1 16 December 2021 Total Income from Farming in the United Kingdom, second estimate for 2020 This release presents the UK Total Income from Farming (TIFF) final estimate for 2020. This replaces the early estimates published in May 2021 and includes additional survey data to replace previously forecasted values. Earlier years data have also been revised slightly due to the availability of additional data. Details of the changes since the May release are provided on page 2. The first estimate of TIFF 2021 will be published in Spring 2022. Key Messages • UK Total Income from Farming in 2020 was £5,121 million, a fall of £133 million (-2.5%) from 2019.This figure has been revised upwards by 24.3% (£1002 million) since the first estimate in May 2021. • In 2020, agriculture’s contribution to the UK economy (Gross Value Added at basic prices) was £10,240 million (0.52% of GDP). This constitutes a fall of £67 million (-0.6%) compared with 2019. • The main driver for the fall in Total Income from Farming from 2019 was a £990 million (-9.9%) fall in the value of crop output, largely caused by unfavourable weather. This reduction in crop value was mainly due to a £891 million (-36.6%) fall in the value of wheat and £227 million (-38.8%) fall in the value of oilseed rape. These more than offset a £540 million (3.7%) rise in the value of total livestock output and a £406 million (-2.4%) fall in intermediate consumption.
Transcript
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16 December 2021
Total Income from Farming in the United Kingdom, second estimate for 2020
This release presents the UK Total Income from Farming (TIFF) final estimate for
2020. This replaces the early estimates published in May 2021 and includes
additional survey data to replace previously forecasted values. Earlier years data
have also been revised slightly due to the availability of additional data. Details of the
changes since the May release are provided on page 2.
The first estimate of TIFF 2021 will be published in Spring 2022.
Key Messages
• UK Total Income from Farming in 2020 was £5,121 million, a fall of £133 million (-2.5%) from 2019.This figure has been revised upwards by 24.3% (£1002 million) since the first estimate in May 2021.
• In 2020, agriculture’s contribution to the UK economy (Gross Value Added at basic prices) was £10,240 million (0.52% of GDP). This constitutes a fall of £67 million (-0.6%) compared with 2019.
• The main driver for the fall in Total Income from Farming from 2019 was a £990 million (-9.9%) fall in the value of crop output, largely caused by unfavourable weather. This reduction in crop value was mainly due to a £891 million (-36.6%) fall in the value of wheat and £227 million (-38.8%) fall in the value of oilseed rape. These more than offset a £540 million (3.7%) rise in the value of total livestock output and a £406 million (-2.4%) fall in intermediate consumption.
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Figure 1: Total Income from Farming (TIFF) for the United Kingdom: 2015 to 2020 at current prices (not adjusted for inflation)
Revisions since first estimates
The value of TIFF for 2020 has been revised upwards by 24.3% (£1002 million) since the first estimates were published in May 2021. The main amendments were increased income from diversification (Inseparable non-agricultural activities) and decreased volumes of farming inputs (seeds, fertilisers and plant protection products). The revisions were due to both methodological improvements and availability of more robust survey data to replace previous estimates. The survey data from the Farm Business Survey, in particular, provided evidence that farming income from diversification through 2020 was greater than had been forecast. The table below summarises the changes and full details of the revisions are provided in section 4.1.1 (page 19).
Table 1: Impact of largest revisions to UK Total Income from Farming between
What you need to know about this release ............................................................................ 4
National Statistics Status ................................................................................................... 4
Changes to Release Schedule .......................................................................................... 4
Key words ......................................................................................................................... 5
Section 1 – Summary of long-term trends in real terms (adjusted for inflation) ...................... 6
Section 2 – Detailed comparison between 2020 and 2019 using current prices (not adjusted for inflation) ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Headline figures (comparisons with 2019 in current prices) ......................................... 9
2.2 Crop Outputs (comparisons with 2019 in current prices) ............................................ 12
2.3 Livestock Outputs (comparisons with 2019 in current prices) ..................................... 13
2.4 Intermediate Consumption (comparisons with 2019 in current prices) ....................... 14
2.5 Compensation of employees (comparisons with 2019 in current prices) .................... 16
2.6 Direct Payments (comparisons with 2019 in current prices) ....................................... 16
Section 3 – Aggregate balance sheet for the United Kingdom agricultural industry ............. 17
Section 4 - About these statistics ........................................................................................ 19
National Statistics are produced to high professional standards. They undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customer needs. They are produced free from any political interference.
