to be the reinstatement of property damage. !ake for e)ample a factory which was burnt down by the

negligence of a contractor. !he claimant would be entitled to the direct costs re"uired to rebuild the factory and

replace the damaged machinery.

!he claimant may also be entitled to any conse"uential losses. !hese may include the lost profits that the

claimant could ha#e been e)pected to make in the period whilst the factory was closed and rebuilt.

%roximate cause[edit

=eco#ery of damages is subject to the legal principle that damages must be pro)imately caused by the

wrongful conduct of the defendant. !his is known as the principle of pro)imate cause. !his principle go#erns

the reco#ery of all compensatory damages, whether the underlying claim is based on contract, tort, or both.

[9 Damages are likely to be limited to those reasonably foreseeable by the defendant. If a defendant could not

reasonably ha#e foreseen that someone might be hurt by their actions, there may be no liability.

!his rule does not usually apply to intentional torts $for e)ample, deceit%, and also has stunted applicability to

the "uantum in negligence where the ma)im Intended conseuences are never too remote applies 5 @ne#er@ is

inaccurate here but resorts to unforeseeable direct and natural conse"uences of an act.

Quantifying losses in practice expert evidence[edit

It may be useful for the lawyers for the plaintiff andor the defendant to employ forensic accountants or forensic

economists to gi#e e#idence on the #alue of the loss. In this case, they may be called upon to gi#e opinion

e#idence as an e)pert witness.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adequate_remedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_of_remedieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_remedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Judicial_remedieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Judicial_remedieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Judicial_remedieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Judicial_remedieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Judicial_remedies&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Judicial_remedies&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequential_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intended_consequences_are_never_too_remote&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_accountinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_accountinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adequate_remedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_of_remedieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_remedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Judicial_remedieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Judicial_remedieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Judicial_remedies&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequential_damageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intended_consequences_are_never_too_remote&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_accountinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witness


12/17

2tatutory damages[edit

2tatutory damages are an amount stipulated within the statute rather than calculated based on the degree of

harm to the plaintiff. >awmakers will pro#ide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine

the #alue of the harm to the #ictim. Kere #iolation of the law can entitle the #ictim to a statutory award, e#en ifno actual injury occurred. !hese are similar to, but different from, nominal damages $see below%, in which no

written sum is specified.

For e)ample, Enited 2tates (i#il (ode 1: E2( MM*6*anham $!rademark% &ct pro#ides for minimum damages of A6


13/17

In +ngland and Wales, e)emplary damages are limited to the circumstances set out by >ord 4atrick De#lin in

the leading case of &oo'es v. arnard . !hey are

1. Bppressi#e, arbitrary or unconstitutional actions by the ser#ants of go#ernment.

*. Where the defendant@s conduct was @calculated@ to make a profit for himself.

/. Where a statute e)pressly authorises the same.

=ookes # -arnard has been much criticised and has not been followed in (anada or &ustralia or by the 4ri#y

(ouncil.

4uniti#e damages awarded in a E2 case would be difficult to get recognition for in a +uropean court, where

puniti#e damages are most likely to be considered to #iolate ordre public.[11[*

(ontemptuous damages[edit

!his type of damages are rarely awarded. !hey are gi#en when the plaintiff@s suit is tri#ial, used only to settle a

point of honour or law. &wards are usually of the smallest amount, usually 1 cent or similar. (ourt costs are not

awarded.[1*

&ggra#ated damages[edit

&ggra#ated damages are not often awardedN they apply where the injury has been aggra#ated by the

wrongdoer@s beha#iour, for e)ample, their cruelty.[1/

=estitutionary or disgorgement damages[edit

In certain areas of the law another head of damages has long been a#ailable, whereby the defendant is made

to gi#e up the profits made through the ci#il wrong in restitution. Doyle and Wright define restitutionary

damages as being a monetary remedy that is measured according to the defendant@s gain rather than the

plaintiff@s loss.[1 !he plaintiff thereby gains damages which are not measured by reference to any loss

sustained. In some areas of the law this heading of damages is uncontro#ersialN most particularly intellectual

property rights and breach of fiduciary relationship.

In +ngland and Wales the ?ouse of >ords case of ttorne%*General v. la'e opened up the possibility of

restitutionary damages for breach of contract. In this case the profits made by a defecting spy, 0eorge -lake,

for the publication of his book, were awarded to the -ritish 0o#ernment for breach of contract. !he case has

been followed in +nglish courts, but the situations in which restitutionary damages will be a#ailable remain

unclear.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Patrick_Devlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Patrick_Devlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookes_v._Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookes_v._Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookes_v._Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookes_v_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Blakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Blakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Patrick_Devlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookes_v._Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookes_v_Barnardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damages&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Blake


14/17

!he basis for restitutionary damages is much debated, but is usually seen as based on denying a wrongdoer

any profit from his wrongdoing. !he really difficult "uestion, and one which is currently unanswered, relates to

what wrongs should allow this remedy.

>egal costs[edit

In addition to damages, the successful party is entitled to be awarded his reasonable legal costs that he spent

during the case. !his is the rule in most countries other than the Enited 2tates. In the Enited 2tates, a party

generally is not entitled to its attorneys@ fees or for hardships undergone during trial unless the parties agreed in

a contract that attorney@s fees should be co#ered or a specific statute or law permits reco#ery of legal fees,

such as discrimination.[16 See merican rule.

?istory[edit

&mong the 2a)ons, a price called +eregild was placed on e#ery human being and e#ery piece of property in

the 2alic (ode. If property was stolen, or someone was injured or killed, the guilty person would ha#e to pay

weregild as restitution to the #ictim@s family or to the owner of the property

2ee also

COMPARISION OF INDIA UK US…..

