BIOLOGY AND FISHERY OF THE "TITI ' SHRIMP XIPHOPiNAEUS RIVCTI
ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF COlOMBIA, SOUTH AMERICA
CENTRE FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES
TOTAL OF 10 PAGES 0 lY MAY BE XEROXED
(Withou1 Author's Pcrmtssion)
ORLANDO MORA-LARA
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362274
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BIOLOGY AND F1SHERY OF THE "TITI" SHRIMP " ! . .
. XIPHOPENAEUS RIVETI ON THE PACIFIC COAST
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, OF -coi.iOMBIA, SOUTH AMERICA
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1. A Thesis ·
suhnitted 'in. p!U'tial fulfillmen:t of the r equirements f or the
~-. . - aegree of . . . MASTER 'OF SCIENCE
Department of Biology • Memorial University o~ Newfoundland St. -John ,. s, Newfoundland , Can(\da
.. Aprii', 1973
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., !\BSTRACT
The commercial importance 'of-this species £n Colombia
is · refl~ct;e~ :Ln land~ngs of -abo}lt four m'illion pounds (ta.j.l weight)
' . . I in l97i, . having been _increasingly r~ported in , the last few years •
' .. ·. as demand and price increased. Analysis o~ the fishery in?icated
the necessity for mana~emer:t }:)Y l:ipdting the number .oJ vessels
~efore depletion would_become app~ent. Biology of the species, . .
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based on monthly sample~ taken ~uring survey fishing , gave co~version
factors of 1.?2 for •tail weight to total weight and 0.,61 for . total' .
weight to tail weight. Length-weight, etc. , relationships ind~cated
th~t _males gained more -we_ig_ht with increa·se in size than feJ!!ales , ·
but .the latter grew to much larger sizes. Maxima ·for~ar~pace length ,, . ~ . "\
were 26 and- 35 mm, respectively, in the samples. Ayerage monthly . .
gro~h in fem:les~~as est~ated ~t 2.9 mm· carapace l~ngth. First
maturity in males was reached at a carapace .lenifth'of 15 mrn; maturity ··
was c~ntinuous thereafter,· as· shown. by presence of spermatophpres. In
. females, first 'niaturi ty was opserved at 17 nun cl, but data on their
·reproductive cycles inditates .that they ma~ure; ~nd spawn up to four - -·
times over the period indicated by the range of carapace length •
observed : ~heir gonads were rated as ' juvenilel . irnrnature, maturing,
and mature, based on sizes o~ ovaries and ova, the largest ova b~ing ..... r.. .. . . ' . , .. ' , -·
0. 25 mm in di~~ter b~tor~{-~p..,awning. 'High per~entages ~ith iarge ova 0 .... . ~. • ' " •
in each monthly SaiJlple indicated frequent · spawnings·, probably .... . ... 11
. @ numbering five times a year 'for th~ population. $ I"
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· 'Pro~~coids of cestodes para~ftJzed principally the
hepa.topancreas . Food · o~ganisms were observed to be p:im~ily other
crustaceans 1 po~ycha.etes and peie9ypods ~ The sex ratio w~s biased
. . ' in favour. of females. This is interprete~ _to be due to a gear '
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se'l.ectipn or p~eference qf/for 'iarger s~pnp. With· regards to
bathymetric distribution, 's- 10 m and ·mostly in rie.ar~shore location's . ' , · I .
. \ . " were--faV.oure~ t ' and • SOm~ adultS t aS ·~ell aS -.j~e!)ileS 1 were foun~,
within estuaries . Recruitment app~ared to ,occu~~our times annually,
based oh length frequency s'ampXes .
.· The thesis further-examines the ·.genus
) . . ,and the species and morphology details iven .
Howeyer 1 . no final deci~ion· is mad'e separa ion of
x. riveti .froll) ~ J<royeri. • I ....... .._ • . -~
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .
· >r ~ espe-~ial1y.·grateful to Dr. I
Squire~ · for his .. . ' . . ,._ . . ... . . ::
guidance.througn_the time of tpe investigation in the field, as . . . . . . . : ,.. . . .,. ... ; . . ~ . .
· well as in t~e l~boratory~ _and_ t or reading the man~scrip~ and ,.-/
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offering :construct~ve criticism . .. · .. . . -~ ..,
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I am indebte4 to Dr f F . . Gner i and Dr . C. Tapias, Director .
and · Co-D.irecto~ , : f.e.spectivel~ , of' the. Marine Fisheries D~ve1o.P:"ent . . . . ,:_ i .·. .
·Projec.t : in Col~~bi~, for the ,''opportunity to atterid Memorial .·
. uni~~rsity _on a -F~9 fellowsh ip. . .
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I th~nk . the Institute de lo? Recursos- Naturales Renovables J
- ·' .. ' ' • .-~. ~· an;t .gl~.teful to Dr. F. Aldrich __for his assistance
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throughout the' course of my studies at Memorial University of """""' . .. : ,, .. . .1 '· .
·" Newfoundla:~a , st .. Jobn ' s, "Newfoundland·, canada •
.. " I aiso thank the FAP central offices in Rome for aiiowing
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? •. m~ to .Undertake a · degree progra~ in Ca~ada .
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This .work would not have been possibte without the .
valua.ble help of , ~h~ .captain and crew aboard the M/V "C~c;que" , . · ·. .
and a_l1so the following per son? : E. _vergara, L . Casquete,
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D. Roldan . and L. candela for the ccil!e~t.ion. of· ~~·st~cs_ in.
Buenaventura, Tum a co and Guapi.
. ' ·I Fl1¥u1k Octavio' Bernal fo--;; the drawing's in Fig~es 2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -------------·------.:.---------'----~--------' . 'LIST OF -TABLES -------------------------------------------0 ....
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' L IST OF FIGURES ------7~----------------------------------·'
INTRODUCTION v
MAT,ALS. 1\N~ METHODS
T1 Population sampling
Hyd~ography ------~~-------------~--~-~~--------------- .
Lengths and Weights ~--------------------------~-~-----
' Lengths ---------------------~------------------
welghts ~ • I •
------~------------------~---~----~----• • ¥ • t
- -Sex detei:minatiolf • 0
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sexua l maturity · ------l--------------~---~------~---1~-.. • • • .. 0
sex ratio ., .
---------------------------------------------Stomach contents --------------------------------------. . .
Parasitism ~--------------------~----------------------
Conv~rsion factor f r om tai l \Oeight to total weight
Graphs · ~---.:.-:.:..------------------------:-- --~----------:---. . .
E·~ti:mation of· ·g.rowth --..:-------------------------'::..---:-- -: , ::, ; , o o I I ,o o o - • • • 4'> t e
· .Esti.lna don:>~£ recruitment: --------------- - -------------. . . . . .. . ... · . .. . :· st~tis.tics --------------------------------------------. ·. . ..
··. Landings ----- - - ---------------- ---- ------------
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' TAXONQMY ---------:-:----J -----------------------------------Nomenc.la t\lre --..,--7------------ --:----:--7'-----------------
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/s~ientific va'~id name ..:----~----~-·-___ _: ____ .:. ____ _ . . . - 13
T~onomy ---..!--.-"""'------------..;-:..,-----·----.:. ___ ...:_ ___ 0 \ . .. .
13
Affinities -----------..:---·-----------------'----- 13
Generic n~e . ---------------~---~7-----.1-'t-------':"
Genotype ---------------------------------~------1 14'
I Species nan~e ----:-----------------------.---------- 15
TY!>e .. ·~.ocal. ity 7'------:..----~----------:---~---~---·-
1 Diagnosis ---------.:.-------.:.--..:.--.:.---------------1 .,
Objective · syn6nym . . -------------------------------• • • - 0 • ... . Key. for the spec~es ----.......--------------- ----------. . . ~ .. .
!l'axonomic status
VernaC).t,1C:r names
Morphology ----- - :-::------- ----------------- -------------' . . . ~ . . . . . I
External morphology -----------------------------, r Size relaj~:ion~hips ___ ;... __________ ,..: ____________ .
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Main characteris'tics ~--·--------.---------------
DISTRIBUTION . . ·l ' . . . ;!,' ~ < . .
--------~ ________ .... _______ _. ___________________ _
~istribul i~.··n ___ .:. _____ :.. <:"--~~~~~---...:---~----\.~.: ~ t~·· . Detail·s-of ·~I o -'
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. Adu.~.. ts -----.:.---- - --- - - - ---------------... - --... - ----;--.-----
• I " Length frequency. di~tribut;ons· -------------------""-::.-----.,
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;. Recrui tllient -----~-------:...-:--:-----..:--l--'-----------
Fishing press.ure ·--·-~---~~---_.-~~~:::;: ~_: ___ ._ ____ _ . . . . . . ~ .. . . . ~{·
. . II . . ' '14 •
BIOLOGY ---1-----------~- ------'----_::-----~----------------J • •
. . I • Length and/or Weight Relationships s~-":1----------~---.:..--
~ ~ . r1~v~·lQ' · · ' ··~1~~~ .
. Total length~carapace l ength r~lationship ----"':-
Total . h .. tatl weigi~· relations hip we1.g t -_,... ______ .
' Total weight - .t otal l ength relat~onship -------
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Total weight - !=arapace l e ngth relationship ·----
Growth
. . ~ .. . .. . . Tail . . weight carapace eRgth relations hip
" . - ·. . . , .. . . . ___ .:,._____________________ ----------------------
Estirnatio~ of t he c onvers ion facto~ from t ail to totaiJ weight ---;-.-------":"---------------·
-Repro duc tion -----------------------------------------. .
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· Male reproductive system -----..:.~-------------:--.,. ; ' I _ 1 • ' •
Female' reproductive system ---------,..-----7----
. . Sexual maturity · --:------.-----~-----~----:- .:..-----
. . ------------ -·-------------------------.9
Females ------- ---- - - - ---- - ---- - - ------ '-----. . Ol . ""' · , ,.
Size at first 'sexual maturity . -----------. . ..
Nwnber of spaWnings . per year ._ _________ · .. , .
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. . .. P'ar asi tism ---- ------- ·--------- ---•---------:--~----
\ ·.· Food ~nd feeding ------.:.-------------- ------------ ..:.-- . . .~"' . . ' . )
- . I • E~ology -~--.:.--~--~--------------~----------------·-•
.. . . . . . ' . . ,. Popala t~on - - ----------:--------- - ------ ---- --.------- · . . .
Structure --------~----------~---------------. .
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.. . , .. sexual ratio -----...!.-~------ -:-------.:. _____ _
. •. Distribution
. ' ·r.ocal geogr aphic distribution -------:----~ . .. - . ,
North of Buenaventura 7--:------- - -'-----:-- _:
·, s~u-£{ of Buenav~t~ra- ____ . ______ _. ______ _ . . ' •"'
Bathymetri.c distribution. of juveniles and adults --------:-------------------\-r----·
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General batqymetric distribution . . .
- F.ISHING ------.:.----~--.:..-----~~---... ·----------:._~-------• . ' ~ ..
Histo~: ~f the Pacific shrimp industry ·----~~-:-7~-:--.. 0 "\ '
Boats and fishing gear ---------------- --------- ----
Physical. characteristi cs of the Coast - ----:--------- . Q
COastal fea~ures- and fishing areas - - ---------------
S~imp p r ocessing ------:------------·----------------.• . .
Monthly landings and recruitment _,:. _______ . ________ .
Annua~ . l.andipgs . __ : ___ .._ ________________ .:, _____ ,;,. ____ _
. · Total ·effort ----.,-------------- --- -------- --.- - - ----.·
DISCUSSION --------------------------.------.--:----------
REFERENC'S ----;--- -------------.---- ------------'------- -.... .· ..
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. . • TABLE '.'
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Length and/or weight ·relat'ionship equabions
for X. riveti from the Pacific coast of . . . . . ;
Colombia, 196'9 • ----------------,.---.... - - --:-----1 ..
Monthly percentage of -sexual niatut;ity. in I •
female x'.: ri veti _____ ..;·-----;------------.:.-- · ---- ' i I
l ~ ) ~ Monthly percentage of . .Parasites found in
male arid female shrimps, north and sout:h - - I
---~-:-7---------~--~------·of Buenaventura
. . . Per cent . of different elements in stomach
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contents of X. riveti• ---------------~------¢41 0 •
Sex ratio o~ ~. r1veti North and SQuth of . . . .
Buenaventura 7-------- -------------- --------
Average catch of .X. riveti by the M/V "Cacique"
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· and env'i~nrnentjH col)ditiors. in areas North of \ ~
Buena:ventura ------------- --------- ----------· l" .. , . ·,},' . f" . . .
Average · catc'h' of .. X. riveti by · the. M/V · "Cacique" . .
a .nd environmental c9ndi ti~ns in areas South
' of Buenaventur~ ---------- - - ----------------
Depth dis~ibution of male ·an~ female
juveniles .and adults from bo1;:h North and
south of Buenaventura ----------------- ----
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XI.
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·Total 'catch and catc~ per .unit of effort
' r~dc~rding · ~o·depth range ~n the · North~n
zone of Buenaventu...-a "1969 .... -~-·-_______ _; _____ _ " r ' ' . . -.. . \ , . .
ToJ:al' catch and catch per unit of e'ffort'
~ccording to depth range in the southern~ ,.
zone of Buenaventura, 1~69 : ---~---·--~~------~ . / '. . . . some characteristics of shrimp processing
plants !~ted on the Pacific cocu;t of
. , ~ . . . .. . Colombia ___ .... __ :_ _______ ... -------~----- -.:.· __ .:.._...:_·_ ·
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XII . Some ·characteristics of the'. shrimp fleet }-
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of the Pacific coast o.f Coloml:tia• - ----- - --- - ... ..:. I
Loss of wej.ght ·in "titi '' shr.iinp ~ riveti
.thromih the proces's .of peeling and · . - . . .<>
, "" • - Cl • •
d~eining ----- ·- --- -'------- -.:.-__ ________ ,;. ____ ~ .
<> .
Annu~l landings of "titi" shrimp X. riveti
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'72
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7
• 82
of the ' Pacific coast 'of Colornbia, , l958-1~7l-- 85 .. )rv.
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Total '·landings, total 'effort and ca:tch _per .
unit. of effort .of "t~ti" • shrimp of· the... . \
# pacific· coast of Colombia ----- --- - - --- - --- - -
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FIGURE
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-ix-•, I
' LIST OF FIGURES
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~. M~p of ~he Pacific coast of Cololl\l:)ia , showing· -
. '" fishing _' sta.tion'~ and ,place names . used in the
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. :· 0 c. :· .. . te,?Ct ' ------~----;:------.--:-.~>o _______ _: ______ . ____ :__:_.., __ ::_
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xlphopenaeus riveti A1 , ·antenna; :A2 , antennu:e: .,~ .
Mi, ma'Xilltrl;;l: ms2 , . . m'axilla; Mnd1
, detail of
o mandible; ·Mnd, mandible; Mpi, first maxilliped;
Mp2,. seGond, nia~iiiipeq_l ~p3 ~ . third maxilliped
~iphopenaeus riveti · a. petasma, posterfor
~iew; · b. Petasma, anterior view; . c. -. Appendix. , .
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masc~lina; d.,Thelycum ---J-----------------------~ I
4·. Xiphopenaeus. -~i~eti'.. 'carap~c.e and total' l~ngth •• 0 '
\' frequency distributions ·of females North of ... .
j...
·auenaventura -------------------------------------
. . . . 4A; .' ·xiphopenaeus riveti~ Carapacre and total let:tgth
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~frequency dl~tributions of females South· of . . .
Buenaveritura . " -----,-----------------------------""":'---
4B. r Xiphopenaeus ~iveti. Carapace and total length
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4c.·.
f~equency distributions ?f male~ North of . •,
.Buenave~tura·-----------~----------------n--------.. .. ..
' Xiphopenaeus riveti. Carapace .'~nd tot~l ·lengf;h .. ) ,. . . ... fr~qu~ncy distribu~ion~ of ~ales Sou~h of
E\uenaventura -------------------------------------~ ., .
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FIGUJffi .
5. ·· Total length- carapace length . relati~nship ~ -... ., ..
ip' m~le and female Xiphopenaeus riveti -----------.. '
6. Total length-carapace length relationshiP. in
·m~les !:~9- f.~a:~~~ combi.~et\.f x.iph~pe.naeus . .
r 1vet1 - - --------- -------------------------------- · ~~. ,;.;..-c) . '.. . • . : ~ . . ..
7': · ·Total weight- tail wei ght :z::e'lationship in male . .
and female Xiphopenaeus riveti ~---~~-------------
. . a. Total weig.ht-tail weight relation~hiP!? in
males and females combined or Xiphopenaeus . .
riveti -------------.:0------------------------------
' 9. Total weight- total length relationships in . . . • I 'lj> ffJ
' male ' and female Xiphopenaeus riveti ------------ --. . . . ( . ·. . . . . . .
• 10. · Total ~ight-total length r elationships in
mal es and femal es"combined of Xiphopenaeus .. 0
. . riveti --------------------------------------------
11. Total weight- carapace lengtn· relationships in
male and femal e ~iphopenaeus riveti - --------------
12 . Total weight- carapace leng~h r e lationships
'i~·males and . ~emal~s combined o~ Xiphopenaeus • • , 0 •
~-~ 0 0 '
riveti -~------~----~-------------------------------
c•
? . . •' I . ..1 . . Paye' " .
. '· .
.·. ·
35 ·r
36 .
37 -~
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38 ,o
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41
42
44
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.( .. .. . '
G• ·. . . -xi-\\
FIGURE
13 . : Tail ·wei ght-carapace l ength relat;ionships :-
:;---~ mal~ and female Xiph~praeus r~veti - ---------
14 . . Tail weight-carapace length relationships
in ma\es and femal es combined of Xiphopenaeus< '
' ,, -----------------------------------------~-. .
15. Monthly modes of female x. r i veti , 1969 -------- - -...
- 16.
17 •·
Relation between the monthl y modes of one \ .