The statistics last underwent a full assessment in 2014 by the UK Statistics Authority’s Assessment team. A copy of the full report can be found on the internet, Assessment Report 271 Statistics on Agriculture.
The continued designation of these statistics as National Statistics was confirmed in December 2017 following a compliance check by the UK Statistics Authority (now the Office for Statistics Regulation) against the Code of Practice for Statistics. The compliance check letter can be found on the UK Statistics Authority website.
Since the latest review by the Office for Statistics Regulation, we have continued to comply with the Code of Practice for Statistics and have enhanced data quality by reviewing methodologies and data sources.
For general enquiries about National Statistics, contact the National Statistics Public Enquiry Service:
You can find National Statistics on the internet on the Gov.uk website.
Changes to Release Schedule
As part of our efforts to maintain a high standard of statistical releases, we are currently performing a review of our production schedule for Total Income from Farming in the UK. As part of this review, we are considering reducing the number of releases for Total Income from Farming from three release per year (forecast, first estimate and second estimate) down to two releases per year (first and second estimates only). We would be interested to hear from users of any impact this change would have on their use of our data.
Please send all feedback to the responsible statistician for this release, Joshua Moatt, using the contact details above.
Annual Work Unit (AWU) is equivalent to the input of one person in the farm business who is engaged in agricultural activities on a full-time basis over an entire calendar year.
Basic price is the market price plus directly paid subsidies that are linked to the production of specific products.
Current price is the value based on prices observed during the reference year (i.e. values not adjusted for inflation). The alternative to Current price is ‘Real terms’ (see below).
Entrepreneurial Labour refers to principal farmers and other workers who receive a share of Total Income from Farming.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the market value of all goods and services produced by a national economy.
Gross output is the total value of output produced by farm businesses.
Gross Value Added (GVA) is computed as Gross output minus Intermediate consumption and represents that contribution of a business, sector or industry to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Intermediate consumption is the goods and services used as inputs in the productive process, e.g. feed, energy and fertiliser.
Real terms is where values from previous years have been adjusted for inflation. The alternative to Real terms is ‘Current price’ (see above).
Total Income from Farming (TIFF) is the income to those who own businesses within the agricultural industry. It is the total profit from all UK farming businesses on a calendar year basis. It measures the return to all entrepreneurs for their management, inputs, labour and capital invested.
The term income used throughout this notice refers to Total Income from Farming. This is the total profit from all UK farming businesses on a calendar year basis.
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Section 1 – Summary of long-term trends in real terms (adjusted for inflation)
Values in this section are expressed in real terms at 2020 prices. The figures have been adjusted to account for inflation, which allows more meaningful comparisons between years over the longer term. This section puts 2020 Total Income from Farming (TIFF) in the context of previous years. The make-up of the 2020 figure is examined in detail in Section 2.
The key drivers of agricultural income include the volume of production, commodity prices, and the cost of inputs. These are themselves driven by a range of factors such as the weather, exchange rates, oil price, and global supply and stocks of commodities. As a result, UK agricultural income tends to be volatile and fluctuate from year to year. In addition to these ever-present factors, agriculture in 2020 was also influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic, and by risk mitigation actions taken by the industry in response to the uncertainty regarding the outcome of negotiations concerning future trading relations with the EU, which continued up to 24/12/2020.
Total Income from Farming (TIFF) in 2020 was £5,121 million, a fall of £443 million (-8.0%) in real terms (adjusted for inflation) compared with 2019.
Over the longer term, UK TIFF rose strongly between 2000 and 2008 (see Figure 2). Since then, TIFF has remained close to or within the £4bn-£6bn range, but with some big year-on-year fluctuations, particularly in recent years. Looking more closely at recent years, TIFF fell sharply in 2015 driven by lower commodity prices and a stronger pound. In 2016 the exchange rate improved but a poor harvest and continued low commodity prices kept income low. In 2017, Total Income from Farming reached the highest point for 20 years as a result of a favourable combination of a weaker pound, strong commodity prices and high levels of production. In 2018, extreme weather conditions led to poor yields and pushed up the price of key inputs. These factors were not fully offset by strong commodity prices resulting in a 14.6% fall in TIFF that year. In 2019, favourable weather produced modest increases to both crop output and TIFF.