INDIA

Damages[edit

Damages in the law of torts in India are premised on the concept of restituto in integrum.[67 India adopts a compensatory method and

ad#ocates Cfull and fair compensationC in all cases.[69

In determining the "uantum of damages, the Indian court will look to similar cases that may enable comparison. [6:

IndiaOs formulation of damages for tort cases is premised on the multiplier method, awarding compensation based on the degree of

compromise to the earning ability of the #ictim.

[6;

Ender the multiplier method, the fair and just amount represents

Cthe number of years@ purchase on which the loss of dependency is capitalised. !hen allowance to scale down the multiplier would ha#e to be

made taking into account the uncertainties of the future. !he allowance for immediate lump sum payment the period o#er which the

dependency is to last being shorter and the capital feed also to be spent away o#er the period of dependency is to last.C [7


15/17

For instances of pecuniary damages with regards to personal injury, the following heads will be taken into account [7/

1. >oss of earning,

*. Kedical, hospital and nursing e)pensesN and

/. !he loss of matrimonial prospects.

In instances of nonpecuniary loss, the following will be taken into consideration [7

1. >oss of e)pectation of life,

*. >oss of amenities or capacity for enjoying life,

/. >oss or impairment of physiological function, and

. 4ain and suffering.

&ggra#ated damages may be awarded to compensate #ictims for their wounded feelings in tortious cases in certain cases.[76

!hesedamages are determined by e)amining if the defendant@s conduct aggra#ated the plaintiff@s damage by injuring Cfeelings of dignity, safety and

prideC.[77

&pproach towards @pain and suffering@[edit

In analysing pain and suffering, se#eral factors such as se#erity of injury, medical treatment re"uired, psychological stress [79 and longterm

physical and emotional scars, would be taken into account. [7:

In cases of #ictims who were unconscious, one must award not only for the Closs of amenities and loss of e)pectation of life, but also for pain

and sufferingC.[7; 2uch damages are awarded not as a matter of CsolaceC.[9ord

2carman in im #oh -hoo v -amden and Islington rea ealth uthorit% ,[91 difference being that an award must be Cmade e#en for pain and

suffering in case of unconscious plaintiffsC.[9


16/17

?owe#er, this stand has since shifted with an e)panding tort jurisdiction. !he 2upreme (ourt accepted a (ommittee@s suggestion to e#ol#e a

Cprinciple of liability 5 puniti#e in nature 5 on account of #andalism and riotingC.[97 !he reasoning gi#en was that it Cwould deter people from

similar beha#iour in the futureC.[97

In an en#ironmental tort case, the defendant was made to pay e)emplary damages Cso that it may act as deterrent for others not to cause

pollution in any mannerC.[99

US

4uniti#e awards and juries[edit

See also" #unitive damages and /ur%

& trial by jury is unusual in almost all countries for noncriminal cases

&nother head of damages that can be awarded is called Cpuniti#e damagesC, or sometimes Ce)emplary damagesC. !he word Cpuniti#eC

meanspunishment and the word Ce)emplaryC implies that damages should Cmake an e)ampleC of the wrongdoer. !he purpose of such

damages are twofold to deter wrongful conduct by other actors, and to ser#e a normati#e function of e)pressing social shock or outrage at

the defendant@s actions.

In most jurisdictions, puniti#e damages are not a#ailable. !hey are considered contrary to public policy, because the ci#il justice system in

many countries does not ha#e the same procedural protections as the comparable criminal justice system. !herefore, allowing puniti#e

damages would ha#e the effect of punishing actors for wrongful conduct without allowing them the ordinary procedural protections that are

present in a criminal trial. !he fear is that puniti#e damages encourage a #indicti#e, re#enge seeking state of mind in the claimant and society

more generally. In the EH, &oo'es v arnard [1; limited the situations in which puniti#e damages can be won in tor t actions to where they are

e)pressly authorised by a statute, where a defendant@s action is calculated to make profit, or where an official of the state has acted

arbitrarily, oppressi#ely or unconstitutionally. In the Enited 2tates, though rarely awarded in tort cases, puniti#e damages are a#ailable, and

are sometimes "uite staggering when awarded. For e)ample, in 1;;;, a >os &ngeles (ounty jury awarded A.: billion in puniti#e damages

against 0eneral Kotors to a group of si) burn #ictims whose 1;9; (he#rolet Kalibu was rearended by a drunk dri#er, causing it to catch fi re.[*


17/17

in#ol#ing defamation, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution. +#en in these three limited areas of tort there ha#e been growing

concerns about juries@ role. In particular the disparity between awards in defamation cases $which in#ariably concern celebrities, politicians

and the rich% and awards for personal injuries has been growing. Ine#itably, the awards climb, in a way that a fi)ed system of damages under

judicial scrutiny does not allow.[citation needed Guries are unseasoned with a daily e)posure to tragic accidents in tort litigation. When confronted

with their first case they may be shocked and outraged, which inspires a willingness to teach the wrongdoer $through a big damages award%

that Ctort does not payC. [**

&wards for pain and suffering[edit

!ort compensation easily applies to property damage, where the replacement #alue is a market price $plus interest%, but it is difficult to

"uantify the injuries to a person@s body and mind. !here is no market for se#ered legs or sanity of mind, and so there is no price which a

court can readily apply in compensation for the wrong. 2ome courts ha#e de#eloped scales of damages awards, benchmarks for

compensation, which relate to the se#erity of the injury. For instance, in the Enited Hingdom, the loss of a thumb is compensated at L1:,

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