' month against t~e modes of riext . month · -~----------
' '
Growth #curve of female X. riveti. ·:-------------:--~--
Number of parasites found" in Xiphope~aeus
riveti.male~ and females at each carapa~e length -
, \
Page
. , . .~
45 ·'
46
48 '
\
49
50
59 __ ._ ...
19. Peeled and deveining " titi"_ .shrimp at .-the
shrimp processing plants of the Pacific coast . - .
of Colombia ~------------------------------------- ·80 ' ! . \ . '
Average monthly catch ' t tai l weight lb) 'and
percentage ~f recrui tinent of "titi" shrimp·
Xiphopenaeus r i veti from the Pact'tj.l coast
of Col ombia ----- - - - ----- - - - --- ---- ------ ------- - - 83
21. .Total catch per vessel-month a.nd total fishing T
effort (number of.vessel-months) for -.''titi" .
shrim~ Xiphopenaeus.riveti , 1968-1971 ----:---~-- . 88 '
. " ..
..
-
.. '
~
.
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{ .
. 'INTRODUCTION
·· The "titi" shrimp (Xiphopenaeus riveti Bouvier} is one
' . . of the most abundant sp~cies in the commercial catches on the
. ! Pacific coast of Colombia. It is caught at the .same time as
.! J
• Penaeus {L) occidentalis, P. stylirostris, ~· vann~ei, Trachypenaeus
sirnilis pi:lcificus, T. byrdi, T. faoea; Prctrachypene precipua and -¢
occ'asiona~l.Y with Pala~on (Nematqpalaemon) colombiensis. (\
In 1953, the beginning _of the shrimp industry, · the "titi"
was not reported in ·the landing statistics. However , in 1966 the
.companies located on the Pacific . coast began t? ·,expori;?: this shrimp '•
to fhe United States.
This exporta~ion provided the reason for the grow~ng economic ~
,tmportance of_ the species . Previous to this many captains. took
part of the· catch for priva~e use. and "under the table" sales,, but
in 1969 higher pay was provided for these men; givin~ them the
incentive tq land the entire catch at the · shrimp compan'ies in which 0
theywere employed. ,, \
For these reasons, as well as an int~sified fishing effort
. the fi~ures of landings have 'increased from a few thousand pounds
in 1958 ~o 3,834 , 000 tail-poun~s in 197~. This exceed~d the
~andings of the "langostino" or white shrimp (Penaeus (L} .
occidental is , P. stylirostris and P. vannamei) ~which reached
2 , 359, 000 tail-pounds in 1 971 . ,
. •
"
0
·,
J -
':. .· -2- ·
·-· The amount produced by the artisan fisher.y doe~ nd't ,
reach an appreciable percentage, but some companies,_ such as those
located in Turnaco and Guapi, buy' fr6m the a+tisan fishermen even '
the-smallest quantities (i.e . , two kg) in order ·to increase the
compan¥'s production . . :; .~ ·
~
The economic importance that this resource represents in
'•/, , this cquntry. is implicit in the recent increase in its exports.
' For _.example, in 1971 tbe exports of this species reached 2,168,360
tail-poun~s with a value of U.S . $864 ,475, Therefore , a scientific ~ .
study qf its biological cycle, its troP,hic relatio.nship and i~s · .
popul ation dynamics , is of fundamental importance in order to
maintain this resource at a rationally exploited level .
Some work previous to this paper that had been done were
the following: Smith in 1885 described the genus Xiphopenaeus .
:l __ In 1907 Bouvier described the species' riveti from some sp~cimens
collected by Rivet in P<;lita, Peru. · ·.Burkenroad in 1936 reviewed
the genus and matle some criticisms. of Bouvier's observations on
X. riveti, ~onc,luding that it was a varietal form of X. kroyeri.
" In Brazil, however, work has ·been done on the sexual
maturity (Borges, 1947·) 1 fishery biol ogy (Neiva and Wise, 1963);
population dynamics (Santos, et al., 1968) anc\_ reproduction
(Santos , et al . , 1971) ~n its counterpart, the sea }?ob, Xiphopenaeus r
kroye'ri, .of the Atlantic. · '·
.. 1 -
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'
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·. The has a ~is~ibution range from. the
northeastern·' Portion of M~ ico to ·Pa ita , .... P iura·, Pe.FU ( Pere._z', .
F. • I 1970)
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·MATERIALS AND METHODS
.. The present work was done in the Marine Science Center
. . .... ·: /
.of Buenaventura wi~lr the support of the United Nations
De~elopment P~ograrn (FAO) and· the Institute de·Desarrollo de . .. 0
los Recursos Naturales Renovables, INDERENA, of the ~~i~mbian
Gove~nment . The monthly sampling start'ed in January 1~69, and
-:·· was' continued to February 197 0 • . .
' .
In order to carry ·out objectives a local fishing vessel • • u
. wa.·s chartered monthly for eight or ' ten days U:o occupy ~tatipns ; ·.
n6rth or south o.f Buenaventura at depths of 5- (9 rn) ,· 10 (18m),
. ' 20 (37 rn), · 30 '(55 ~) an:d 40 (73 m) fathOIT!S. ' . . During this study . '
.:: the ~'titi" shrimp was ,caught at 97 of thE:! 280 stations (Fig. l)
' .
/
•··
. . . . . . . at- depths between 3. and 30 fatl1_oms. rAPPt:Oxirnately 1 , 400 · specirn~ns·
· were studied iz:t detail from the ·monthly sarnp~es c?lle:ctoo during
-; the cruises. To determine frequency distributions , ·carapace··
lengths of 9 , 319 specimens· arid total. le.ngths .of 4,503 specimens , .
·W~e.. measured . I • .,. ""'
This study,_ ondert-tlken along the Pacific coast .of ·-.
Colombia (encompassing 1,300 km) gives prel~inary 'information on ! . . .. the natural his·tory ·and~populati~n· d}rnamics of the "titi" . s_l;tr~P·
·.
•J
. . . Also, taxonomy , sexual maturity .. ' food , p~rasitisrn , sex ratio, growth, ..
fishing areas, statistics of catch and effort anp commerc~al l andings
wer e studied •
· .. ' .
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GORGONA ..... ., .. ,. .. I u " I .. : .. .,_ ... . .
•• .. TIMBIOUI , •I • 0 ' . . I G'IJA Pt BOCA 0 • ,.
I SAN JUAN t
I ' a .. .. ENSENAOA
r TUM ACO " i CABO
I MANGLARES p ~·
.. : .. #c~ ....... .. _ ... ... .. , .. _.
.t:. ..
Fig. ~ 1. Map of the : Pacifi~ · ~oast· of Colombia ···: showing fishing stations and pl~ce names . u'sed · in . the t'ext.
~
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- 6-
Population Sampling ·'
Sampling £or each zone north and south o~ .,Buenaventura
. . ~s biJl:tonthly. ·. Samples for biol~gical analysis were _collected
by the author aboard .the shl:imp vessel M/V 11Cacique" (for 12 months) . . -
·and on the R/V 11Choco11 (January·, .19?0) • I
Trawling was done f or one hour at each s tation' • . The captain
always ·tried to. maintain the-·same deP;9· . He foUowed the method of
f~shing ?sed by fishermen in· these wate~s turning in a wide circle
in each area. · Once the · t9tal catch was aboard, the comrner 6ial ( 0 •
s~~cies of· shrimp~, fish and crabs were ,separated • The total catch · "- .···
of ·"titi" was we~ghed with a sprin_g balanc~ ........ frbm the total catch
a random sample was taken .and put in a one--gallon jar with sea
water an~ ·.formalin (10%). If the .catch was large enough, ~orne of it · t .. • i 0 ... .
, ,. A;. , •
was stored ~n cloth bags or 9arqboard boxes in the refrigera~ed hold
t~ calculate later in the' laboratory conversion factors from tail . . . weight to tota~. weight •
Hydrography '·
. .
,II
I •
At the e'nd of each haul, water sample~ 'were. taken from. neal\ . · •
.. the bottan using Nansen bottles for tempera_ture andt salinity .
determinations. A COIIDllOn mercury thermaneter witJl an accuracy of ~
.. ±fr.S~C ~s used: for determining surface ~emperatures, and -a revers~g . ' :
·,
thermometer fcJ the bottom · teniper'atures. · · E,:or: th~ wa ~i: · ~a~sparency . .
. · .
' ..
- ~
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. ·
·. ~-
-' ·
\
\ I
\
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-' · .... ~ ··-.
'··
a Secchi disc was used. · :tn :some of the stations,_:. two types of
bathythermographs were used, one for depths to 30 fathoms anq the
··other for 40 fathoms or d~ep~r. . I .
-In the laboratory, from the s~ples that were preserved in f:) •
,gali~n. jars, all were measured ·for length. of carapace, then. about ;~ . ( ,:.:.p
50 specimens were chosen randomly. From these, 30 were selected ' I
for biological analysis because not ~11 of ~he pr_eserved specimens ... were in suitable condition for· such analysis. Often, irregularities ,.
' .'of preservation and rigidity caused damage .to the rostrum 'or 'telson .
For each specimen (about 1,400) the following ·data were taken: . I
carapac~ length, total length, ·total' .weight, sex, sexual mat~rity ·
(females), size of the ova, sto~ch contents, parasites, p~esence~
of spermatophores (males and females) and ~hell hardness.
"'
Lengths and Weights
Lengths··
. -Total and tail lengths were measured on a measuring board
0
graduated in millimeters. The total length was taken from the tip · '
of the rostr~ to the posteri.or extremity of the telson~ The tail ( . . · .
length was measured from the anterior edge 'of the first abdominal ·
~segment to the posterior•end of the telson. The carapace -length was
measured .With a Vernfer Caliper with an .accuracy of .±o .• 05 .mm ~ _and
was . taken from_ the ~osterior edge ·of the eye socket to the ·mid 0 ..
dorsal edge of 1;:he carapace •.
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Weights
To obtain total a~d . tail weights the spec~en was ' shaken . to rid it of excess water• Then, with an elec~ic , Sauter · type
balance with a~ accuracy of ±0 . 1 g,the weight was obtained~
., sex betermina~ion
'sex de,rmination was made simply .by observing t he presence
of a thelycum in females and a petasma in males •
Sexual Maturity
Sexual !naturity was only taken for females. With a .
"' dissection needle, a portion of th~ ovary was taken, generally fr~
.the central part located between . the cephalothorax and . ~he a~omen.
This was placed in water in· a Petri $lish with a blaq.k background .~
in order. t1 observe tne .size ~fthe .o~a with a ~tereo'sco~i.<r microscope . . . ._ j .__, . . .
Four stage~ of matuFity were identified: juveni~es, immature,
matu:ring and mature . 'l:he ova were measured in ·a water drop on· a rules
~ith a . millimete~ scale. > . , I
' · sex Ratio
Sex ratio, was est.iniated taking as a base the number of
• f~ales present each month (Kubo, et al., 1959).
Stomach· Contents ·
- '
I ~ Once the stomach was dissected out, it was' put 'in ~ter in
a P~trf dish and observatio.ns w~re t~~ade under a stereoscopic
. . . · mJ.croscope.
• .. . .. · . ·\ .. :
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ParasitiSm c
~
.. ~ ·~· F~f.5'a study of the incidence of parasites, 'fiv.e · sp7ci.mens· . . ;.~-'.,··. . . . rando~~taken from each sta~ion sample; the carapace length were
J • • •
· was measured and . the sex determined. The observations were made
· in the cephalothoracic cavity only.
Conversion Factor from Tail Weight to Total Weight . ·,
In order' to obtain. a . conv.ersion . factor'· 3,000 ' g of ~hole• . . . . . . . ·. ' • I • :
shrimp _in good condition were weighed on· an Eiko balance with a~
accuracy of ± so· g. The tails were removed and the total tail
weight 'was obtained on the same balance • • Q
Gr~phs
' . Frequency distribUtion graphs of .total .and carapac~ .length.s . .. :
were made from monthly samples. For to~al. ~~ngth, they were gro~ped
in 3 millimeter c l asses and for ~arapace length, one millimeter
~lasses. This was .done for path sexes ..
To calculate ' length and/or weight re~ationships, ·the least . 0
·~quares formula was used.
.• ' -I •
·. Estimation of Growth . \
For. estimating the parameters of· growth, the method· · ...
described by Dos Santos and Da Costa · {1964) was followed. . . . ' ~ ·. . In this
. . . . " metho?, the representati~~ mon~hly modes of a - ~ength, frequency
. r
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·.
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distribution are plotted ·'
the monthly modes.~f · one
•.
·.
·'· -10-
against the lengths (Fig ~ ~5). I Th~n,
mo~~h are plotted ag~in~t t~~ 1 ~es. ~f next. month and curves are adjustedT(Fig. 16) •
• I ' 'r
.To show groWth _in a g;aph~c form, the von Bertalanffy gro~h
curve· was u'tilized-: ·
where: 'Lt.'
Leo
Lt L oo · 1-e k (t- t )'
0 , .
length .of individuals with age .t ·· ·. · ·
-• • • <" •
•. is ' the maxim~ asymptoti~ c~rapace · length that . ,$l. . .;
a specimen wou1d · attain under specif~c conditibns · , • -: • • .. #
is the relative rat~ of approach to L oo , .
. t0
is the theoretical age at zero carapace length
in the present - ~tudy, the female carapace length frequency
distirbutions of _samples taken aboard the M/V "Cacique" we:re used .
Estimation of Recruibnent ...
Specimens up to 18 ~ carapace length (85 mm ,total length)'.
fished on the fishing grounds through :7im• of ~ampling were
considered as recruits.
.. . In order to make an estimation of r~cruitment ~uring ·the
time ot' t~ls study, 'two m~thods were used: firs~. t:he shifting of
.·
...
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. '""? .. the modes less than 18 mm carapace length in the graphs of length
• "" • oi
frequency distirubiton, and second, the same data were expressed ·. . .. ., in percentage and plotted against months of observa~ion.
I •
statistics •
Landings . In Buenavent,ura, the "titi " shrimp is landed "h,eads-o.ff"!.
. . while in TUmac: ·and Guapi. the m~?ori~y of the ~hr.im)landed· is
"heads..:on": • These two fishing '!-reas are clo~e to ,the ·~actori~s and . . . ... fishing. 'trips have a duration of on~ dayJ therefore allowing "heads-
~ . ~ .. . .. on" shrimp ~o be land'ed. For this reason, · most of th~ landings were . .. .
• 1 convertf!d to tail weights .u.sing "o·. 61 . as th~ c~nversiori factor •
. . In orde*~ estimate the c~tth per unit -.eff?rt t ·he m~~er
' fishermen in Buenaventura were in~ervl~~ed . · These interviews were . ~ . .o
onducted usi.ng ·the following headirigs_:· . .
ship name, fi~ing areas, ·
1~ths, · species. ~o~;osition. and catches . , . . . . The~e records were noi:·:·::J
t • . ~ - . •• 0 ' . .. 7
<.:
obtained dail:y, no! from (}.11 t1
h~. master .fishebnen . . Much. of;-the dafa• ( ·:
~s not rel iable . In order to avoid discrepancies, a Catch Record . . . ~,
I •
.·
,Book was p~epared which was distribu~ed to ' the c~ptai~s , but ~he
r_esu1t ~~s n'egative because. rrl'~tr ?f t:_~~ ~.~a~ged .vessels' a'nd o~~ers
..
.· did. not ~ake ~triQs due tq Mgl~g~:ce. . ~ · . · • .
~~ The statistical data of' the 'tota~ .1an?ings .wElre obtained p
·-· I •
: from 1968 to 1971 ~rom the r eceipts· that each. company recordea for .. each vesseL: . Before ·1968 there were ~data compil:_ed by Perez (1963)'
•• • Q • • > •
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and Pal~·olos .~(Ms, ~.967)"' but these .. were · ~ot utilizeg for· the ·. . . t . . · '
I e'stun;t:ion ~£·catch' per· Uni~. of effort'·because they were 11-C?t . ' . \1 • • • . - • • Co , ; ~ ' • ...
0
' .
. ·~
·reliable, sfn~e, · as was explained.b~~ore, the catches of the "titi",.: · .. , .
. . . (J ..... ,. ·~ ~· shi:lfip_ wer~. n~t . ~1.1. l<h~!}~a .
, ,, . . n o>. ..
t ". ~ , . .. 0
~-ffective · --:·~ . As mea sur.~e!lts~ of f.:i.shing . effo:t",t the pumber of . ·--- . . -:: -. .
,4 . • ' < ~ th~ hours of fishing , ·.the number; of vessel-months'. and number of . ' ·. . . ,
;s trips that all the vessels of. the•Pacificr shrimp fleet ~a~-1 each -. ' . . \ . . - ,v
\ n ~
year were utilized; I
'·
The term "yess~l-months". means the total annual amount of ... I
operated fi7' .t;:h~ m.nnber .of vessels · which monthly, that is ,' which · .. . ..
" ,../ ' f • 1 ,
at l~a~e · once-during a.mont;h. •• .. ... , ... · ~ ' /' ~ . .. .
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GenQtype :
. -14- ... . }
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· '
The . firs~ generic description was that of Smith (op~ cit.):
The genus, which had been united with Penaeus by Miers and Kinsley (and was not referred to by Bate), was ~pparently ~valid one~ It differed ·from the three gener~ already defined in the great length of the fourth and £iftq pereaeopod~, of which the propodi are multiar~iculate and flageliform, a~ in Benthoec~tes. CThis is characteristic of the female as weli ' as the male). it agreed with Penaeus and Parapenaeus. and it differed from Hymenopenaeus · in the, form of the mandibular palp. It agre~ with Parapenaeus and Hymenopenaeus and differed frqm Penaeus in the short and unsegmented . endognath of the .first max'illa and in ·,having no bra'nchiae on the f,ourteenth somite; and i~. agreed with Hymenopenaeus and ~iffered from Penaeus and Parapenaeus in the lo~ flagella of the antennulae. ~he ~bra~chio-epipodal formula was the same as in Parapenaeus constrictus. In t~e type species, the epipod of the maxilliped WaS prolonged in a sle~der but not segmented tip, and there were exopods at the bases of all' the pereiopods.