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Figure 2: Agriculture industry income trends in the United Kingdom (in real terms at 2020 prices)
‘Total Income from Farming per Annual Work Unit’ of entrepreneurial labour is an alternative measure of income that divides income by the labour contribution of owners plus any other unpaid labour and allows comparisons to be made with other countries. Since 2000 it has followed a similar trend to Total Income from Farming (TIFF). Both TIFF and TIFF per Annual Work Unit are presented in real terms (adjusted for inflation).
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Table 2: Aggregate Agricultural Accounts: Summary of production and income accounts for the United Kingdom in real terms (adjusted for inflation at 2020 prices using the Office for National Statistics Gross Domestic Product deflator series ‘YBGB’) £ million
Average 2013 to
2017
2018
2019
2020
Total crop output 10,108 10,261 10,610 9,029
Total livestock output 15,468 15,721 15,442 15,122
10 Other agricultural activities 1,250 1,342 1,356 1,254
25 Total intermediate consumption 17,854 18,339 18,124 16,708
26 Gross value added at market prices (12-25)
10,352 10,528 10,865 10,193
27 Gross value added at basic prices (14-25) 10,390 10,578 10,915 10,240
28 Total consumption of Fixed Capital 4,587 4,642 4,754 4,540
29 Net value added at market prices (26-28) 5,765 5,886 6,111 5,653
30 Net value added at basic prices (27-28) 5,803 5,936 6,161 5,700
31 Other taxes on production -114 -106 -106 -105
32 Other subsidies on production 3,513 3,486 3,450 3,238
33 Net value added at factor cost (30+31+32) 9,202 9,316 9,505 8,833
34 Compensation of employees 2,833 2,916 2,864 2,730
35 Rent 632 607 591 544
36 Interest 456 494 486 438
37 Total Income from Farming (33-34-35-36) 5,282 5,299 5,564 5,121
'Entrepreneurial Labour' (thousand Annual Work Units) (a)(b)
193 196 198 198
Total Income from Farming per unit of 'entrepreneurial labour' (£ per AWU) (a)(b)
27,339 26,969 28,046 25,805
(a) 'Entrepreneurial labour' refers to the owners of farm businesses and any other unpaid labour.
(b) Annual Work Unit (AWU) corresponds to the work performed by one person occupied on a full-time basis for a year.
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Section 2 – Detailed comparison between 2020 and 2019 using current prices (not adjusted for inflation)
This comparison of the Total Income from Farming (TIFF) account from the two most recent years is made between values that have not been adjusted for inflation. This approach is considered the most intuitive for comparisons over a short time period. See Table 3 for data expressed in current prices. Following the data is commentary offering explanation for the values estimated for 2020 and how they have changed since 2019.
2.1 Headline figures (comparisons with 2019 in current prices)
In 2020, Total Income from Farming in current prices (not adjusted for inflation) fell by £133 million to £5,121 million, a 2.5% fall from 2019.
Almost the entire fall in TIFF can be explained by Gross Output at basic prices which fell by £472 million (-1.7%). The main contributors to this decrease are the fall in the value of output from wheat (-£891 million, -36.6%) and oilseed rape (-£227 million, -38.8%). Overall costs in 2020 were slightly lower than 2019 and total subsidies were largely unchanged from 2019.
Gross Value Added (GVA) at basic prices, which measures agriculture’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), fell by 0.6% (-£67 million) to £10,240 million in 2020.
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Table 3: Aggregate Agricultural Accounts: Production and income account for the United Kingdom in current prices (not adjusted for inflation)
£ million
2019 2020
Change 2019 -
20 £ million
% Change 2019 -
20
1 Output of cereals 3,644 2,759 -885 -24.3%
of which: wheat 2,434 1,543 -891 -36.6%
barley 1,072 1,063 -9 -0.8%
oats 132 146 14 10.8%
2 Output of industrial crops 984 733 -250 -25.5%
of which: oilseed rape 586 358 -227 -38.8%
protein crops 145 155 10 6.6%
sugar beet 210 169 -42 -19.8%
3 Output of forage plants 231 217 -14 -6.1%
4 Output of vegetables and horticulture 2,859 2,983 124 4.3%
of which: fresh vegetables 1,486 1,626 140 9.4%
plants and flowers 1,374 1,358 -16 -1.2%
5 Output of potatoes (including seeds) 764 824 61 7.9%
6 Output of fruit 900 1,041 141 15.7%
7 Output of other crop products, incl seeds 637 472 -166 -26.0%
Total crop output (sum 1-7) 10,019 9,029 -990 -9.9%
8 Output of livestock 9,339 9,857 518 5.5%
primarily for meat 8,034 8,553 519 6.5%
of which: cattle 2,729 2,929 200 7.3%
pigs 1,342 1,442 100 7.4%
sheep 1,250 1,346 96 7.7%
poultry 2,671 2,792 121 4.5%
gross fixed capital formation 1,306 1,304 -1 -0.1%
of which: cattle 758 788 30 4.0%
pigs 6 5 -1 -12.8%
sheep 272 277 4 1.6%
poultry 270 235 -35 -12.9%
9 Output of livestock products 5,242 5,265 23 0.4%
of which: milk 4,462 4,441 -21 -0.5%
eggs 659 730 71 10.7%
Total livestock output (8+9) 14,582 15,122 540 3.7%
10 Other agricultural activities 1,280 1,254 -26 -2.1%
Table 3 (continued): Aggregate Agricultural Accounts: Production and income accounts in the United Kingdom in current prices (not adjusted for inflation) £ million
29 Net value added at market prices (26-28) 5,771 5,653 -118 -2.0% 30 Net value added at basic prices (27-28) 5,818 5,700 -118 -2.0% 31 Other taxes on production -100 -105 -5 5.2%
32 Other subsidies on production 3,258 3,238 -20 -0.6% 33 Net value added at factor cost (30+31+32) 8,976 8,833 -143 -1.6%
36 Interest 459 438 -22 -4.7% 37 Total income from farming (33-34-35-36) 5,254 5,121 -133 -2.5%
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2.2 Crop Outputs (comparisons with 2019 in current prices)
The value of Total Crop Output for 2020 was £9,029 million, a fall of £990 million or 9.9% compared with 2019. In general, cereals and industrial crops performed poorly, whilst horticultural crops fared much better overall.
The value of output from cereals was £2,759 million, a fall of £885 million (-24.3%) on 2019. This fall was largely explained by wheat output, which fell in value by £891 million (-36.6%) to £1,543 million. Drilling of winter wheat in 2019/20 was badly affected by rain meaning that some planting was abandoned in favour of spring sowing of other crops. The very dry spring caused further problems and, whilst the harvest got off to a good start, heavy rain in mid / late August caused losses and quality issues. The result was a 23.6% fall in wheat area and reduced yields contributing to the smallest UK wheat harvest (by volume) since 1981. A price rise of 6.4% for wheat was not nearly enough to compensate for the 40.5% fall in volume.
The value of output from barley fell by £9 million (-0.8%) to £1,063 million. The large number of growers switching from winter wheat to spring barley meant that, despite the difficult season, barley production in 2020 was up slightly on the record harvests seen in 2019. The price of barley fell by 1.2%, due to plentiful supplies and lower demand from brewers because of hospitality venues being closed during Covid-19 lockdowns.
The value of output from oilseed rape (OSR) fell by £227 million (-38.8%) to £358 million. The planted area of oilseed rape fell again in 2020, this time by 28.3%, giving the smallest areas since 1989 and contributing to a 40.8% fall in volume. Wet weather during crop establishment and infestations of cabbage stem flea beetle proved problematic for growers.
The value of sugar beet fell by £42 million (-19.8%) to £169 million. The dry spring and aphid infestations following two mild winters resulted in a 24.1% fall in production.
The value of output from fresh vegetables rose by £140 million (9.4%) to £1,626 million. Both volume and average price saw small rises in 2020, though fortunes were mixed over a wide variety of crops. Some crops such as carrots and onions struggled with the wet winter and very dry spring though the mixture of heat and rains later in the year proved favourable, particularly for brassica production.
The value of output from plants and flowers fell by £16 million (-1.2%) to £1,358 million. The sector was impacted by the first Covid-19 lockdown that closed garden centres during a critical selling period. Many nurseries successfully adapted their businesses and were able to recoup some sales later in the year.