The ·following generic description w~s that o~ Burkenroad (op. c~t.):
, The genus is conf.ined to America. It is distinguishable from Trachypenaeus by the multiarticulate dactyls of the last two pairs. of ·thoracic legs, the· long antenrmlar flagella 1 and the abse~ne r ·om the carapace of the adult of a transverse suture; Alcock, 1906 had
' ~rroneously stated that the tra~sverse suture was prese_nt . / is strupture is, · however, present in three preadults of X. riveti about 25 rnm in length and it is faintly indicated ' in somewhat larger individuals of ~ kroyer! . The rostrum. loses its distinctive styliform appearance· in the preadults, and is "quite similar to that of Trachypenaeus, while the number 6f joints of the dactyls is reduced. An additional difference bet.ween., Xiphopenaeus and Trachypenaeus is supp~ied by the telson, which is completely' unarmed in the . forrner. The basis of the external maxillipeds is unarme~; the ·basis and :the ischium of the first legs only are armed. The first pleopod f ·the female lacks a rudimentary endopOd such as is perceptible in Trach enaeus similis and many · oth~r ~enaeidae. Xiphopenaeus resembles section two of division one of . Trachypenaeus in the single, transverse opening· of the unpaired picket of its tlielycurn.
' . •
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•. -15-;- ..
.. · Species name:
The t:YPe specimen is · pr~surned to be located in the Museum
d 'historie .naturelle, Paris, France •
••
ura, Per.u .. A • •
. ,,
.., D.iagnosis :
X. riveti is illustrated in Figure 2. Bouvier showed a .
drawing of- the cephalothorax only in his or~ginal descr ipti.on . . . 1 .
The following.diagnosi~ is transla~ed from the original French ·
'given by Bouvier.~/(op : cit .) :
Xiphopenaeus riveti sp~ nov:
This species shows all the Xiphopenaeus characteristics describe~ by Smith (1885) with a branchial formulae simil ar to that of .!!_ kroyeri Heller, which was formerl,y the only ~pecies:. of the genus.
Pereiopods ' il·1 d Max1 1pe s . \ '
. v IV III II . · I III II
Pleurobranchiae .o 0 1 1 1 1 0
Arthrobranchiae 0 1 2..., 4 2 2 2
...
I
0
0
Epip . arid Podob~ ti~
e 0· Ep . Ep. Ep.· 0 Ep.+l Ep. v . :.,
• Exop~ites. 1 .1. 1 1 1 1 1 1
......... ~ > '•
. .,
0
,-
I'!J., ·~
II •
., -
.·
0 ..
..
..
.·
-- 16-
·The characters whicl} distinguish the present specie:r -f~om !.:_ kroyeri
are the f~llowing : l. - The median .. dorsal car ina of the carapac~ , .
instead of being very slig~t, is more pronounced althpugh obtuse.
' 2. The rostrum is notably shorter than the carapace and ·on the
other hand reaches the height of its incurved part • . 3 . The convex
part of the rostr?l carina .is rather less pronounced than in x. ,.
kroyeri and has . four teeth instead of five, the anterior- or fifth
tooth remaining rudimentary. 4 . The inferior antennular f l agellum
0
_equals at most one-quarter and not one-half of the· superior flagellum. , , :
5. The dorsal carina ·of the fourth abdominal segment ends in a small
point . as well as that of the next segments.
There is a narrow and deep longitudinal fur~ow in the gast r i c 1\
region; the exopodites of. the s~cond and. third roaxillipeds are of the
same ·length similar to those of~ kroyeri, but are relativel y wider.
The last articu.lation of, he aritennal peduncle is medium in. length
and does not reach the middle of the scale.
In .. brief, this species has close affinity' wi th X. kroyerL
but it is more typical of the description bf the genus Xiphopenaeus 1 ~ j
~t. replaces ~ kroyeri on the west coast of America. Xiphopenaeus·
kroyeri is common in Brazil and the Antilles (West Indies). It. was . - .
described from two adult females which measured a little more than· .
170 nun -from the tip of the .11'ostrum to the extr_emitf ~f the te~son. ·
-.
. ,
. '
(
' '
·. )
' .
I
... -17-
. . T~e thelycurn is a wide shield truncate posteriorly that occupies
th~ ·;pace between the two pairs of legs. It is composed o~ two
parts , separated pya deep transverse sulcus· convex in front. Its
anterior part is a narrow transver'sal· ba:nd with a median crest.'
Objective Synonym:
Xiphopenaeus kroyeri riveti Bouvier; · Ri9ja, 1942, ·Estudios
ca.rcinologicos. XII. .- Anales Inst . Biol. XIII, No. 2, p. 680.
Mexico. .
Rio)a ' described the' petasma, the appendix masculina
and the sternites of the last segments of the .thorax of tvro males
13~ and 90 rnrn in length.
. . Key 'for the Species:
Loesch and Avila, 1964, Bol. Cient . Tee. Vol. l,~No. ~, ·
p. 4. Ecuador. Per ex , F. I. , 1970, Inst. Invest. Biol. Pesq.
Serie Divulgacion . Mexico. Instr. (3) : 50.
Taxonomic Status:
Xiphopenaeus riveti is a morphospecies .
Vernacular· Names: r tf
' - . ., ...
Xiphopenaeu s r i vet i ·is· known as "ti ti " . . in Salvador ,
Nicaragua, Pa~ama, Colomb~a and Ec~ador; ·~ometirnes' i~s · vulg~r n~e
r •
·· . ..
is ,associated with the genus Protracnypene and Trachypenaeus (Lind~e~ , .
1957; Croker., 1967). "Bobalon" shrimp .and "siete barbas" i~ ·Mexico; .
.. 1
. .
'./
' .
·.
.,
0
/ •
..
I
.• ..
\\
·-
~·
, ..
:-18- . - .
· "brown ,shrimp.", ~pgether with Protrachypene precipua, Trachypenaeus ~ · .
byrdi and .!.=.._ faoea in Costa Rica, -and in Nicaragua ."ca~roncillo"
in the Gulf of Fonseca or "chacalin" (Lindn~r, 1957; Croker, 1967;
Perez, F., 1970).
. Morphology IJ ·
External Morphology
See "lso d·iagnosis by Bouvier (p. 27).
' (I l Size R&lationships
This is a small commercial species: the carapace le!lgth in
" males (3,360 specimens) ranging from 12 to 28 mm in length, and. ~n
females (5,959 specimens) from 12 to 40 mm . The rostrum in the males
(for 9 specimens ranging from 17· to 20 mm 'in carapaqe length). _was .
. between 19. to 22 mm in length; and i .n the females (for 17 specimens ,
ranging from 19 to 26 nun- in carapace length) · was between 21 -to 32 nun ' ' .
. . . in length·. The length for the sixth abdominal somite in the. ma~es
J •••
(9 specim~ns) ranged from 10 to 12 mm; and . in the females (17. specimens}
from · a· to 12 mm. The longer antennular flagellum when intact was
198 mm A length for one male with 19 rnm carapac.e length; in tQe
females for one specimen \\ti th 32 nun carapace length the lo_nger
antennuiar flagellum reached 270 mm length •
. ·
Main Characteristics ..
• I
. The carapace covers the cephalothorax and ·carries an up~urve!d
rostrum which i~ longer ··than the ·carapa?e. The· rostr~·i formula was
•' ' .
. " f.'.
'.
i'\, I
,< • • •
-19-
0 .. . . ,
:~ .· '
4 - . 7 + !•.although ~ost of the specimens (ca. 99%) had the ·o ~
following: 5 ·+ 1 .spines. pIn frorit of tne._epj.Qpstric ~p~ne were · 0
8 tq 16 setae. Between each· pair of the next spines were inter-. '
calated 20 to 34 setae. Ventrally I from the second to the fourth
dorsal spine 1 there . wer_e as many . as ?~ setae. The ~arapace had
praninent hepatic and _antenna! spines and a strong spine as the
base ·of the antem1al scale .
The first pereiopods were the smallest· (the fifth pair
being the longest)·. · Its ba·sis a,nd is<;:hium .had a strong sp:i.~e ._at ' " I ..
their distal part. . On the i:nternal and . external sides they had tufts
of setae. The ~ropodus had six tufts of setae on the inner side·.of
the paim.
I
• The second pereiopods. were largel;' than the first with a ··few Ill
tufts of setae ·and the propodus and dactylus wer~ large with straight
tips.
The third pereiopods were toothed on the inner faces. of the
propodus arid dactylus {the first and second pe~eiopods also): -t:~e ·· I ,.
mertis and carpus were ·slender. ·The ischium of the fourth and fifth . .. . . " .
pere.io~ h~ the -same length, and in the fifth the merus and carpus
' ·~we~e · ~arger than in the ~ourth.
pereiopods was one-:-suth larger
The ischium in _the four-th and fifth '
than that of the fourth; The carpus
of the fifth · pereiopod· was one-third larger _than that of the fourth.
. "
•' .
• 0
·.
. :
'.
·'
·'
; . Q
--·-,.-·, ..
. .
. -
..
·,
.. , - 20-
I ... i
The dactyli · of the fourth and fifth pereio!>ods were almost equal:
in size.
The exopod of the firi?t pleopod .;reaches the hepatic spine - .. ' '· . .
'- . of' the cp.rapace . In females there are no endopods while in males
they are transform~d into a petasma . All the rest of the plet;>pods
had a setose endopod which reached half the length o~ the exopocl. · \ .
The first thre.e somi.tes 'of the abdomen were ·smooth; all the
other· somites had a dorsal crest a·~d a terminal spine. The pleu:t;a
were ro~nded and setO$E! ventrally. The sixth somite ventrolaterally 0 • •
had a spine at the posterior end. The telson was a little ·longer . ,·, . . than the sixth somite . on the dorsal side of the tel·son there was
a fissure near · the posterior end and it terminated ~n a single point . ... .. .
The tel son also .~s setose. The external edges of the exopods of
the. uropods were straight and without setae and were rounded at the
end . .
· Som~other features shown in F~res 2 and 3 are ' the ,
following:
af The ·maxillulae (MXl) had three lobes: two endi:tes ., .
which had apical setae; the second endite had eight plwnose s~tae
at· its' base and thr~e . brlstle_s on its median portion. The ~ndopod
had· setae on the anterior , pos~erior and l ateral portions •
I •
-.\' . ·:t . ...
. .
.. · ..
.., :
. '
...
..
.·
. t?. ~
.. .
9
Mnd ·
0 3mm I 1 I 1
-21-
Mpl
lmm .J.---..1.
FIG. 2. Xlphopenaeu5 rivetr · A1 .... antenna: A2, antennule! Mx1 maxillula; Mx2, "rnaxfl.la: Mndl-ml .af mandible: Mndr mandJble~l Hrst maxflllped; . . Mp2, secon·d .maxlllipe'd; Mp3 . third .maxllliped •
- 22 - ·. -----·-··- -- -----. - ----- ·- - - ·- :·-------"l:-- .... ----· ----. ·---,
.-----·-~-·
. {$
~ 0 2-.
...
\
.· ··--·-· . -. ~-·-- ___ _:'_.J
. I ----.:. - · . .. • - ·-,• -
L ____ : ______ _
. r . ) D
...-- ·---- ... __ - -· -. .
i
I_
. T. l 0 IIIII
_.,.__..&-_I.._• ~
o ......
~ . I l .: -- ·- -- ~lJ I •, .
., .... --··- - FIG. J.Jciphopenaeus.·ri.veti a. Petatima, posterior view: .. -
. - ·b. Petasma, a~terior view~ a. AppendiX: m&fJCUlina :' . . ·- ..... ------ - -- .... -- .
. l
• • 0 ... ·-----=- --· -- - · ----- ...... 0 -· • • •
d. Theiyewn • - - - -· ----·. -··· _ .. ____ ._ ___ . --- -.:··-- -- ... --~-·-·- .... ----
r -:· .. - . )
'· .•. .·
I .. .•· .:.23- . ...
~
b>: . ·-The maxillae (Mx2) had t~ setose endites in its \ . \ . ...
' apical portion; tne e_ndopod had . some · apical setae. The
.~
~caphognath~~e had a fring~ of setae. . .. \ '
. . c) The mandible (Mnd) had calcified incisor and mandibular
. '! ·'
I
pr;ocesses . (Mnd 1) and a lamellar pafp which was . in two sections
an.d fripge~ with setae. ...
/.
(
d) The1 .setose ·endopcxl of the first maxilliped (Mpl) was
. . .longer than the rocopod an4 formed· by five portions. f I
17
, .. e) The endopod of " the third maxilliped · (Mp3) was divided
0 .. in five parts also . ..
._ . , :...
f) The setos~ exop~s of the second (Mp2) and third· (Mp3) ·
• 1ft, • •
niaxil:kipeds h"ad· sa~o~th edges.
g) . T~e peta~a was. T-shaped. The lateral projections · had
-sawtooth edges.
h) ·The appendix ma.sculina was setose on · its. ventral ·portion. . . .. ..... .
i) The thely~um had a tranS-verse ' suture towards its p
·'
a~r ior end sepa~a ~ing it into t'WO part:s eXternally:
. ·.·
\
.· .l.-.. __ _,) -
,.
·. .,
('
'. I,'
. (.-
' .
...
t
"' ..
.· -
0
I •
..
...
·-
. ,
... ...
/ • •'
-24-
. DISTRIBUTION
. r
. . .
. ' Xiphopenaeus riveti was originally described from ~ai!:a,
Peru· (~ouvier·, 1907) . · Rioja (1942) made observa,tions oh two
specimens fran the Gulf' of California . Lindner (1957) and 'Croker ..
(1~7) gave the geographic distribution as between· Mexico and
Ecuador. The distribution of :x. riveti is therefore in the ·
"Pa~if:i.c ~anamic zoogeographi'C province" which begins in 'the Gulf
of .California to· the 'northeast of Mexico. and extends ·southward to ,p
. . the north ~f Peru, comprising a lengt_h o~ shore .line of more than
4,500 nautical miies (Olsson, 1961) • .. : ..... -
Details of Distribution
Loesh ·and Avila (1966) say that they d.id not ·capture
x. riveti in the estu.ary 'of Data, Ecuador, "although many' of them
. are present in the sea at a few miles from its mouth".· They caught
nine specimens in the, estuary of the Moro. They concluded that
this .. shrirnp showed preference for the zone at the mouth of the
estuary. .Croker (1967} (tiased po~sibly ori Loesh and hvila 's paper)
said ~hat the "tig~r" shrimps spent a great ~rt of thei~ lives
• • ....... I •
in lagoons and . estqaries, whl.le the "panadas" and "ti,tis" did not . . ..
..
· enter .' the estua:dne ~~.~rs. My· obsarvations indicate that .~ riveti " ... · .
may be foun~ in the estuaries but its presenci~- c~uld be due to
. tidal influences.
I ..
. ·' ·. .,
-'
'•- ...
:·
0
·.
.·
--·'
.# • ,
·.
·:
.;
,. ... .,. ... ~ .... . . . ..
- 25- . ' ,.
Q
Adult~ \ . . .,q.
Adul~s were ~ound between deptJ:ts of less than five .to ·. ten , · ·'\
.. . · , f~thorns, but once it was captur.ed at twenth to thirty fathoms. ,.
. '
----
'- .
Length Frequency Distributions • . . /
The four length freque~CY: .distribution .graphs (Fi gs . 4, p X
. . 4A, 4B .and •4C) we.r·e used to estimate the major periods of recruitment
'- I . e during the samp~in9 year ·and afSO to find some evidence of fishing . ) . pressure on the stocks. The graphs were derived from tWo steeRs of . - .
. .shi:irnps divided into two parts south and north of ~uenaventura. •
> •
rn' order t o assist with these es'tirnations , arbiqary :
vertical . lines ·were drawnl at lengths of. 18 and 28 mm (cara~ce :
.. length) .f~r. females, and at 18 and 22 mm '£or males. The se lines • ' \0 ' • l> I .
separat ed two size groups, the small and ~ge .siz~s, .. a~· wel~, as ...
the modal size ~ of the monthly fre~e~~y. : l · · -. I ' 6 ' ...
~ .
Recruitment
• I
Recrui'tment was defined as "E;nlisting newcomers to an .apult
. ~ . population consisting of p<;>tential breeders11• (Wynne-Edwards, · 1967 ,
. -
to-
p. 4~6).
. . RecrUitment was indicated by tpe relatively numerous small
shl:;irnps (juvenil,es) during the ;last months of 19&.9, (Octob~r, November.,
a~d Decemb~r) ~nd at the b~gi~ning of 1970 (January and February) I. J
(Figs. 4, 4A,' 4B and 4C) •
,
, ' . "< ..
'· . I
.. . •
o , .•
.. ()
"
. .
:':..
..
• {I
.....
..
) •.
. " ::; .;
.. .
.. ;··
.. / .•
.. · ..
-26- .· ·. .'
~ In general, ·it was found that a displac.ement: of the mode . .. .
occurred shifting to the left of the modal ·size· ~ougho}lt, the . . · 1 ··. ' .
t eax of ~ampling. This would 'indi~ate that a large numbet of • t ' ••
shrimp, .ot sm~ll and-medi~'-size~, . .. . . D .
;,ere recr~ited. r~:) the fi-shing
,. grou~ds periodically.
0 ~.r
'·
· '·
'I~; ... o, ' .,
. -If recruitment was continued for a period ' of _ three to
four· months, and .if it can be presumed t~at growth in tropical
~ · waters is rapid, a modal displacement to the right side of the . ,. .
.
,, ~
.distribution or the pne'sen?e of various modes would occur. Once
<i the recrui~nt was over, it was anticipated that the size range
~ ' ;. .
would ~ecr~ase because the shrimps tha.t were growing wez::e_, being·
fished ana also because th~re were none or ver~ f~w shrimps e_ntering . -... ~he J~pulation. T~~s wa~. found for the months of March anq M~y ·i~
• .
(Uim~les ~from the north~ and in ~une and oece~ber south ot Buenaventura~"
., ' .. - Although the picture was not as clear· 'for males, due· to the ,
narrower length range , the sam~ was found to occur in March north
· of Buenaventura. ~ •
If the shrimps with large sizes to. the right . of the--arbitrary
lines; 28 mm for females and 22 mm for males. were con!3idered, it ceul.d
be seen that this group was smaller in Octob~~ 1969 and in February b t ' (
'1970 . All other month~ were fofmd to have this group present but in ., • .•
a greater 'propqrtion -t~n in the above months. Therefore, .it could
. ...... ,,.. .. I
' .
.•
-·· ~
,.. ... ·· ~ ~
· .
.; ..
' ·
..
. · ....
. ,
I>
• )
. ...
'
.J . • •'
!
·'-._
. . __. .- .. _.. ... .. ,.
. · .. .~~~ · · :.. ; · - · ..... ... <.; _ _..-
-· ~ .• .., ._ .. ·.
. · ·~ - 27-
~ .. -· . ·.
.. be said :that during 1969 and the beginning of 1970· recruitment
, . ~ . . 1 .
occurred during five months, from 0Qtober , l969· to Februa~y -1970
Fishing Pressure· ~ ~
Another factor 'to be considered was that of fishing pressure
which' reduced the numbers of.shrimps. The net mesh size tends to be ' .,.
~selective and to some ~tent it captures larger sizes and allows . . . ,
j~venil~s to escape •. This implies that there ~s a tendency to I
reduce the shrimp sizes, in spite of the ' rapid growth of these
shrimps . , Therefore, the mode has a tendency to shift to the left,
·or. to a smaller size group . This co~ld also occur ' in'periods of ..
·' high recruitment because the proportion of small s~imps Would
be greater. .· " .·•
... . · ' '·
': . , . . .
. ' 1 . . . See ·a l so another approac~ to· recruitm~nt on p ~ ~oo •
\ .
' . ' •r
... _...
..
0 • •
~·
:
• I
I ,, -28-. ,...--,.---.-..r---..,.------,.-·--______...~__, ,. ,. . • - #
%., MARCH 1969 141&1 .I · ~ .· • U6Tl
~t%
10 10
I
MAY 1969 %'1s
" 15 %
( 4171' (2121
10 10 . · ~ Q
5 5
"' .. •• "'-, ,) •.
JULY 1969 .. % ,1!1
: ( 168) •s%
I\)' 10
"'
5 5
" . ... OCTOBER 19~9
I!)
.. ~ : % 15 I
cn9l IS %
(630) I ~ r .. , . I·
10 10
5 a
NOVEMBER 1969 % 15 111%'
. (2171
\
10 10
r·
II •
% -· 10% 10 I ' I . FEBRUARY 1970 ~
'. . .. .. .. II 11esl
II ,.
. 10
; 10
II t I
y- I ' ·. ..
' . . JUNE 1969 1231"1 .. %
( 4 99) .. ~· ' % II • t..· · ..
~-..-:.-.: . ~r:-- · ... s
, . 10
" ... --~~6:· . "' ~ .. , .. :~· · · .. . : .
~· . .. I .. - I
:
- .. ~EPTEMB~ 1969
(306) (711) ""~ IS % % II I
l -..
10 10
.. I ••
!: OCTOBER 1969 ·" 1238)
IS % f8:50)
"' II
10 10
"···· I s s
% zo I % ,. .. DECEMBER 1969
(188)
to I 1414)
r 15 II !
10 i 10 .. . ·
•' : .. ;
;; - 0 .. , .. I 8 . ..
"· II
: (~9)- •
JANUARY 197'b U22) IS %
~
10 10
• II
.J I
JUNE 1969 . ' ( 4 99)
.. , ( 231) % 18
I lit%
I . 10 t 10
• .. II
~
\)
I I ( 751)
SEPT EMBER 1969 (30&)
')(, I '- I I 15 %
I ·.
10 10. r-,.-:'~ ...
~. •
9CTOBER 1969 - 1630) 1238)
"' ·" 15 •.4
,. 10 10
• · II
I
i. % 20 DECEMBER 1969
10 % ' . . ..
(414) ( 188 )
18 · 15
10 10
-8 ~- II
-' "1. Ill (36 9) I JANU~RV 1970 1122 ) 15 %
I .,.
'\_ 10 10
• G .
1Z 14 te 18 20 Z2 14 26 21 30 3Z 34 311 38 40 1111 1M 100 1011 IQ • ll8 124 130 136 14Z 148 D4 160 158 •
CARAPACE LENGTH (mm) TOTAL L ENGT H (mm)
• f . ' . -
F~G. 4 ,A. Xiphopenaeus riveti carapace ·and tota l l enqth frequency
. l.. -~'-~ -·~. ' diotributions . of -.remal<•• South:! ·aU.enaventu~.
% 20
• 16
10
· . 5 ..
% -20
"~~~ '• Ill .
10
0
5
% tO
15
. i
10
•
% 10
,._ .. Ill
10 -.
'
% 10
IS
' · 10
•
% II
~
12 47 1 .I .J I
. : ~
I L l
...
( 2051
~
•
'
I
. ,• .
I
.,....._,
; .
..:.30-
MARCH 1969
11491 ao%
'· · • 10
'\l . • I
• . I
•
MAY 1969 • 10%
quJ
15
•' 10
~ .. •
. ·'
io% JULY 1969
( 1471 II
' 10
# • . ., 10%
OCTOBER 1969
. t 245) II
\,. 10
• ~-
NOVEMBER·· 196~ ro .% ..
I' (83, .. ••
· "tt • ., u%
FEBRU4RY 1970
_;____]
•
.·
..
• ... .
, I ,.
.. .
' •
Ia
10
•
% 'ao
15
10
5
% ao
18
\ . .. 10
•
% ao
1a
10
% ••
ao
18
tO
•
: I
'r ·
..
..
1-r .. JULY 19~9 .
. .
OCTOBER 1969
\ • '
NOVEMBER 1969
.-
'· FEBRUARY 1970
, .
10 II! 14 Ia Ia 1!0 22 1!4 l!a t8 JO U J4 M M 40 ' 4t
CARAPACE LENGTH (mm)
"ri
~
.....
. ()
~ 9 •
·~
· ( 14TJ
('
'245) I
.. .
IJO 141 114
LENGTH (mm)
.,
4 :s. Xiphopeinaeua · riveti carapace . an<S ·t 'otal' ).ength. frequency .· ' r::e. . . . . ~
. '
distributions of malea •North of Buen•ventu~a.
IS
10
•
ao·J<»
18 .
10
•
~
Ia
10
•
1811. • .
10
•
aa%
ao
Ia
10
• •
i , .. ' I J
1' ! l
l 1
, .. .
'
..
•
""-' "' - -~-
••
"' .. " ...
"' .. .. •
) •
•
. IJ .. l JUNE ~ '""' ..
•
..
DECEMBER 11118
\
, .. ,
••••touM••••at••,. ~APACEJ..El(GTH (lm\L
FIG. 4 c;. Xipbopenaeua riveti. carapace·. and total length
------ frequency diatribu~iona of males south of
\ Buenaventura. ·
..
...; ... J
1· . ., ~ · .
' .
· ~ --, ------·--·-. .
. ·l.. tJ/. ·'-... ___ ...__ _____ _
0
.·
' .
. .
.-
. . '~
· ~ .
BIOLOGY
Length and;or Weight Relationships <() •
. .
The following morphometric relationships were obtained . '
for males and females separatefy, as ~ell as :a · coiDbination 0~ the
sexes:
-- Total len<}th: Carapace length ·'
Total weight: Ta~l weight
-~ a. Tota1 'tleight:
l .. . Carapace length
"' I length Total weight: Total
'.I' ail w~icjht: Carapace length
. The calculated equations are shown in Table ! ' with their .
respective correlation coef~icients . The .graphs for these
equations are shown· also in Figs. 5 to 14.
Total Length Carapace Length Relationship
~he total· length - carapace length relationship was .
obtain!d for 471 males and 792 females, ranging. in the former ' f . . . . rJ:! .
between 13 to 27 ~ in carapace length, ·and in .the latte~ between
12 to 35 mm in carapace length.
Males. always showed a greater increase in toea! length . .4: . . .
'than females, thus, f~~ each mill±meter. of· t~c~ement in carapace . .. . I
length, males increased 3 . 8 times 'in total length. In . females
the relati~nship was. 3. 5 times (Fig . s~:
I ' .I
;.
I •
.. ·.
- / / ·.
-·
c o',
-.
·1 0
' . '0
.,
o'
~
0 .
' 0 ,o 00
.. .. ········ . : ... ··· "'
. • ......... ~ ..
'l'ABLa %. IAilgth and/or weight o re~Uoil•hip equatloae fC?r &• fi!ittl tft.. ~lle Jaoifio OO&IIt of COlombia, 1; 96,9, Graph• ~o iliuatnte th .. a equat:ioD• ua 1ft P19•· 4 - 1.&. ('1'01 0• total length, · CL • earaP..ee le~, 'l'aW • ot:ai:1 veight,!'OW . • total yeigbt,> •
Po
blatioaehip
'fOL/CL
'foL/CL
'l'oL/CL
'J'oW/'l'aw ,
'fOW/'l'aW
'toW/'l'aW
~/c:r..
'tOWi cL ~W/CL
'tOW/'fOI.\
'l'OW/'toL 0 - 0
'fOW~Ol. :
'raW/ CL
!aW/a.
'h'W/CL
. .
M 'rOLl 3 . 798 CL + 17.00795
·-p ~LI 3~518 'CL + 21. 64
M + r - 'toLl 3.521 . +
M 'l'OWI 1.554 'laW + ' , r 'l'ClWI 1.790 'l'li.w
M·+ r I
'fOWl 1.799 'fa¥ - 0.602
M 'fOWl 0.0028 CL 02.521
: - r 'l'oWa o.oou CL 2.780
M+P 'l'OWt 0 . 0033 CL 2.444
Jl 'l'OWa 1.016 X 10- 6 !'oL12 •8~4 0
.,_ ,. r
M+r
M
r .
'l'OW1
'l'aWa
'l'aWa
3,03 X 10- 7 ''l'OLIJ.l6p l
. 688 : 0 .:00106 CL ~ •
0.00134 a.2 •563
K + P TDWa 0.00206 ct.2 •436
:. l
oonela~~on
raetor
0.993
0~ 995
0 . 997
0.997
0.991:
0 . 985
0 . 997
0 . 988
0.~94
0 . 998
0.984
0.990
0.995
c.L. Range o JI!'ll
15-33
13-33
14-26
15-35
14-35
13-27
14-36
-13-36
64-124 • .
64-145 • <·.
64-145 *
0 14-36
13-36
Jro.ot •pectaane
471
792
1263
458
777
125~
4~4
790. •.
1254
472
799
1271
46.& \
790 . .P '!'
125.&
------- -- ·--- 0 -------- ---
_.o o'
• I
0.
.
I w w I
/.
• ll
. , · .. . .
. -3.4-
(/ · . $-4: •
p 0
For males and females combined (1,263 specimens), the
·. ..
• relati,onsh~P was inore near to that of the females · shown separately.
J
The incremen~ in total length was 3. 5 times the carap~ce length ·
(Fig. 6) . . . .. t
Total Wei~ht - ~ail Weight Relationship b
The total weight - tail weight relation~hip obtained from . .
the .. avera~ed weights of 777 fernal_es i~dicated that the 'increment ·. ,. . . . .
in total weight had a d i rect relationship of 1· 790 times,· on the
.. average, · for each .gram o~ increase in tail wei ght .
·-J . ...... : ........ ............. :········· ·· · :'·'···· ····· ··· · 'i;; ··4sff.'m~'ie'9'''t:iie '·.tncrease· · in·· t~tal .. w.~~9~)as 1 ~554 t~es, · . ·
• " • • • ' • II
. on thE7 aver~ge, f~r each ,gr~ of inc~ease.in .th~ . : ·i;~~ ·-~~ ··th~ .t~i:r ·: ·': ~ ........ : .:: .. ~: .......... .
. . . . '
....
. / .
. .r'
,
Females h~d the gr-eatest range in weight ' (1 - 11.5 g for tail
weigh~ ~nd 1 - . 18. 5 for to_tc;l w~ght) • . Furthermore'. theY' showed a
. . g:~fr increase in totpl weight for each' .interval of ta\1 weight ,
' than males (Fig . 7).
For all the sp~cimens (1,254 males and females, with an .
increase of one gram in . tail weight the -total· ~eight increased· by . . . . .· .~ . )
<Flg • ., a>_. . 1~799 times, on the average ~ . .
'f . Total Wei9:ht Total Len9:th RelationshiE
" Th~ to.ta~ weig~t - total length· relationship c~lculat'ed
. I from 472' males ' ranged. from 94 to 121 mm tot;al length and from 799 • • . .. females ranged from 64 ~o 145 ~ .total length. In males a greater
..
. •.
'·. I ' ...
· ..
.. ·
~.
·'
....
0
" ··' •. .•
I .. ,- ...
~
..... ·,· .r ., .o
.. -.. ' 11
f .• -35.: ., " ..
~ -liP .
ft ' . - 0
•' ~ . ,, ' <;,..,
/J> ·' " '
'· ' .. .. . , '.
'· .\ ~
. ' ff40
'
... • - -, • } . , ·• NAL£8 TL II 5. 798 ct.+ IT. H8
(471) ~
130 • FEMALES TL• 5.1518 tl+21.84 '· (~2)
• ',
120 ~ ~ .
_. .. ·'
. ' ... •.· ,. - 110. -I! E
'·'·'·'·'· '· ~ .. .. ,,,.,, '• •. • \ .......... '. -.•. --- -~- •••. ·--~ -- •••.•••.•• :--:-~~-~- •. '•<::- ~-•. ~ · -o· :· .. ~·-. ~ ~'!'.
X ' 0 !· ~
100 -·-., . ....,
* \ ... "' --,.. .J
.J eo . ,,, c
... _ .. , -~ ~·
.. 0 ·
0 . . ~
·' \ ~,
eo 0 ' I II 1:1~
.. '
70 ~· 'I \ .• '· e
·.• .. eo ... .. '
12 13 14 15 IS 17 18 It 20 .. 21 22 23 'z4· ~ 2G 27 28. •zt so 31 32 53 34 !IS
11' CA. AAP.ACf: . L E: N'o T H C111111J ~ "\
F~G. s. Total length-car~e -];en_gth· rela~~~ ip male and • , ••' • ., I-
" . ' · fema t e Xiphopenaeus riveti
I o
" ... .. II ' ,.
~ ~
· ~': ~
--'
.~ .. -... _ ' .--.-, ,,
..
,.
.,. . . ..
. ~
..
;, '1,1
..
.. ·. ' .. . .
: '· . I ..
~ .
130
· 120 ...
. . .. ( .. ~ ..
E · E
--::' lfO
:r: tP,~ z UJ ...:.J ...
.....) 90 ·· . <l
. • t-o
·- " t- 80
.. ;·· • 0 .
. . · ·'' ". :
..
.·
..
. ,
. ''
12
' .
e MALES ond FEMALES, Tl.= 3.5ZIC.L t ~JI9 (1263)
••
-~ • . .
.·
.' . .· .·. ..:
b
'•·
B "·' liS .· · HS 17 18 • "
a:> . 21 22
·.
'<'
23' 24'. 2D
. ·'
. '
. . ..
.. LENGTH ( mm}
·'
.-
· .. •
.. .
<> '
\ .·\ · .
'Z7 • 28 29 '· 30
31 32 '33
r_ t . '"., : • • •
6. ~ot;r ~'Em9t~-carapac·~. leog~~ ,z:elationship it') .males and .'··:: ~fell}ale·s ·.com?->ined of 'xiphopenaeus riveti . ... . . .
· ... . :• ... ~~-
.. ~·· ., I
' .... p ~
. · .. '0 •
.,
0 • I . . l
-.. ~ , . ( . . ~·'
• . i •' ,',.f
·:' . { ; 1 : , ': . f
• ~~ ! I
. ! ; I ' : •./
.. ~·-,.~. t .
.~
..
34, ,
..
: .. ,.,.
..
'
•,
"
. I
t. ·.
. ._~,-if:r .. · • • • 1' '/ •
.. . '' ,_
.. .
' .
.... ;.
I
I ,. I
.·.
zo
10
II.
17
us
IG
14
13 Cl - 12
t- II :J: (!)
UJ 10
3: . • -' ;:! e 0
• t- 7
e
2
' .
Fig. ' 7.
.• '~ .•. ·, > .. ·,·· ~:: ~- . ': .... ·~: .. f - . -~ . :1 ·•· -.;·:. -· {:,_ ,.,. , -t ·. , . .... . ... .
·' .
. '
. : ~-· .. . ' -:-37-
-.. -,.
X MALES TW • L ~~4 TW .+ Q06Z
'"58). .. e FEMALES, TW • 1.790 TW + Q~l
(777)
-,
,.
.. .:.
·' .. ~ -.
2 a 4 7 8 g II 12
TAIL WEIGTH '(g)
. Total wei.gpt-~aii weight( re.lationsh'ip · in male a~d female Xi~hopenaeus riveti. ,.,
. ... ' .• . · :. • • • 0
, ll • • _ /
1-.· •i
..
\
' I
I .. • 1
. . '
. ,
\ ·.
~· ..
' q
'•
.. •'
\
I •,
,• ..
. ·' .. , .
. " -ja ... ..
~>)· ~
f . '. . ).;'{ , . ,.,
-.
• . 20
•' 19 M~LES and FEMALE~.
f31=- L 799 T~- 0602 18
( 1.254) ""'
$17 /)
16
·~ 14
. ,· 0 13
t- . 12 :J: (.!) - II w
·~ .· ,o
. ....J · g <l I
'•
t-0 · 8
t-7
6 ,.
.... 5 ~
4
3 . "'"· .. ..
o:t • .. · 2
·" • , .
,... .