The value of output from potatoes rose by £61 million (7.9%) to £824 million. Both volume and price were slightly higher in 2020 than in 2019.
The value of output from fruit rose by £141 million (15.7%) to £1,041 million. This was driven by a rise in average prices of 22.8%, which outweighed a 5.8% drop in volume. Despite a good harvest, Bramley apples saw a big rise in price due to low stocks carried over. Strawberries and blackcurrants also enjoyed significantly higher prices in 2020.
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Figure 3: Percentage share of the value of total crop output in 2020
2.3 Livestock Outputs (comparisons with 2019 in current prices)
The value of total livestock output for 2020 was £15,122 million, a rise of £540 million or 3.7% compared with 2019. This was mainly driven by ‘livestock primarily for meat’ rather than livestock products such as milk.
The value of output from livestock primarily for meat rose by £519 million (6.5%) to £8,553 million, with all four main livestock groups (cattle, pigs, sheep and poultry) seeing rises in value of between 4% and 8% on 2019.
The value of output from cattle (for meat) rose by £200 million (7.3%) to £2,929 million. Both volume and price showed small rises. The closure of hospitality outlets due to Covid-19 reduced demand for high value cuts. Initial concern that these cuts would be minced and carcase value would fall appear not to have been too damaging overall.
The value of output from pigs rose by £100 million (7.4%) to £1,442 million. Both volume and price showed small rises as the market for pig meat proved resilient to Covid-19 lockdowns.
The value of output from sheep rose by £96 million (7.7%) to £1,346 million. The volume of sheep meat production fell by 4.3% but this was outweighed by a 12.5% rise in price. The Easter lamb market was disrupted by the first Covid-19 lockdown, however, retail volumes were boosted by demand for takeaways throughout the second half of the year and prices were helped by reduced competition from New Zealand lamb.
The value of output from poultry (for meat) rose by £121 million (4.5%) to £2,792 million. The main driver was broiler meat production, which increased in both volume and price, though the volume of poultry exports fell. An increased demand was seen for free-range and organic chickens as consumers sought more luxury meals at home during Covid-19 lockdowns. The turkey market was forced to reduce placements as large Christmas gatherings were not anticipated to be possible.
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The value of output from milk fell by £21 million (-0.5%) to £4,441 million. Milk consistently has the highest value of any individual item on the account by a considerable margin. In 2020 output from milk was worth 50% more than output from cattle (for meat) and almost three times as much as output from Wheat. The observed fall in value was almost entirely due to a fall of 0.31 pence per litre (-1.08%) in the average farmgate price to 28.56 pence per litre. The level of milk production was maintained whilst market demands in the dairy sector shifted from hospitality (e.g. liquid milk for coffee) to households (e.g. butter for baking) during Covid-19 lockdowns mitigating the impact of the public health measures.
The value of output from eggs rose by £71 million (10.7%) to £730 million. This was almost entirely driven by an 11.2% increase in price, partly due to a continued move from caged production to higher welfare and organic systems. Demand for eggs benefited from an increase in baking during Covid-19 lockdowns.
Figure 4: Percentage share of the value of total livestock output in 2020
2.4 Intermediate Consumption (comparisons with 2019 in current prices)
Intermediate Consumption is the goods and services used as inputs in the productive process, e.g. feed, energy and fertiliser.
The total cost of Intermediate Consumption in 2020 was £16,708 million, a fall of £406 million or -2.4% compared with 2019. This modest change is the sum of several more substantial rises and falls in the component cost categories, mostly influenced by weather events and the Covid-19 pandemic.
The cost of seeds rose by £135 million (18.5%) to £863 million. This was almost entirely due to a 18.2% rise in the volume of seeds, with many cereal farmers temporarily sowing increased areas of spring crops in early 2020 in response to the unfavourable drilling and establishment conditions over autumn-winter 2019/20 before resuming cultivation of winter varieties in late 2020. Increased seed rates per hectare and an increase in the use of cover crops also contributed.
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The cost of energy fell by £143 million (-10.4%) to £1,237 million. This was almost entirely due to a fall of £139 million (-15.0%) in the cost of motor and machinery fuels. This fall in the fuel cost was the result of a slight decrease in the volume of fuel used (-0.9%) coupled with a 14.3% fall in price, due to lower global demand for oil because of Covid-19 related lockdowns.