) 2 . '3 4 5 8 7 . 8 . i · '. 10 II 12
TAIL WEIGTH tg)
I
Fi.~. a; · T~tal' weight-tail weight .r~lationship ·.in .. males and females combined of · ,. Xiphop'eriaeus. riveti . .
. . .
.• ., . ,, .
r
.' J.. ' . ,
.: • 0
· '
, I
...
...
. .. :""
I ' , i I
. ! , i:
. I
.t , I" . . I .
I l •
,• I. ' . i .
I . .. I :
·r , I
' i>
.,
-·
·'
' .
-39-. .,
weight was apparen~ up to 98 mm in total length. ~
After this length
the situation was the reverse, and ~emales began to-accelerate in "{ . . .
weight faster than }llales (Fig. 9) • . . . ·.
The· greatest weight, 21 g, ·was for one female with 145 mm I .
totali length. In males the highest weight ·was 12 g with 121 mm ··•
t9tal .length. 'l
For sexes combined (1,271) the constant of 'allometry .was
3 .16 . A.fter 115 mm total ·length _the increments in total weight:
were higher than at the, lower lengths (Fig'. 10) .
Total Weight - Carapace Length Relationship
~n males, up to .27 nm carapace length, the total weight
for their size was greater in females. ~
• · The greatest total weight (24 g) was obtained in females .. ,
with a 36 rom carapace length, ~t females showed a greater .
variation than males. Possibly these yari'ations were due to the ·
.increase in ovary weight; ~his was observed at length .. ,.;.-J
of 16, 18, 20 , 27 and' 36 mm carapace lengt~ (Fig. 11) •
r
intervals .f
. At .the minimum · ~izes for males, the re was not .a · uniform
increase in weight. Starti~g at 18 mm carapace length the increase
begins to decelerate· as shown from the curve indicating that growth
was slowing down (Fig. · 11) . . :
.· I .
, . ~
· I
. ·
.,
-at . . .j
t-:%: ' C)
w ~
• , _J
< t-0
' .. t-
· ,· ,.
' " . ...
, • I
· I
' ·. \
;
/ I
- ! . . Fig • . -~0 .
0 •• ... '
'I
'
J
-41-(
• MALES . AND FEMALES ' 21 . ToW: 0.00000303 - Tol 3.1606 . .•
( 12 71) 20
19
.18
17 · . 16
I•
I~ ... J
:l
14 , . . , 12
.~. . " II
10
9
·a . . . .
1 '
6
. . !S
4 .,
~
2 • . I .
. '
< 60 70. 80. 90 10 0 110 120 I~ 140 ·~
.• TOTA L LENGTH (mm)
Total .weight-total l ength . relat i onships in males and femal~s combined of -Xi phopenaeus riveti.·
J ·· · -.. -.·
\
...
..
..
\
.
~-
• . .
. ,
i . i
I • : "
.,.
-43- hi ·.i~
\
The sharp ~ncrease of one gram in the total weight between
14 and 15. nun carapace length ~n females could be explained by the . 9
obserVation that at. these l engths the first: impregnation in f~ales.
occu~s .
~ . .
.. For males and females it was observed that the minimum • I
I carapace length ·recorde.d ·was, on the average , 13 mm with 1.8 g of weight. The geometric increment in weight of one speGimen was, on
the· ave;rage, 2 . 444 times each millimeter of ' increment in the
carapace length (Fig. 12J •
ht - Cara
the range of carapace length .was between 13 and 27 mm
and in females f r om 15 to 36 min carapace length. In males the .,
.· increme nt . i n' tail · weight '~s greate~ than . i11 .females, . thus , for
males the geometric inc rement \<.'as 2 . 688 times for units of increment
in carapace lehgth • . I n females this increment was 2.563 times
(Fig . '1 3) •
For mal es and fema l es the growth in tail weight was mor e
· oi: less uniform . The weight increase factor (2·.436) was o'btained .. from data on -1, 2.54 specimens. The equation is valid for specpnens
between 13 and 36 ·mm <?arapace length (Fig. 14). "
.. Growth
In femalt7s it was possible· to see much better the length v
in~rements throughout the tiJ.!te of . sampling than in male carap~ce
l~rigth ~reguency d_is.tributions •.
'·
I
0
.. .
..
..
,.
..
.. . . ... . . . '
·-·
. . •
. l
. .
· ~
..
24
23
. . 22
21
I 20
19
II
17
18
. t7l If)
14 f::t:
. (!) 13
LtJ 12
:= II
...J <{ 10
· f-0 9 +-.
8 .• 7
8
2 "
. -44..: •
..
• MALES and FEMALES, T.W : 0.00331 CL 2.444
' (1.254)
•
~
.,
12 14 •16 18 ·. 20 22 24 26 . 2~ 30 32 34 .• 36 . 38
CARAPACE LENGTH (nim)
-.
. ·' .
.Fig.·>l2. : Total weight.-car~p~ce length J;"elationshij>s : '.in male's and females combined of :xiphopenaeus rivet:i. .,
. :
- ·
...
/ .·
. ..
. .'
-. ..
., ...
..
>
,·.
··. I '
·o
I .
• I
-45-
14
\. X · MAL E. S 1 T0W = 0.00106 CL 2.688
( 464) 13 CL 2.5638 • FEMALES I T
0W = 0.0013~.
(790) . .J/ . ..
12 , .. . "' . ' ::
.. . 1
II
··''J,,
10 ._..,...
9 "':--r-· ·-., ._ •• . :::J: C)
bJ 7
·~
' __J
6 <t ,_.
~
4
2
~ .. .... --~- .... .
# · .•
. () •
.-
. . .. ·
? •
·.
,,
. . . \.
...
' .
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 . 30 ~2· 34 36 .
· cARAPACE · LENGTH ' cn1m)
·.Fig._ 13. T~i.l · wei.ght-carapace length relationships ·!;~, , ~J;l mal~ and female Xiphopena~us rlv.et i .
. .
. I
.) ...
' . . .
I
·,'
..
\ .
""
,. .. ' Q
.. '
:
•'
' I
I
. . '
..
. 15
12
11 .
, 10
. 9
t1l .......
I
t- B
:I:
<!>.
w 7 ~
..J
<! 8 ... 5
. 4
~ ·
·.
..
· .
' -46-
.--
e MALES and· FEM~LES, \W : 0.00 206 CL 2 .436 .
.·
12 16 18 20 22
CARAPAC.E
( 1254)
24 26 . 28 . LEN_GTH
· 'Fig • . 14. Tail we ight- ca r apflce l ength el'a 't ionships · in mal es and .fema l es COmbined ofn.'XiphopenaeUS
' . .riveti •
.· . '
\
·. - . ·.
. '
...
.. · .. ' .
I
·. .·
\
· . .
.· .
. . .
0
,
..
. ,. ..
The
~
. . "' ..
-47-
Unal7~',;.., ..
C)
. .., . · Lt. 41.6 , 1-e -0.168 (t +. 2 . 3396)
I .. ' . ,··
. . · .· 'The asymptotic length (L oo ) • obtained waso in agreement
/ . 7 , . . *' with SCllJ'ples taken in the field: in Janua~y 1969 a female 40 nun
,in carapace lengt~ was caught. ..
The curve of ·growth in carapace length for !:_ riveti is . .
shown in. Fig . 17 wher~ age i s .g~ven in m~nths . Acc'ording to
....,. ~his g~aph, f emal e "titi" shrimps seem to grow 2.9'mm, o n the ~ .
average ; i n ~~pace length per nldhth.
The curve. of gro<ttth ~s extrapolated at its extremes and
it 'couJ-d be ·estimated ~hat the "titi" shrilnp' 'delayed two mon~hs .
be~ore reaching a size vulnerable to t he fisheries (about 12 mm . in
carapace len9th) . On the . o~er hand, to reach their maximum si'ze
of growth (41. 6 mril in carapace ~ength or 1'49 mm .in total l ength)
t here could be a delay under 'favorable .env~ronmental conditions ·
to 27 montqs. -
Estim~tion of· Con~ersion Factor from Tail to Total Weight ()
..1' The conv~rsio:t:l factor from tail to to~al weight was :
· esti:Jnated 'from 44 samples. : The fi<iJure was," on the average/1~_62.
To convert total to tail weight the o. 61 figure was used' • .
No. · of' Total Tail Total length Tail length Conversion samples weight weight range range factor
<SlY <S1) (mm) (rom)
44 125 . 57'0 77 . 305 . 65-:p9 32-86 o·:G,l
••
.. . ' ..
..,
fr
, .
\ .•
·.
,•
.. .
.. ' ..
· . . •
-·
. ·
'-" ..
. '
o · .. . ·.
.. • 1 .
.. . ...... ,. '
I • .
- 49-
.· 0 ,• .
• 4 • •
.J . .· ?. F., (1 "' . _l.
' . I • . . . I
• · A I .1.: I· I
/. I · 0
. . /
f I ,, -~ . .. / r
<~ / I • I· '/ I
/ ·'· 1: .. ~· . 'br;.*:> / •' I· ·.· I .
0•/ . ' ·I 0
, .... / I ,, I • 0/·'
l·. I
30 / . ., I / t:. ... ... -
. ·/· -, ..
28 ~ - II I
· .. E I .. · I E -26 . - .. .... ... l • ~ I . e. - I ,:t
24 • I . ... - . I C!) ... ,.;. . z<t I· w..J 22 ' I .J II) 0 I . w I.
20 ... ) I 0 ~.
I, 11. ~~~ I ~ t8 I 0:: .. .r ~ . ; ·'I 0 16 .. . .. I
.. 16 · ·ta ~ ... ~o . 22 " 24 . ' 26 28. ·30 32 3~ 36 ~2
Lt . ,· . -· "·. '· ~
C·A RAPJ\CE LEN~TH (mm) : . .
. . . ··· .FIGURE 16. .Re)atton- between the monthly modes of one ~onth
I • • • 0
·. \ . .. ~ ..
. .
"';:" • y
. •
.. · .. . ..
' -
. ( .· '· 'l .
...
' 0
'
...
',
. ' . ~ . . ·. , ~ s 0 • • • ..... ....., ..
.~ :1. ·· ,. , '.: . . '
~, : ...
o.
o I o • . , ..
' ·
·:
,•
,.
' .' ·'·· ·., ..
• >
... ...
, .. ·.·"'
.c!'
) .
'·
•
•
.•
. . 1• .
'
.. . .
·' .,
) .
J ..
\ '
>~~ ~
. E E
' . ·.-
26
\· . ::c '24 . . ....
.. ... .
:"' ·.
0
I • ,
""'·
0
'
.: I
·-•\, G I
. . .. ~
0
.;.,. /.
(!) "
z ~ w ..J'.,
. .
22
2 0
18
"' ;. ..
(.
, J
, .
-:
~ o'
'·
I •
~.-
F·~GU~E
.. ·-
..
"·
:,.
(J ..
I .··;_.¥ _;-· A G E 5-~- ( Months)
1[
17 ~ ·c ' owth . r , curve of -fema 1 es x. "' ..
-I: o
. ~·-"i
. . ; •'
r ' .
' '
.. nz
.·.
riveti
·! .. , .
.. ~ -
•'
' . ,./ ·
. ...
. .. • .
·· ..
.··
, ..
·.
..... . ' ·~·
' ·,
''/
"'
. ·~ j' ' . •' .
;
. .
. )
0
'·
J,
·.
.. ~.-,_rr;
.~ ........ . ·~
• • >
. ·. - 51- '
.. •'
· . ·.
The re~ationship between tail weight and cephalothqrax· .
weight was 61.2 toP~B . a~: T~ough ~he process of peeling ' an~ •
deveini.ng, .the )0% of ~he 61.2% is lost·, therefore only 'the 30%
. . from the total weight is used as food .
. . . 'j)~ . .. . .
Reproduction .. \1 ,.
.. .. The "titi" snr:Unp - ~,;> heterosexual'. The sexes .can be _easil Y. .
' distinguished_ by the presence of a -thelyeum in females and a petasma .(}
· . in males,
•. Male Reproductive system
In males the reproductive syq~em is composed of t'1o .·testis.,
two vasa deferentia, ~wo t~rminal ampulla~, two genital por'es, one
p~tasma and two appendices masculinae . The testis occupy 'the dorsal
· part of ' the cephalothoracic cavity near the cardiac region; each
testi~ is coritinued by a vasa deferens; each vasa deferens descends . .
. iateral1y ~_nd, then. joins 'each one of the t~rmi~al .ampulla~ which .. . . , . .. ~" open i~to the genital pores located on the·· coxa o'f . the fifth pair .
fl · :. -of' pereiopods. · '·
... ~ - ,.) 4 ' • : The petasm~ ,-or copulat'~e organ is betwee n the first pair
of . p~eopods .,- Between the second pair of pleopods th~re is a .:
modifica~ion ' of' the.endopodites. kn~wn as appendices mascu~inae . . -~ .
~ke function of th~s stru~ture is to help in the transference of ....
-~~e sperma~o~~e~ (king, 1948, p. 257). Possibly, its. function ,
is to expand tile petasma from its base, · 0~ p~r.form also as a supi>ort • •
. ~
·,
.·
·.
. I I..
. ,
'·
\ ·. /
0 -
-.
. ..
,•
. · - 52-
organ qf the petasma. King (1946, p. 257) . and Cardenas (1952,
p. 42) , in studying Penaeus stylirostris and~ setiferus rnenti~n
t~t the function of the·terminal ampullae ~s . the forrnation . of the
spermatophores. 'In. ~ .riveti, as- well as in x:: kroyeri (Borges,
1947) the case is d.i~ferent' since: the sper:natophores are present
in the ·vasa. deferentia;. that .is, anterior· to ~he terminal: arnpuilae.
Therefore, in this ·case, t~e terminal arnpullae·f~nc~ion as
collectors of spermatophores, and ~t the same tinie as the producers
of the cementing substance in which the sperrnatophores are aglutinated 'f
to impregnate the females .
In specimens preserved in f?rrnaldehyde~ it is possibl~ to . . . q .
~ press · the te~inal ampullae between the forefinger and th~ thurn9 I
to opt~in a great quantity of spermatophores which are ejected
through the anterior part of the ampullae .
Female Reproduc\:ive System ) ~-..
.The female reproductive sy~tem is comPosed of ovaries,
oviducts with respective openings and the thelycum.- ovaries are
pair~d structures dor~ally located in an anteroposterior axis •
~; Each ovary has si~ lobules: . the smallest f~und anteriorly ~~ns. o.ver o
the anterodorsal ·part of the stomach; the rni~ section composed of
four ·larger lobules and bigger than the first but smaller, than the ' ,,
P.osterior one •
wh.ich is located over the intestine. The lat:eral
;:.\
I . ~ • . ....
' . ..
,· . .
f .
.'.
I
·· ...
""'
... .
\ .. .
...
{ , <
''•
.l ·
; 0
. ·
• A
0 -54-
This was also fourld in those wnich were in the spermathecae ,.
II ' '
of the impregnated females; the sperrnatophores were visible to the
" naked eye and had a whitish coloration in· fresh specimens, as well
as in preserved specimens. •'
Females: since female gonads have maturation cycl.es., only
these were analyzed. The examination of the ovaries was done with
In t~e analysis with ·. '1 \
a stereoscopic microscope, th!ee stages· of.ovarian maturity were\
preserved specimens from the monthly samples. 0 ' 0
distingui~hed:
Immatures: Flaccid qvary without we~l developed
lobules: ova up to 0.15 nun in diameter .
• .Ovary, mo·re developed than the latter; Maturin9: ~ 0
translucid ova and between 0.15 and . .
0.25 in diameter .
Mature: ovary ·well developed; . it'occupied 'a : great
part of .the ·cephalothoracic cavity and it , ·. 0 '
surrounded the .stomach with· its lobules. · / ~ .-1-
Most of the ·ova up to 0.25 mm in diameter.
Size at First Sexual Maturity
In order to know the size at first sexual maturity, all !.> •
the data of the thr~e recognized ~~ages for the entire study were 0 0 ~,.
- •'
0 ' •
' . •.
,.
(I
•'
.. '
(
-ss-
graphed but . showed no results . T~e CUnunings · (1961) method using
a reg!=ession line was .employed, but did not give good results . .
. . Then, an analys~~ was made with graphs for each mon~hly sample
showing that the '· first sexual matttrit:.y was reacJ:led at 17 nun carapace
lengtr (81 mm total length~ . Borges (1947) whi-1~ s tudying the sexual
m~turity of h kroyeri ··said that the spe~iinens ·with a carapace
length less than 20 mrn. were juvenUes.
Nu!l'ber of Spawnings per Yea r
Pere ira, e~ al. , (1968) during his studies of the population
dynamic~ of .!:._ kroyeri,. concluded the existence of' two yearly
spawnings , or at least that· there must be two times in which the
spawnings were ~intense • .
In Tabie II the monthly percentages of sexual
maturity in X. riveti are shown.
o:n .order to~tllnate ~h; nwnber of spaw~ings .per year, the . · .·
method proposed by Squires (1972 , in press) was applied which
consists in surraning the monthly percentages of ma.ture females and
diViding by 100% , which would give the number of months . require~
' . for 100% to spawn. Another 'rnethod is to take the. month£y average
percenta~ and divide it into 100% to give the number of months that - .. " 1
100% of th~ population spawns. This figure can ·be divided into ·
12 months and this would give t he number of times the population
Would sp~wn during. a_l2-~onth period.
(
•
. '
\.
•
• • • Q
'·
- 57-, .
· AccQrding"to the .method mentioned above, X. riveti ~pawns . ·
each 2 . 4 months, or'five times a year. t . . . , .
Parasitism
The examina~ion of the incidence and number of parasites
was done for males and females in the cephalothor~cic reg'ior\.
Most· of the parasites were located in the hepatopancreas, in the ,If'
ovaz::y and on the external wal_l of the stomach, respectively . ~:.J
The investigation showed that the "titi" shrimp was · l!)
parasitized mostl~by procercoids of cestodes (as many as 36 in one
· shrimp was found) ; Larv~e of nematodes, cysts of protozoa and
capsules of spo:r:ozoa were found as well . In Table III the data per .
crui~~ of the total number. found in each m~nthly sample with
per.centages is giyen. It seems that males ar~ · most su.sceptible to
infection than females (Table II!). This appears to be the resurt . ~ .
of some substa~ce which would ~el~t~ control the level of parasites
in the oyaries and/or in the hepa topan9rea s. · '\'
IJ ' ;_I
For males as well_ as fetnales t!he minimum · size of 'incidence
is oetween 14. a·n~ I)~
In feml?ies,
<..
carapace . length (7.1- 75 rnm total length)
$', the ra~e of inD~station has a d~rect . ·(F~g . 18) .
~ . relationship to size, bqt in male(;,, althougl1 not entirely clear,,
I
the ~elation~hip~eems -~o be the' inverse • .
•
, .. ,
·.
••
'·
•' ..
. :
. .
. ..
; .
-·
. ~
. .
' I • r ·;".
--\
... . · . . .
I
.. 't · . . . .
' , • . Monthly .. P.rcentage ·.·of parasites found in male ~d female · shrimps, North ·: an~ South of · ·Bue~~ent~. . · · . -~ ,.
·TABLE III.
6901. - Soubb
-6902 - North.
6 9.03 - · soutl,l
6904 - North·
6905 - South . . 6906 - North
6907 ~ South . ,
6908· - North
· 6909 . - ·south . . . . .. 6910 ~ · North·
.6911 - So~th
7001 - · south 0
7001 - North
~ .. "
c.L. range Jllll .
. 18~31 ..
.19-31
20-;31
17-ll
17-31
18-29 .. 16-31
16-29
18-31
l.a/;.~
i7~3o
17...:30
14-27
. .
.
: ' No.o~. · shrimps
examined · M p
5 15.
4 · 16
.. 4 '19
13 22
s · 25
8 12
.. s ·. \
·~ . 25
13 17 4 -- -;~
~-6 ... ~ ·. 27 !
·s I .. 10
10 22~
5 17
13 L7
•
·. ·
-
.. l'icf>.o~ shrimps ·· infected
~ . ~ .
TOtal n\llllber of pa;-a•itea found "'
M -::,......: .. - . .
2 .. . .
4
4
8
l
5 . . ~··.
3 · "'
3 ..
3
1 ·
4
3
' ·1
p .·
.. ·--6 31' • • '1', : ·
11 72 ' i
5 ' 29 . .
8 6l.
13
5
9
9
·.· 4
'· 4
4
5 .
5
•
.
i.
I \
; 30 \ '
. .
) ·
.. ·· Infection·
% .. M r
40 40
100 • 26 .
62 36.
'20 52
63 42 . .....
60 36'
23 53
50 15
. 20 40'
40 18
60 29
54 29 ..
,. ' VI
CD I . .
..
. .
..
..
..
... : · .. ... 60
..:
' h.. 0
' 50 / .
40
30
20 ·-.... ..... ...... .. .. . .. . .... . . . .. · .. o·
z I O:
· ... · -~ . . . . . ~..,.. .
I
( 96)
(244}
:
..
' .
'
. ::· ...
-ci'Cs' ~ __ ;_ -~ ~
·'
I .
16 ·.17 ' 18 19 20 -21 . ·' . . .
- 59-: . .
. '
-
,. .. ···: : ' .
.. .
D CARAPACE LENGTH ·. ·(mm)
. . . . . . . ..
. . . . . -
: '
,·
.. ~
A \ I \ . \ ., .
' .. , \ . ./ ' \ I \ v \
.\ \
' \ \ .
28 29 30 31
. •Fig. is. Nunibe·r , of parasites. f .oU:nd -in Xip}}opeilaeus riveti .
·, maies· and 'females :~t e~-~li car~pace length~ . .
,_ ·. . '. . ' . . ~-..
.. . ; . .
. .
· ,)
:
. ' ·
...~ ...... . . ,_':t:l_~_' . · -·
· -· . ... ~ ...... .... - · .~ .... _, . ..... ~-· ..... ..... .. - , ··· ·-·-- ·--- ~
· .. -·. . ' . ·, (.
. . . . . . . -..
-1. ) ·
· . . ·
• . . · .
·. '
·.
.·
r
•
' ,
I
J.
'7
I -60- ..
~ · If it is suppos~d that when · a spawning i s completed the 'I . . ' .
\. . number . of parasi tes in the ce:halothoracic regio~ecrease-s~ then
,.'.,) . · it <;ould be said ·that a femai~ which has· reached 30 moi in carapace
. l~~ejth ~127 rnm total "length) had !llade. four spa~ings. per year. If
the ·ab6ve supposition is .valid, then 'the life span of this species
ceuld. be· one year.
. ; . . In· male as well as -fena:le "titi" shrimps it appears that
" ~he periods in which the incidence· of infestatio~ i s minirnal ·~re a t
15, 17, 21, 24 and 26 mm carapace length (75, 82 , 96 , 107 and 114
mm tota l length). If it is further assumed that this shrimp c~n r1d ·
itself of p~rasites on m~ulting, then the males ·could moult five
times a year and females six or seven t~~s .
Food and Feeding
The stomach contents of 1, ~09 shrimp ' were a nalyzed. The
"titi" s hrimp is carnivorous (Table I V). The .greatest. p~rcentage
(26.2%) was crustacean ~esidue , next tubes of polychaeta (23 .at),
then pelecypod fragments· (21.1%) , and 6 .• ~% was c lassified as . . .~
"unidentified material" . . l:n all the stomacJ;J. contents there was 'a
percentage of this material p~es~nt. · Fine sand (Table IV) isrn?t· .. to be co~fused with the aforementioned "unident'ified material".
·. :f\
A total of 4.9% of the stomQQhS were emPty. These cou!d .not be
direct!; rel~ted . to. the ~exbure of ' the carapace (soft) , a condition.
which would indicate ~hat the shrimp had just mou'!t~. Nematodes " ..
' .
.· ' .
t/
c:o'
, I
.•
1\
·.
I .
·.
·I
1 . : I
j ..
l . (
. . . I
· ~·
.·
' -~ ' . .. '
. '
.•. '
. . .
/ ·.
. ..
· . . ·
TABLE. rV. Per. c~~t · ~f. t:iiff~e~t · element~ in stomach content;s ·of x. rived. ' . ~ .
" / .
Contents Found 'No. of Stomachs
Crustacean residues 530 ... Polych~etes 472
•. 427 Pe~ec~od ~ra~ents
.Fine · sand . .... 139
Gastropods ~~ -· . 84
Amphipoqs 36. \
Wood and veget~ble fibe~s -27· I •
·.ostracods 22 · - - /> ..
.Fdramini:ferans: 18
Scafes ' . ~ .. , . . ~
:1o Eggs (unidentified) ·· .... --.-~
~'"' . 7
'\ \
3
· · .scaphopods
• Coelenterates ·
r .. 1} .: I I tf ~~ ~ . . . ~... .
~. ·' • 0
.. Nematodes . ,
3 ' ~ ·~ . - .
Unidentified material . .
:p2
99. ·. ~
' Empty, stomachs .
. ' -~
. .. ...
%
'26 .2
23.3 -"
! .. 21 .·1·
6 . 9
.4.1
1.8 . .
1.3 . .. •1.1
9·.9
0.8
o.s . .. •
9·3
·. ·"~ "'.,· 0 . 1
·o·~,r -- ... ~- ..J,
• •00::
6. 5
4.9
.. ..
·. • I
· 0\
: 7 · .
· .
..
.. . i
I
: _l
.. . ,) .. 4 ., . ..
..
J
.. ~~ . . . ~~-· • 0 ...:
'- - .... !{·
... .. ...
. ·.
-62--~-......_,. . _, . .;. .
.• ''"":> - ·-. were .f~und iq the·~~o;:achs, but ~hese are· not considered' t~
~- l ~ ,.
nonnal diet components b~cau'se it is believed they were parasitic .
' . ... :, Ecolocj:( {.
· . ... -~
The adult ·""titi" .shrimp. is · S¥1llpatr~c:; with several other
"' shrimp::; . some of .tnese are conunercial and others, due. ~o theit
small size ·and low abundance~ are not taken. into account in the
·fisheries . The commercial spec.ies are the following: the "white"
shrlinp or "langostino" Penaeus (L) occidentalis, and three "tiger"
shrimp Trachypenaeus byrdi,~ !..:._ faoae , and ·T. similis p~d.ficus.
The non-commercial speci~s are. the .iipomada" shrimp Pr,otrac.hypene
·.
prec ipua, and a caridean, · Palaemon (Nematopalaemon) colombiens·i.s. / ..--
Besides th~ shrimps mentioned~.~J:pve, t here ~re cOllllilercia'l portunids "' . . ' . . .... ,
Rnown locally as "j'aihas". These are Callinecte s toxote s and · .., t . •
Callinectes arcuatus. There is also ~he non-commerc~~l "jaiba mor.a",
·Euptiylax .~-~ The latter, ·at yertai~times-of the year, causes . . .
_.,. difficulties to the fi~e~en · beca~s.e of their ,great abundance. . .,
Their migration from· the estuaries ' to the sea seasonally is ~heWn
' by t~eir great numbers taken in . . ,
sepqrabion of . .. . trawl nets which makes
~it'e .diffi cult . . . f .
~the shrimp from the total ~atch . '
• '
•• . The two species .of Callinectes seem to differ in feeding . .
l~bits . . Callinectes ~rcuatu~ ' almost .exc~sive~y feeds 9n shrimp .. . .
. ~hile £..:.. toxotes feed~ priina~ily .on bi':'alves of the ge~~s Myti~us.·
The principal food of the ·white shr:imp Penaeus bccidental i s is also
.·. '
. ' ' . ...
·.
f •
. .. ....
.... o '
.. : .
' .
. .. . . ..
'· \' ' .
()•
0
· f: . ...
.... ·~·
r
... ,·
•, f
a bivalve (Barona, MS 197~), while that: of- t 'he "tit.i" shrimp. ~~e .. . •
crustaceans . From the above inf9rmation it could be inferred that · . ,· .
' ' ; • o ft I ' '• '
there -is' littl~ interspecific competition fo+ food 'between these ..
P.o:Pulation~. Also, it is diffic~lt to determine if cannibalism ·or ..
predation occurs b~tween them because of the difficulty of
..
,- idend.fy.i.ng contents in the stomachs. . . . ,. . 'A great varie.ty of fishes
are captured toge1;-her with the " titi" shrimp. The' mor.e represerltative
in order" of relative importance are the following : 4 "' #
Vernacular name 1(Spanish) ~ .., .
Scien'tific 4
Barbeta blanca ... Polynemus app~oximans . ('/
Barbeta amarilla Polynemus opercular is
Nato : sciades troschelli
·~. , . Cynoscion SI_> '
Menticirrhus Eanarnensis
·. ·Pelada
. . . Botellona ·
' . ~· . Larimus sp
'• Cajero
•,
·scomberomoru's sierra . . Sierra
Bacon Nebris occidentalis
. P.arg6' lunarejo. :Lutjanu·s guttatus
~
. bespite the scarcity of data 'on · stomach contents of the'se . • ' . .· .
.• fish species (except thE!! " ~ier:ra" Scomberom·orus sierra , which is ·-
-known not to be a shrimp predator; Artunduaga , personal c9mmunication) , ·
(' . . it is assumed that some are pr~ators because ·they· are ca~nivorous ahd
. . • t
.. I
n I '
,
c!
I'
' .
·•.
I •
" .
-64- ~ \~
al:'e l;ympat<ic with the comm~ial. shrimps. H~t~ever, if . they· are · ·
. I ,Predators, the effect on mortality could not be as much ' as fishing' .
... . .. · Qther· points .re~ated to ecology are d~scuss~· under . · ·
. . ,· !..
~ othe? ~?tions·. ..,
P~Pulation ~ f -. . Structure \ . ,. . .
.,. Sexual Ratio
' ' . \
In X. rive.ti the sexual ratio varied mbnthly . The iowest ...
va~ue (13\ ~ales) , was obtained io October, ~outh of Buenaventura;
and one, value of 52% mal~s was ~cor!~d in the same zone in Januar~ '· ----------~.~---------
'· ·.
, .:. • ,J ., . ~970. The mean value was 36i males (Table V) • .. . . ;
. . -!I .. Sexual ratio .is biased by two causes: first, in the ~arliest
. t
~·
.. . ' .
. ..
' '
.. · ·, . • 1.. • ~
' .. .·
~. . I
samples aboard ' the M/V "Cacique" the samples ~ere not· random . for . . ; .
small ;siz~s; ·· s~co~d, due to feJ!lale s .being .bigger than .rila les the net
select,:; more females.,
0 Distribution
0
t J . 0
Lcfcal· 'Geographi-lstributio~
·,
. . ·~·
.; The distribution rang& of the "titi" shrimp . in the .Paeific . • ·~-\."'. c.
·' - ' ,.-. •'
~ · ·
. . 0
... . .
; ·., ;GOast of Colombia ~s between Bahia Humboldt ..!'.' .. J,. ..... . '
annual resume of the catches per ~rea wi~h ...; : r . •. . .
x~ shown in the table&.
North of ~uenaventura
y • •
and Cabc:i t:t_ang'la~ s. ~ . , ..,,...-· ( . . .
some hydrographic data . ., . ·l ,·
~,;j}:, .
..
•' .
. .
'. '
.· -The f'ol~ow:i_ng was the order of . catch. Rer hour .of . the· "titi" . . ~ .· . .. ·,. ,. ~
shr~p i~ the qreas north of Buenaventura (except the catripe .area): • ~ l
. \ . ' } . . · .... . .· ..
., .
~.
· I
.· •'
,. . .
. ..
..
. .
.. ~
· ...
... .. _ ' _.
: , '•
.. .
• ~ I •
. - ~ " ···{' ...
~ . . . ,...
:-a·.
.J ....
' ·
I'
"": . 'i
. ·. . .· ... ..
" .. , . __ :
-TABLE V. sex ratio of X. riveti north and south o'f Buenaventura . . -----~------~----------~----------------~--------~4~----------~----~·-------~~------------ -
·cruise·
·· · 6901 - .south ·
(I • 6902 - ·. North
. . q9.03 - South·
690_4 - -North
690'5 Sout h ·
6906. -: Nort'h .. . 6907 ·- · south
6'908-- Nort h
6909 South '
6910 North
. 6911 south .
' 7001 . '
south -. .
7001 - North
.. . . .
- ·
. ..
....
...
• :1
...
~ ..
·No. of Males ·:
106
24/
271 . · . . _ '·· . ~-
286
2:(5 ...
- ~08
'210.
T 610
98
. 205
-'2~3
361
200
..
,,
No. of Females
235 . . 41~ .
All
• 417
499 . ...
434 . .
751
' . 630
- ~
630
519-
41'14
334 .. ..
I
309
Total
., 341
. 663
682 I .
703....._
714
642 .
9&1 ~ .
1 ,24{) :
. .728.
724
.. \ 657
..695
• 5w
..
,·
' .
Sex ratio (% males..,t. of. tota~)
3 2 .. •. ..
:
37 " .._: . .i
... ~ .. . - ~
;-::---.
... .• '
40 . 4-1
30
48 .
22
49
. 13
28 · , .
37
52
. 39 .
- ~
..; '
..::.
, •
. '
/
: .
)
· .
...
. . I ·-0'1 '~ \.n . . '-1--1 . ··:
. .. .... ·,
.· r
.. ... .·
·.
. . ~ ... ,_ : ' . .. .. .
' ... , . . .
. -
' . .
.. ' . . ,.
· . t • . •. . ,, ..
. . . .. .· .. . . ' 0
·' .. . .
< ' • 0 . ..
.• ~ . .. ' . • ' • - 1 0. • • • 0
; . "ABLE v'x · • . Average catch of x. riveti by .the M/V .. caciqUe• and enviromental'.·. -· conditions in ·a,rei's Nort}t of. •Buenaventura·. * .· ..
Area Depth range fmp.
•. .. ' • • et ...
Average Water: transp · Total : No. o·f Average Surface teml>~. range. .. . catch · hours caught
" l , ....... ~--_,.;.. ___ ....._ ________ ._ot..::... ______ --:-....:m::: ____ ~k~q~...-_~~~i:sh~e~d~--J.Jc~q"lh~
. ··.·
.~ .. ·.
: .· .
' .
.. ' . :_. ~
.:· .. . .... . · . .)
. ~ ... . - ... , . .. .
. '
. . · - ._. .
~
· ·aah{a HUmboldt -s·.o -- ·2o.o tJ .. • • , I., . . .
- ~pica .· 5.o·.:- 1o.o . · . '
. . Nuqli!·
· catripe . 0 • t •
Pizarro:"' ·
Juanciliac6 r-
-· • 0 ..t "' ~ ..
1:'
· .
. . . - :·
,,
·s.o - · ioo.o
s.o· :
$-·o- :... 30-9.
4.0. - 10.0 · . · . .
. . 4.0 - 30.0 .. .
*Squ~res, et. al: , , .. 1970 and 1971
_ ....
.,.• I •
.... - ..
~ ..
. .
. .
0
2~.0
26.9 .;
• 27.8
2_?.6
27.6
27.-6 ..
26.7
21.5 . .·
. . . , .
. . . ·.
O;S - 12.0,
J;o ~· 10.0
1.5 1-.s
2.0
o.s, ~ 4.0 . ..
.1.5 _. _ l.o ·
. 0.3 - 1.7
O.t3 - 12.0 ·
-..
. - ~
,.
.·
.. 25.5 8 3·. 2
.,. 4.6 s · 0.9 ."'
269.2 . . 29.9
38.7 1 38.7 # .. ' ..
298.8 12: ' 24.9
. 104.5 7 ·, 15~0
· 86.5 5 . . 17.3
827.~ , ' <47 17.6.
... . . .
. ....... · · .. f
. . .
· . ...
,.
.. "
... -• .
. \' .
., ' .
. '·
I
.'
.. . .
' . . .
,•
..
UJ' • • "1
·' .,
0
. q.