The cost of fertilisers fell by £213 million (-16.7%) to £1,058 million. This was the result of falls in both the volume and price of fertilisers. Volume fell by 5.5% due to less fertiliser-intensive spring crops replacing winter sown crops for the 2020 harvest. The price of fertilisers fell by 11.9% as production is heavily reliant on energy, which fell in price in 2020.
The cost of plant protection products fell by £116 million (-11.5%) to £896 million. Prices rose by 9.7%, in part due to the banning of the fungicide Chlorothalomil. But this was offset by a 19.3% reduction in volume of plant protection products used, largely due to a reduction in fungicide use driven by lower disease pressure thanks to the mild and dry spring and the reduction in winter crop area. Insecticides and other plant protection products also saw reductions in the volume used. The volume of herbicide used rose as post emergence applications on winter sown crops were postponed from late 2019 to early 2020.
The cost of animal feed rose by £166 million (3.0%) to £5,692 million. Animal feed is consistently the biggest percentage share of total Intermediate Consumption and comprises compounds, straights, and feed produced and used on farm or purchased from other farms. Compounds consistently make up the majority of animal feed costs and in 2020 the cost of compounds rose by £65 million (1.9%) to £3,419 million. The price rise of 0.8% was kept down partly by compounders switching from wheat to barley where possible. The cost of straights rose by £123 million (8.5%) to £1,564 million owing to a 2.8% rise in volume and 5.6% rise in price. The value of animal feed kept within the agricultural industry fell by £22 million (-3.0%) to £710 million.
The cost of other goods and services fell by £230 million (-6.5%) to £3,300 million. This was mainly driven by a significant reduction in the volume of straw purchased from other farms as a result of good stocks from 2019 and limited supply following the poor harvest in 2020.
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Figure 5: Percentage share of the total value of intermediate consumption costs in 2020
2.5 Compensation of employees (comparisons with 2019 in current prices)
The total cost of compensation of employees in 2020 was £2,730 million, a rise of £26 million or 1.0% compared with 2019. The rise was mainly driven by wage increases as the UK Labour force working in agriculture decreased slightly. Factors that are likely to have affected the labour market include Covid-19 restrictions, restricted international travel, and the introduction of the furlough scheme, which impacted on both regular and casual workers.
2.6 Direct Payments (comparisons with 2019 in current prices)
In 2020, Production-linked payments (‘Total subsidies (less taxes) on product’) were down by 0.6% to £47 million. ‘Other subsidies on production’ which include the Basic Payment Scheme and agri-environment payments totalled £3,238 million, a fall of £20 million or 0.6% compared with 2019.
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Section 3 – Aggregate balance sheet for the United Kingdom agricultural industry
Table 4 presents the agricultural balance sheet which values the assets and
liabilities for agriculture at the end of each calendar year and estimates the net worth
of the industry. Overall net worth is estimated to have been £279,406 million at
December 2020, a £10,840 million (4.0%) rise from 2019. Total assets increased by
3.8%, with the value of farmland having risen by 4.2%. Total liabilities were 1.0%
higher than 2019.
In real terms at 2020 prices, using the GDP deflator to adjust for inflation, net worth
decreased by 1.8% in 2020, ending a steady increase in real terms net worth since
2016. This decrease in real terms net worth was driven by a small decrease in asset
value (-2.0%) but was slightly offset by a decrease in the value of liabilities (-4.7%).
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Table 4: Aggregate balance sheet for the United Kingdom agricultural industry. £ million As at December each year
2017 2018 2019 2020
At current prices Assets Fixed (a): Land (b) 212,326 219,184 231,095 240,910
In real terms: At 2020 prices Total assets 297,347 300,224 307,041 300,980 Total liabilities 22,379 22,558 22,629 21,574 Net worth 274,968 277,666 284,412 279,406
(a) The valuations of land and breeding livestock are at average market prices; buildings, plant, machinery and vehicles are at replacement cost, net of consumption of fixed capital. (b) The value of UK agricultural land is derived from the average price for bare agricultural land in the UK. Prior to 2019, agricultural land prices were obtained from surveyor estimates provided by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). Since 2019, Defra has replaced these with a price derived from RICS’s Farmland Market Directory. (c) Financial estimates are derived in part from a year-end analysis of farms in the Farm Business Survey. Year-ends can vary from December through to April. Farm businesses cover a sample from all regions and all types of farming with the results weighted to represent the full population using standard outputs. Annual changes to the sample and weighting, whilst relatively low, may impact on year-on-year changes.