-67- .... ...
( .
· Nuqu~ (~9.9 kg/~), Pizarro (t~.9 kg/h) , · Juanchaco (17.3 kg/h).
' •
' Togoroma ( 15. 0 kg/h) , Bahia ·Htimbold t ( 3. 2 kg/h) and Cupica (0·. 9
kg/h) . The average catch per unit of effort was 17.6 kg/hand the (I ' t -
average temperature of the surface .·w~ter was 27 . 5°C (Table VI) . (Squires , et al ., 1970 and , l971) .
. (
South· of Buen~ventura
\
t
·• The average ' catch per unit of 'eff-ort was less tHan. in the
northern zone ·(12.4 kg/f) •. T·his figure .is reduced to 9.2 · kg/h if
a on?-ho'ur trawl of 220: kg made in the· San 'Juan ar.ea is IJOt .taken
into ·a·ccom1t.
To explain the areas with greater.produat~vi~y, the data
for the Timbigui area '~s ?lso. not i.nr.:::~uded .
. .. In the zone· south of Buenaventura, the ~ate of pr~duction
. per a·rea found during· the time of . sampling was: , · . .
TUJnaco .J.2 .0 kg/h) , . . . Nara .{10.6 kg/~), ·Tortugas (8.4 .kg/h), s~n J~an {8.0 kg/h) ,. Punta·
·coco (7 . 9 kg/h) antl C~bo Manglares {0.8 kg/h) (Ta~le · VII).
. . . ~~ ~ . . ·Bathymetnic ·Distributi<lft"'of Juveniles -and Aaults
,\. .
'Taking. into considerat-ion that ·individuals with a carap~ce .. • I • I
length up tq .' lB mm are juveniles; the bathymetric di;:;tribution of ' I I
juven~les and adults has
the· subsamples: ·'
,. · . .. '
..
" ' '
:' .
. . •'
"
. :
I •
; .
..
"
-·. ,
.. -. -.
. Sl .. ,.·
.·
~ '
..... ·' .-
c i
' ,. . ~
• ' . ~ ': , .·
....
" >.! .
"
. ... . ·... . .• . .... / - .. -.....
I • ......
'.
• r:r • ~ . ~
" .. . , \ . ... • I
·-~ .~ ... ~ ... -~
... , . .. ~-
TABLE Vi:t. ~ \~~~ge -catch of ·x ~riv-~t{ by. the· .. ~. ···cacic;iae.- ·and . enviromenta1 . · - · cond;i tiQns. in areas so~th . of Buena ventura.* . · .
... · Area :.
-
-.. -· Toz;-tuqaa
Nayoa .. (
I .. . . Pta. Coco
"Timbiqu! . ..
san Juan ·.
Tumaco·
' ...
De;>th ··. ra~ge . fm ,
3. i:i - 10.0 . .
3.5 .;.. 10.0
3~0 10·.0
3..8
4.0 20 .• 0
3.0 20.0
. • cabo Mang·~.es · s ·.o I • I . . . : : . . . .
. ' . ' . .
10.~
..... . · 7 3.6 .- 20.0
. ' : = ...;
.·
! .I
.. . - . ~
Av:e~ge
' Surface temp oc
' 28.3 .
2'8.2
. . 27 •. 7
( 28.8 ... . 27 .• 5 .
. <6! . . ·~8. 9
2Er.2
28.1 ..
.. . ~
·-Water tunsp.
range '" m
-2.-o - 4.o l . f 1.s ~· - 4. o
. ··· .. o.8_- 2.s··
o.9 6.0
1.0 ~·.o .
3.0"' - '3.5 .
0.8 .:.. ·6-.0
· ~
• {see ~ls.o Squires, et.~al:. ·, 1970 and 1971) : .. '
~
·. . . . ' -- • . :•
' J. .
""t
Total. No! . of ·· Average . catch' · hours ; · caught
l Kq · fished kq/h.
7'5.5 9 8.4 .
105.9 10 _ 10.6 r . . . .
'10·. 7 9 ' ' I .7'.9 • .. .· 17·. 7. 1 17.7
. '21. 3~-. ·34o_. 3 16 . ' , .
,
227.5 19 12.0 -· · J.l 4 ··o~·a
·840. 7 •' 68,... ' 12.4
-~ (;
.. ~ ~ ., .··
.· ''":.
' .
--;
.. {
' I
• . I 0'\ CD I
·I
-. ,I I>
~
"'
..
..
~ . .
/ ·The'population seems to have its. larger
.· ,.
0 •
concentration at
the deptli r.an~~~ · f;;.om three ~o five fathoms . -~t the, following:
depths the percentage~ were.: 69.2 % ~or juvenil~ females and 66 . 0%
of 1~d~lt females; 74.1% of juvenile male.s a~~:94 . 4.% of adult m~~~s>
In gener'al at this depth a total of 67% of the '"titi" population
was present (Table VII~) .
·The, distribution Ts. more or less similar ~~ t'o ten fathoms. ·
·In two c.ases wl}rrle j::hey were caught ·at 20 and 30 fathoms .the samples ' . ' • . f)
During ~969 the occurrence of the greates~ were exclusively aqult.
" . catches was iit 5 fathoms · in depth ..
. ~· I
General Bathymetric. Dist~ibution ·'
In. the tables which follow (Tables IX and x>' the catch. per .
.unit of effort ' acc~r~ing to qepth is shoWn. " ~
.•
/. ..
. : In the northern zone of Bu·enaventura there were no . data from .. ...,
zero to ehr~e fathoms,_first becaus~ the ma)or portion of this ,zone •' .
• I r
does not ·have .a sufficiently ·wide platform 'and, second because of t • • '
thl . . ~o~si~l~ s:Ianger to~ the' ~hiB ' s hull in some areas; · . . ·~
One differ~nce between north and south of Buenaventura was
that- at one .~tation 7.5 kg . was captured at 'jQ fathoms (55 m) in the . Q • • • . . 'I)
northern part, while . no spe~ens were found at this d~pth in the,.
south.
tl ,-· (
0 /
(, )' .• .J '/!
'· ,;- ._ i,l .
.. " I)
/
d • 'G
\ . (
. ' (l
..
.·
·t
II ,
. ..
. "
.· " .. 0 . .. ... 0
.•: : ... ' o.·
-r-·
• t
.....
0 • • - 0
0 •• • •• . - "
.-·.
• • I t •
. : ..
---- .
" .. .·
. ·
' . ·.
. . c: ..
'. \.
. ':fASLE ·VIII • . .. . " '
Depth ra~ge : - fm
·.,. -· . , .
'(..-. .. ! . ... . .
.. ' r .. . . ..
.. .. . . . . '
DePth dist~1bution of male. and f North and·· S~uth .of B~eJlavent~r~•
. . . .. . . .... . .-.. ·'
• .I .· .: .·
. F E M -~A · L · E S ·No : of : · · % · No.· of . % ,·
. ·:.,~-· Juveniles Adults
• . Q r 3.0 41 · 632 11.9
- 3 ~ s· ~ 5·.o ·. 295 . 69.2 . . - ..
~-5· ~to.o ·· . . -87 20.~ . 967 . 18.3
. ........ 20.0 . ' 2.6
. ·, ,. 0.7
... 0 0 58
-· 0
. .. 0
• c ~ . "- . .. ..
le juveniles and adults from· };)oth·. = : ·."' . . · ... )._;;· .. · .- ·. •. . .·
. MALES .. • , ?~ . " : No. ~f· · niles· . dults
7.0 298
38 ' , . 74.1 . 1.643 ...
' 0 •• •
11.7 1..051' 11.2
64 .•. 4 6 ·• 260 ''f;6. 7
205 .. 18.1 523 ~~5 1.782 .19.0 .. . :> ..
7 . 0.6 . 58 2.·20 205 2~1
0 o.o .• ' 27 . -. ... 1~0 . as··· o.g· I '•
. .. \ ~· .
i . I
.,
. . ( .
I ....J
· 0 I
. . ! :· 0- 30 .
. . '99.-9 . 5.278 '99.9 1.1lo ' · ·99~a
... :..· . ·.
.
'i - . , . -. • . ' . .~
-~ . . I . . •.
. . . . '
- f.·.-: . - . ' ~ .
0 • •• . . .. .... : ., , -
. ' . · .. . - . ~ . ..: ..
" ;
: ' i . .·. -·
.... . ··- · . .
, I . . . ... ........ ··• :"·7·.~,
- .
. .· ·. . .
0 ... , . -
·. · . I,
. '
.· l .
::) · -
. .
f)'. . . . ·: \: ..
t ••• 0 . .. ·,;
. . . ·.
0 ... .
·:~ : ... .....
. ... ·' . '
...
. . ~ "
·. . ~
' , .
"\·
. . ..
· .. .. .· .
. . ' \
1 • •• I
·'
.· . '
. . i . . .. ... . - - \
• • .' <.>·. I ·.: ,.. \• '. . . .
.· . · .. :- . ..... ·. ·:. \
.. .. . .. • . . . ·.·
.·
.. •l . -·
" ------ .
.· .
·~ ·. • :.
.. <"
' . ·,
. ..
' .. · ..... ;
.• 'f.
. ·. .... I
~ •.
' . l
...
" .... ~
• I
~ · . .· . . .... . . t • i'' " .. '
• j
· ·~ ..
' . . .. · .
TABLK IX •
Depth range f m . . ..
5.5·. -1·o. o
' 20 .,,
'30
.. '
, J
' ·
. . ' ...
·,
. ,_\
; .
,.
...
.. ... . ~ ._
·.
·~ -.
· •Average ~ur~ace
T~perat\lre ... . oc
•
27 . 5 .
27·.5
·-- ~ 26.8
' 30.7 . .
~.
-~
. · . ··.-.:.
I .•
· . .
, ..
·~o~al catch kg
·.
• • ·'
- ~05.5
114.5
39 ~ 9
. . .
7 . 5 .'
. ..
C'
. , .
.. . ..
.·
' .
. . '
,..
.,
E~fective . ·hours of
fishi nq . h
{/ .
• ·.
' .
15
". . 2
-.
, '
. •.
·1
:• .
,
. .
.I
o Cateb/h . · kg/h .
. -s. 1"'
•
~0.2
-11'. 6
20 . 0
1;.s· ..
. '
•. ·~
.. ;.
.
J
"'-
. ..
-.·
.q '
. , .
.. 0
I -.J 1-' , ••
~ ... .. . .
/'
. . .. ;...
...
1 ... - •
·.
.. --. .
.·
, .. ' .
·. r- ·
.... -~ . ( .. . ... -. -. ~
• .... - f
• I
- . ·.
-:-· • •. . . 1 ' .. -· - .. - . . 0. 0- ..
.. ' I~
.. ·
-·-
0-.. 0
0':. ,' , ...... . . -. -· . •,
.o. -. 0
.· . . ,c>
.. -·· . . · [
'· .. 0. .&. · ' .. . ..
"' . • ~ .. •• ... • 0- • -- • • • 0 •
· ~ ... ·:· TABLE X. Tota.l catch and catch ~r un'i.t -o~ e££or~ according ·to· depth . - . . - . . range , .
.. -..
inJthe Southern zone .of ·auenaventura, . 1.969. . . -.li,• . .. ' '
·- ~~--------------------~--. -.--------~----------.~- --.. --------------~--~-----------0----------· nepth range
- ~m
. - .':, - 0 ~- 3. 0 '
5.5 -10.0
: ' 20 '
.:
' . . '
._,I.
·.
{
~
...
'Averagesur£ace
temperature . <>c .
. . . 2a~·o
28.1
' .
28.0 . . ,.
... .. : 28.3
• "''
' ,.
-..
...
TOtal c:atcb kg' ..
-. 61.8
. ' .. 341.4
...344.0
..
' .. ·''
(I
... .
. l
...
Effective . hQurs Qf 'fishing
h .
8
2~ "' ; .. 20 . .. 4
;
.I
.·
:
. ..
"
. ...
'Gatch/h . k /b ~ .
-·"· ?
7.7 ,.
:1.3 .. ].· -·
'17.2 . .. t ~
5.1
•
.·. .....
.-· 1· '
·. .... ... , ,
'• ' . o, !f -
• ,...0
,
.. .. ••
1 . . ... .·• .
' -·
' . ... . -· .
·_.,.....: 0
·. · . :
.. •. - .
. ·. D • .. -.:.... . .•
-·
-~ ....
..
1 .. '
. ..,_ ·.
.·
-- .·. ·. ~
.. ,· · .
. ..
.,
I -.J IV I
·--
.·
.•.
.,.
,·.
. -:•.
...
.....
·'·. .. .•.
. .. . ...
~--
.,.
..
. .
•' '
. ,
.· ·.
'· ·, -73-' . . . ' ,.
0 ,·
e .
avex:age catch pe1: hou.r . was obtained 'rn ·general, the largest -"\ .•
· · .,_;\ .'.i~ . the ·nol;'thern. p~rt be.twe;~l! 3. 5 ·and 5. 0 fathoms (6 . 4 and 9. m)., and : l , •
between 5 :-? ·and 10. 0 fathoms in the southe'tn part. The 20·. 0 .kgYh
.. ' '<' ·' .
.;
figu~e fr'om · 40 fathd'lns (36 rn) in ·i;he 'north was 'not taken .fflto · account ,
. '"·
/
.. .
.of' .
. .... :/. ..
·. .,
. ... ·.·
.,_-• .;r ' .. ~pi. ·this analysis because. it was. .not repre_sentative. ·
. '
· . .. ~ . . I i •
·.
·. ..
'•
l ·
·· '
' -
r
••
•.
, .
.. ~
!
'·
.,I
..
·'• , ;,
b •
' .
~.
·\ !
,· /
.
,.
.. , .
.,r
. .
. .
·.
. . . •' '
•,
.,
..
:.- •. •. .·
• •I'
i . .. .. ·~
'· . . "·.
.· ..; ·, . ' .•
' > ...
.·
v ,
,··
.. .. .
J •
~: .
, .
..
.-
..
.'
. .
, . . ~ .
· .
' ' _.
.,
.·
.•
.·
,·.
.?
·• , .
... .·
•.: (
' :
•; I
.· ., ,.. '
,.
• ~ I
- 74..:. . .,
J
FISHING
) /
.. Histo!y of the Pacific Shrimp Industry
" l!J . 11
o:fhe shrimp fishery .in Colombia began as a minor _.industry
. . in 1937 . At · that time the fishi~g· was by canoe and wi~beach"~
seines around the. Bahia de Buenaventura. The product _ as sold
"heads-on" and frozen in ice blocks , and was only for local ~ t
consumption. In 1949 a bigger indl}.stry began, :-but. it was not until .. 1957 that it .was organi'Zed as a fishery in Buenaventn.ira . In 1963
. ( . ; I
. .. ~efrigeration wa.? insta·lled · in Tuma9o, and 'in 1965 on~ shrimp
fi.sh~ng company was established there: · In 1970 a "processing plant
was begun i n G~api , and, at present a modern plant· .-rs-: being built· i n ' . . -Buenaventura . Al ong the entire coast there are nine packing ~nd
• process·ing plants: six in Buenaventu:r:a, .two in Tumaco and 'one in
' , .. Guapi.
. . Some of their characteristics .are shown in Table XI.
"'Boats and Fishing Gear
The shrimp boats whic_h operate in· Colombia have. been made
. . . " ~ . ·in the united State's, Panama , Mexico, Ecuador, Spain and Colombia . • <' o.l • , , I , t o • • i/ • ,
Iron hulls comprise 55% of the fleet and the remaining 45%·' are I .-
;wooden. Of th'e ·total ves·sels; 37~ have echosounders and 6~% have
radiotelep,hones. The. number ~f boats according to vessel leng.th
are shoWn in Table XII.
..
..
t· " • •
.· .. .
-· .. """'-~-
· . .
' I j,
,.
' , '(
.,. .
0
:
·'
I·
-. ' ; _ ... ·.
' '
· , . . T '. ,., .
TABLE XI.
• l .
Name of . ~ompany
. .,. ..
·.
· Some character1..sti .. cs of· of Colombia, 1.97~~
·' . ...
.•. •. .
~ ·Lc)cation I Date ' f l;Jnded ·
-. ., .
a
.~.. . . ~~
,. '.
• # ; .. : • ... • .. t.
· ~C:o~s~ , I ' •·
Arlib,..ia
·. . Imptfs·ca ·
Pesq\Jer!a· .del ' Pac.
Pesqueroa unidos· : · t'' .- . • ·.
··· la .·.POla~ ' ·
., ' · .. ~smaco .' · ·
. ' ·. . , J
- .. : . ".
.. : .ti
.. ' ,•
-~ . . '·'.
.. . ..
I
1 1968 .
I . ., •
Buenaventura
.. ...
• .. 1960.
.. ;1958 ~
' . . · . • ' '1958
• :: ,1966 • • t •
TUm,& co 1.963 -:, ..
. Guapi . · . ·1970 .
-~ ·
. ..
,. .
....
t I •
I t. , ., _... : '
• I ..\ '.
' ·
p~a~ts ~1o«_?ate~ on' the . Pac~ic Coast · . '
. . '
capacity (lb) . Store and/or·-· .
freeze .
128.ooo . '
77.ooo ' --
• . -. . ~20~000
lOO . ooo
. ~SO.ooo
90. 000
• ;
'
-· . ' .. . 0 •
\: ' ' '
·.:.·
Personal Administratofs · Work~rs \ I • •
7 393
'· , . .. . . \
3 ·s
• •
. .,. 6' 47
_. .. )' , ' .. • ,
- l.QO . .
60 ,; .
' .
. • •'l ' •
e
. I -..1 Vl I .
~ -
. . ·'
'·
· .
1- • . J
. '
. _
.•-
·' • '
. . .,
--....:
- -._ . ·. ~
' -.,
' 'II
• ~ • 1
I. '· ..
•;
•
' , ...
.....
.
6 •
-~-
' -·
' .