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Section 4 - About these statistics
4.1 Revisions
This release (Total Income from Farming in the United Kingdom, second estimate for 2020) replaces the first estimate for 2020, published in May 2021.
Revisions are intended to enhance the precision of the estimates and result from more data becoming available as the reporting year goes by. Sometimes additional revisions are necessary to refine the methodology or correct historical errors.
Total Income from Farming is the relatively small difference between two large numbers and is therefore sensitive to small percentage changes in the values of Outputs and Intermediate Consumption. A combination of a revision downwards in Output and revision upwards in Intermediate Consumption leads to more sizeable revisions in percentage terms to Gross Value Added and Total Income from Farming.
4.1.1 Revisions to the value of inputs for 2019 and 2020
There has been a substantial revision to the value of inputs for 2019 and 2020. This is due to a correction for the impact of an artefact in the methodology usually used to calculate the Intermediate Consumption component of Total Income from Farming (TIFF) for the UK. The resulting anomaly became significant and noticeable due to the exceptional weather conditions in late 2019 and 2020 – it is much less evident in less unusual years.
For the second estimate of TIFF, Farm Business Survey (FBS) data on inputs costs is available, which replaces the forecast data necessarily used for the TIFF first estimate. The FBS reporting period runs from March to February, whereas TIFF follows the calendar year. Consequently, the FBS data from two survey years are apportioned across the relevant calendar year to give an estimated value of the inputs used on a calendar year basis for the TIFF calculation. In doing so it is assumed that expenditure is evenly distributed across each month in the FBS year.
Owing to bad weather in 2019/20 affecting winter planting, many farmers abandoned winter crops in favour of spring sowing. This resulted in increased seed and fertiliser usage in January and February of 2020. This increased usage fell at the end of the 2019/2020 FBS year and consequently inflated the estimated value of seeds and fertiliser for the 2019 TIFF account. For the first estimate, where no FBS data is available, standard forecasting techniques are used to estimate the value of inputs used in the year. These forecasting techniques use the previous year’s value as a base, i.e. to forecast the value of seeds for 2020, the value of seeds in 2019 is used as a base. Consequently, when these forecasting techniques were applied for the 2020 first estimate, they used the artificially inflated value of seeds and fertiliser for 2019 as a base, resulting in an overestimation of the 2020 value of these input items in the TIFF 2020 first estimate.
To correct for this methodological artefact, we have replaced the FBS seeds and fertiliser values for 2019 and 2020, with values generated using 2018 value data as a base and applying forecasting techniques for 2019 and 2020 respectively. To ensure the validity of this data, we checked that the sum of our new values across 2019 and
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2020 closely matched the sum of the FBS data for 2019/2020 and 2020/21, because the total value of seeds and fertiliser across the two FBS reporting years and the two TIFF years, should be aligned. There is very good consistency between the two methods. Consequently, we feel this new approach more accurately partitions the value of seeds and fertiliser between 2019 and 2020 for the calculation of TIFF.
Additionally, there were significant revisions to the value of plant protection products. FBS data available for these second estimates has replaced a forecast which appears to have been an overestimate for 2020. This overestimation was due to the difficulty in accurately forecasting the volumes and prices of plant protection products used following the banning of the commonly used fungicide, Chlorothalomil. Additionally, the value used in the first estimate, was a forecast of consumption, rather than expenditure. Ordinarily, these two values would be closely matched, however, in more extreme weather years, the differences between them are likely to be larger.
As with plant protection products, forecasting of ‘inseparable non-agricultural activities’ was challenging for 2020 owing to the Covid-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdowns. Consequently, our forecasting underestimated the value of ‘inseparable non-agricultural activities’ in 2020. With FBS data suggesting that although some areas were significantly impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdowns (such as tourism), other areas of ‘inseparable non-agricultural activities’, such as leisure activities, did better than in 2019. Therefore, there has been a significant revision upwards in the value of ‘inseparable non-agricultural activities’ for the TIFF second estimate.
Table 1 (page 2) gives a detailed breakdown of the value of these four items that have undergone significant revision from the first estimate.
As mentioned above, the calculation of TIFF is very sensitive to small percentage changes in the values of Outputs and Intermediate Consumption. Here, we have a small revision upwards in the value of Outputs coupled with a sizeable revision downwards in the value of Intermediate Consumption. Consequently, there has been a significant revision in our estimate for the value of UK TIFF 2020, from the first to the second estimate.
Table 5 details the level of change to our best estimates for 2020 Total Income from Farming between the first estimate, released in May 2021, and this second estimate.
21
Table 5: Impact of overall revisions to UK Total Income from Farming between the 2020 first and second estimates.
£ million
Account item
2020 First estimates
(Published May 2021)
2020 Second estimates
(Published Dec 2021)
% change (first-second estimates)
Gross output at basic price 26,717 26,948 0.9%
Intermediate consumption 17,282 16,708 -3.3%
GVA at basic price 9,435 10,240 8.5%
Total Income from Farming 4,119 5,121 24.3%
4.1.2 General Revisions
Some data used in the estimation of UK Total Income from Farming is supplied to Defra by statisticians in the Devolved Administrations. Owing to disruptions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, limited 2020 data was available for Scotland and some 2020 data for Northern Ireland and Wales was received too late to be incorporated into the UK first estimates. Where data was not available, basic forecasting techniques were used to provide plausible estimates for 2020. These forecast values for Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales have now been replaced with full 2020 data for the second estimates for 2020 presented here.
22
Table 6: Details of revisions to Total Income from Farming between May 2021 first estimates and December 2021 second estimates.
Country Years impacted directly
Description of revisions.
England, Wales
2020 Forecasts replaced by Farm Business Survey data for Intermediate Consumption, Inseparable Non-Agricultural Activities and Compensation of Employees. This data became available in November 2021.
Scotland 2019 2020 TIFF estimates for Scotland published in May 2021 used to replace previous forecasts used in first estimate owing to delayed data accessibility due to Covid-19 Pandemic.
Northern Ireland
2020 2020 TIFF estimates for Northern Ireland published in May 2021 used to replace previous forecasts used in first estimate owing to delayed data accessibility due to Covid-19 Pandemic.
Wales 2020 2020 TIFF estimates for Wales published in May 2021 used to replace previous forecasts used in first estimate owing to delayed data accessibility due to Covid-19 Pandemic.
UK 2019-20 Routine availability of more industry data including price indices for specific commodities. Correction of an error in the figure used for the value of the Basic Payment subsidy for 2020.
Further information can be found on the webpage for Defra’s policy statement on revisions and correction’.
4.3 Summary quality report
A summary quality report for this statistical release can be found on the GOV.UK website for Aggregate agricultural accounts.
4.4 Quality assurance Defra has in place quality assurance processes to check the accuracy and reliability of the aggregate agricultural accounts that include:
• Ongoing review of methods employed in the calculation of the accounts.
• Assessment of the quality of the estimates of components of the accounts with internal experts.
• Discussion of components of the accounts with external experts.
Defra statisticians carry out a continuous review of methods employed in making estimates of the production and income accounts. This may lead to revisions to data series owing to improvements in methods, in addition to the use of more up-to-date information.
4.6 Main users and uses of the aggregate agricultural accounts
The aggregate agricultural accounts are used both within government and by the wider agricultural industry in conjunction with other economic information to:
• Monitor the productivity and competitiveness of the farming industry.
• Inform policy decisions and to help monitor and evaluate current policies relating to agriculture in the UK by Government.
• Inform stakeholders of the performance of the agricultural industry.
• Inform research into the economic performance of the agricultural industry.
4.7 User engagement
As part of our ongoing commitment to compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics, we wish to strengthen our engagement with users of these statistics and better understand the use made of them and the types of decisions that they inform. Consequently, we invite users to make themselves known, to advise us of the use they do, or might, make of these statistics, and what their wishes are in terms of engagement. Feedback on this notice and enquiries about these statistics are also welcome. Please see the contact details in the section ‘What you need to know about this release’.
4.8 Future publications
The first estimates for 2021 will be published in spring 2022 and will be replaced by second estimates in late autumn 2022.
To find out the latest information on when UK government statistics will be released, go to the GOV.UK Research and statistics web page and select ‘Statistics (up-coming)’.
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