·/
. . . • t
.,
. , \
'•
TABL~ ~:r. some c:hilracte£iati-c:s · I -co~omb~a~- _i 972. _ __;Y·~
•
30. '40
4~ - ·50
·51 60 , . 6I - 70 -
., ·71, - - ~0
. .
. . '
:
B}lenav~t~a No. · ~
. -· •
16 ~ 14
18 16 ')
55 m . . 49
24 t ~1 .
. -
ill ,·,_, . ··~L-
,
; .........
0
... (1 .
.. • -> •• •..
. -~ . · .. ;
, · .
•,
I)
of .the shr~p fle~ . of tbe Pacific coast of .· . . ,
TUmaC:O
·No. % No.
.2 ' 15 13
1 . 2 ' 15 · · .:.,:. .. -.. 9 -'. 69 •
. . • •
.. • • ' ..
14 ' i .
..
.·
" .. '\
' Gu~pi
" 93
7 -. .
• ~~ •. · \
•
.-
. ~
.. ..
-~
. •
·T.otal No. %-.
' 15 . .. ll.
19 14
27 19 ~ -
0: -~
55" .Jg
24 17
i40
~ . ., .
·~.1· D
I . -..J a-
.. 1
. -.
·•
I'. I ., •.
,. .
., I
I "\, -
... J '/.'·
;, .. ·'·
.. · .. 0
I •
, '
. t ; ..
· : -~ ':· .. , . ,
-The crews (some are fo.reigners} , 'consist .of a captain, •
an engineer, a . cook and two or three fish~rmen. · . .
Prequ~ntly, , th~ ....
engitfee:r:: and t .he cook join in the h~ndling of the catch when the ' .
'shrimps .are abundant . '·
"J • •
q. b he doublt rigged otter trawl has . been used ·from 1957 to ._.
_' t nt. t~e. . BeSidos \oh~se t;awl; ~ ~ . ti:y ,"•~ kno":' local~y • · ·. '
!'15 ·"chang a" is used: the try net I is put int.o the water for abo.ut • • • • f/1
15· minutes in ·an 'area which is believed -to have shrimp. • • • \>'
'If the try ,
,.
: I> • .. .. j, l •• , ..
iS positive in capturang shrimps, a haul with tfi:e complete gear _fpr · -· · I I ,$~
._ a peri~ of 2 h<mrs or more is ' made . The fishing is usually done .. . . . . . .
durin_g ·the day .time, but 'in some . zon'es,- such -~s . . ~tie . T~rt.uga~ a7·ea, _ ' ~ . . . ~ . . '
diurnal and noctu~pal op~ratib!'ls are co~ducted . .. .
I (
. .. Physical Characteristics of the Coast I ~
The ·colombian :acific coast · is 1,300 kx!l ' in l~ng.th fl:'\ in . • . ' I ' ( • • ' ,
~ \ 0 ..
the Panamanian to the Ecuador~an border. The P~cific ,water hed ' has · · ·,
an ' area of 77:446 km2
and ~s formed bY_ · m~ny~ ·rivers ~f- ~h~r;t lengnh·
(Acevedo, 1967). \ .
... t; r •I' • '
The Pacif~C - waters niar the sboreline support climatic 1
· conditions of the. equatorial type: . . . ... . : . . . 0 d temperatures over 26 C, a~
abundant rain$ throughout the entire year·. ·Over these. w,aters, • t
•:
!
-.
-~
"'•c- ...
. ·~ I
·• ~ , ..
: . · vdurin~ a . 9 month ~ei:'iad·, th~ winds ' a.;e · p~edom~nately sputh and. ... . , . ~
I. ., . ; · ' '• · ... ., .
. :~
:. ... 1'.
'
·' .•
.. 0! • • l ·.
,' ,_, !l ·,
• , I
"' ;~ .. -. , .. , . •.
·. ' ' t\
-~
•
v
. I
.. J
... . ~~
.. I .'
' ;.
·~ ,., . 0 r . ' . I . . .
I . ' :<
·-7A~ i . ) '('J ..
- ~ mount~inous zbne exists between Cabo Corrienees and r
. . . . . j
I
the Panamanian border, but ' tiom Cabo Corrientes so~thward to the ' # ~ o I • I • • o
Ec_uador'ean border a lon9 st~etch of l-owlands is found along the
c"oast'. ot•
..
. Approximately 85% could be described as "the %n6re extreme
' 1'\ \ . ' tropical rain -~~rev" and the remaining 15% as· simply "tropical . . . . I,
rain· forest"; the -·latter in the southern portion.
Coastal Features and Fishing Areas ... . North of Cabo Corrientes the shoreline is composed of
stepRed rocky cljff~ feund along a na~row platfqrm. South of Cabo
~orrientes th.e r;,hore l i ne is composed of . san~y or mud and ·sand . ; . . '
beadleS With numeroUS ~s.tuari'ne areas Which at-e bordere~d;y . ~ .
m~ng~oves where the intertiqal zo~e is easlly distingui able. · · • J , . •
The~angrove_ zon~tion of these .~stuaries i~ composed of• the following
... " , . fringes: a first outei fringe t of smal·l mangroves, Avicenia nitida ;
~ I
a second, more abundant f+inge, of r'ed mangroves,' Rhizophorae mangle, ' ./.. c ~
which is the main.tree utifized by the mangrove industry; an,d a
third , inner fring~, of· :~ellow mangroves, Laguncularia racimosa. J . • •
1
The following description of the co~stal'shelf and the . .
shrimp fishing areas was take~ from Squires,-et al., 1970: "The
'coastal shelf is. narrow , with its gr~atest width of 'abo~t twenty . \
.• ,. ~
five miles ;in a rectilinear indentation 'which includes Buenavemtura· r-
~ay in its no~theast corner and extends from the Golfo Tortugas to
.· -- ·
~
"" 0 . ' .
. _ .. , .
. '
~ . (
•· · .... .
..
.. ....
.. :'
: •
-79- •'
"l ·
. . soubh of Isla Gorg·ona or to · a length cif. about -90 "mile.s. Another· .. . ' - .. shelf . area north of Buenaventura is about 70 miles long. a·nd 10 miTes · ... . ' ... wide and extends between Cabo 'corrient~~ and PUnta Charambi;a·.· Both
. , .. ~ ~ . . . . . ~ .. . ... shel~ area~ and the Ense~ada de ~yeo t:_the south c~nst~tute the
. shrimp fishing grounds of the coast . On these shrimp fishing • o . .. . -
ground~ t he' ievel bottom is of soft mud or mud ·and sand. t 'In . the •
r Qgions near th'e lP+ger land.pro.jections such as j-ust s.outh of PUn'ta . . , .
. f Charambira and just south ~f Punta'Guascama the shelf is narrow'and
. -the bottom fr~quently uneven. North of Cabo Corrientes the coast is
,h:i:gh and hilly with occ~;sional cliffs and the coastal shelf is very
narro~ and occasionally rocky .
Shrimp Processing
compan_ies ·of this coast export .the .
.. At pr~sent tl!e
"tit.i: snrl.mp as well as the "langostino" or "white" shrimp.- The , - ........,...... .
~
" tlti'" shrimp is exported peelyd and deveined in 5-p:ound plast_ic
, bags. .~me companies pack it in 5-po~nd waxed
• ~ol~o0ng classificatio~ : · spe~ial > regula(a~~ . ~
boxes'using the
large . , . . .
'~Titi" shrimp are peeled and deveined by hand by f~ale . . laborers, using 'a wooden punch. ·TKe punch ,i~ inserted into. the -
• I
.. . . · .
...
· ...
'he?dless ·Shrimp (the "taii") at the dor.sal· anterior porti,pn, thr~sting .·
.. ap~teriorly a nd upward thereby -slitti~g the .shell and r~oving the
_.:intestine a~d ovary,~esidue, if the · shrimp is a · femal.e (F-ig. 19).
Thert 'the shrimps are washed with t'resh wate:z;. in galv~nized wire
:·
- .· . '
. -
\.
, .
.•
. ,.
•
.·. ., ( .
.. •
' ·
. ·.
:
... .. . ' .
.•.
.. ·
,. ' I
.. Fig~ 19.
':·:·
.. • ~ i
'•
J'
. •
J
__ .. , . -... - -·:. ____ __ .... -------. --·--- ·- -.---•
./
· ..
Peeled and procest.si~g
...
...... . r ,
•,
·.
•
I
.. deveining "titi" shrimp at the . shri~p plants of the Pacific coast of Colombia.
. ··
··-;--- .. " •
.. .. ·.
..
..
. .
.......
• •
. .
.·
..
(] .
..
I (X)
0 I
.~
• J
:
• . ..
. ..
.,. · .. · :--."'"'.
.\" I ..
' <. . .
.. ...
I
0
. ' . ., .
. .
' .
·( .· · . .. I
....
' 'o
. 1' .
.;,.
.. ..
.· '·:
.. • . . ..
. ~ .
--... . . -81-. ' ..
. . . . . \ . . .
· sieves· and classified by s1ze mechanically or~anually • • BY these • • • • • •• • 1
prGcedures · the shrimp lose. up to .30 or · JS\ of their totai tail .. . . . . ·- . -
weight (Table XIII) ·.' .Siu::irnP with :an. inferior . ~a~iti (i:e., broken' ' .
v • are processed · i~ a d~ff~!tmt nia~ner and sold for nat.ional
consumption. These are known as 11precookedi' shrimp. The ".tails" " <"". . .. •
. . are cooked 'in qlllinini~ pails with two 'pou~ds .of salt . (NaCl )• ·t~ ..
.· 40 pounds of "titi" (0. OS g/lb). It is bo~led for 10 to 15 minutes; .. .. then deveined and peeled. The final product is packed in one-po~nd
plastic ·bags· and frozen . . Sometime.s the precoo.ked shriinp a;.e sun . ... ~.
• ••• dried and packed ip plas'tic.bags .
. ·.
.. . Monthly Landings and Recruitment ..
• • I I •
With a four year aver~ge,· from the .monthiy cOmm~rcial
A landings , a graph was made in order to' know theabundance . Qf the
. , )c ' • •
"ti ti" shrimp ~hrough the ca;I.'endar year. The .shrirnJ? showed . two
periods of maxirnum ,abundance between • • • • November and December , · and ·
. ' . between February and.Jul y (Fig: 20).
- # ' • ., • • • ~he months with minimum l~ndings
. were Ja~uary , .August and Oct.ober . \
" In the same. graph the- percentage or recruits,· that is , . - .
. . _'sp~c.ilqens-u.p.Jto ~8 ~ carapace length obtai~ed from the:> mea~rernent's , ~
,of ~he sample; taken ab"roa~ the M)V ~~~~ci~e" . in,l9.69,. '~s included~· :',' o
.• : - !..
Although the p icture is not very clear , there seems to be four . . ·\.._ . .
periods of )recruitment, beir_tg ~th~ ~~st signific:ant .in Oc.tober (Fj.g'~ ·
20) .. fin t~e g~aph · it is also observed that th~re .. is. a ri~gative c~rrelati~n between the a~er~ge mont~y landirigs-and the period s of
recruitment. '
.,_ \ . . ..
.. . ~.
. .
' ..
\
•'
·.·
-y
~ .
'I
. ,
... . ·
~ .
. --. · ... ,
. -• • ' • 1 • •
· · TABLl; XIII • . : Loss of weight in !ititi• shrimp !.·" riveti ·. tprough 'the process of · peeling and devein·inq~ -- · _. · · · · · ·
· . . · ·Ta,ils .No • .
.r'
85. . &2 .
85
79
90
80
· 100 ., .
' . 97 .
100 c
,107.
~
~· ,
- ' .
•
.
, :
\.
·~eight of ,tails
· g
- . 500
~00 lr
.. 500 -
.. s·oo -
soo
500 ,_ ..
.:soo . -I
500
. , ... :-500 -
t .
500-·- '
;' '·
·j · - • >
• I
. ... ... ..
. --~
•·
-. • I
_....,_;_
-Pealed . and .deveined
weight of tails
<
..... '375
375
-375
375. . . ....
· 375
400
.. . 375'
,350
; 3\o
..... 350 '
.. .
. '. - .·
- - ' " ~
,
> •• ••
. .. .
,. ..
. . ;
"
. ..
•./
Weight-_loss ·, - ~
·-· ·25.· ,,
25
25
.. .
'- . . . . ..- .
...
.>
'I
. '
"·.
. . . ..... ·
..:.._
4
I
..
' .
: ~
' -
• ,
' ,.
\ '
•.. . .. . ..
•• ._,
·. I , . . ' r .. -·
.. ,
- 120. ~
I \
.--:-Average rnonthly landlnos (tall·pounds) . )(
(/) 0 z ::> 0 CL.
~ <t ..... ....., (/)
(!1
z 0 z <X ...J .
.. ~ . X ....
I z. 0 ::E
.. I
'. . . \, I . .
~r--· x Recruitment •t. 110
100 ... ..
90
. ·· '
~ ·.· .,
~·
·. l . - · ... 1968-1971
"' ·. I ' ,. ' /. I ~ ,\
'I \ · I . \
.. .
~ . . / · ' I \
..
"'~ . . . . ...
, · .. 0
.. ,_ /\ - l I I " \ I
I • ' / . I \ I •I \ I I .
' I : . \ • I I \ I
~ ' . \ I . , · ' ' · , : / . • \ I
, ..._ . I \ I .. ' I , I .
·i:; , '?, ., \.. .. -~ · / 19691. . ' I . ..... · I .
" '/ ....... s .'...[ .·
.· .. r ...
. .. E F : M ·A M . J J
. . ( MONTHS
, .. I . ... __ ,
·!--··---1
f!.'. , ~
I •
I • ~ -
. .•
, S' 1 .. ' .
I ~
0 . :
\ \ • oJ
l • ................ . -~
... ..
. · ~
,.
. . . . .
Fig •. 20;
. . Av.~x:~qe:· ~onthly catc~ . {tair ~eig~~· lb) and ~rceritage .of
.recui~m~nt of. "~iti" shrimp Xiphopenaeus riveti from . the Pacif1c Coast p£ Colombia.
• .. . 0. · : \ • . ,
: ~ . ...
··' - -. .. . ' . . ...
• I.
..
.A:,: . I_ ( '
. ..
. .,
22
20
18
io · ::.e 0
14 ~ w
12 ~ ::J
. lOJ ·et::
•
.u :
I (X) w I
... w ·· .
!3 ' a: . ·~ 6 · . .·-
4 . ·
2 .. ·,
'·
•..
. ..... .. '
;
·.
' .. ,.
'•
. . ~
,· \.
0 . ' (I.
· ..
. • 6· . o· .
0 0 ·, '-84-
. . . .... Annual La%d~ngs .·· .. .
The·· annual land:ihgs of t he "titi" shrimp .have increased '
. ' . cansidera~ly f±om 1958, ._a. y~a..i; in. which were r~~rtec:'l about 8 ,00~
~ail-pounds u~ to 2 ,727,~9~ ~~ 1971 at Buenaventura (Tahle XIV).~
I 0 .· o, ..
. ..... .. # "
~ In TUmac;o , during the ·last three ·years .the l'an~lings were • I' .
·.
• • t I
·,
'
a
. . . " . . '
0 .. i_itt+e, aboy.~,half a .million 'pounds alfP, the qame. occurred in Gtlapi 0
. .. ··~ .;dt,;_ring 1971 (Table X·~V)o • ..
0 . '· ... . , •
0 ,0 Fo~ the whole Pacific Coast 3;8j4,00Q tail~pounds were
/.. landed ·in ·1971. Th~- great incre ase in ,landings for th~ most part
. .
.. ..
.... o (} . 0
. ,. \
~
0
.... . )
;
• I'
:'
. 0 •• t
\ o ~ I
due· to the cbm~anies not prot;:e.ssing this shrimp before 1969 • n
was
b.e'c~u.se:. o; . low ~rices in ' the . international m~kct . . ·. o. . . J •
·· 1969Vthe compan.ies obliged captains to land all t-he • • • 1<\ • • .... \
Be:fore o 19.66 some of these shrimp had .been laJ'!ded at 0
and qthers were discarded at sea. '
.. · Total Effort
.
However ·, .from \
captures •.
the companies l
The vessels which landed the shrimps in Buenaventura ~i'shed .. along the whol7 c.oast and made, on a thre'e ·year average, 1.7 trips
per month, and spent 13.5 days J(er trip. ·~· ·
' I I "!'he vessle which operated •' from TUmaco or Gu~pi made daily . . .
..
. . ·
trip~,. wiht a dura~ion of ten: elfectiive ' hours of fis'hing and 13 to 15
- • 'trips a .month , on the average, ·for Guapi and Tuma~o, respectively .
.... ' . • 0
.. . . \ . ..
·. ~ '· .
'
. ·· ..
' ..
..
, I
.. .,
.. ·
.. . .
/
.·
\ .
··) . - ..... . '
J • , . -.
..
·· ~ · .
. . . . . , ' I
.. ·J .
,. . . . • 0 ~
.. TABLE XI1l. AMual landi.nqs of ~titl• ~hrimp X. riveti,. ot the,_ Pacific c6aat ·of
·. • Cc?lombia, 1958 -: 1971. · • 0 ~ ...
Yea I
.. 1958 ,
1959 ... . 1960
. ·. ;19~1 . ...
; . :.
.1962 :'j· ~
1963
1964 .
1965
19~6 ( ..
196? -
.1968.·
1969
~
' . source un~t
·~suenaventura - ·
7-.7 -14.4
, 167. g
13,0.4
398.5
•
•
190.7
·601.9
1218.3
. . ..
. ·1970 2019.6
l971 2726.7 ~
'* August _; . December • * March :.. December
I ·
. . s Nrez 1 A. 1 and canpanie~ .. . .
1000 tail :- lb~
-'?
. ' - 0 .... .. .
T\imaco GUapi ~ Total ~ . .. '/
~ . i . 7. 7 \ - ~
: ., .. . • .14.4
' 0 :-. . ..
0
• • 167.? . .. #~ 0
" ' .
1:·30.4 . . .. . • . .
. f ·-
CJ' . • >
• ,.
45.9.1 ~ • .:· t ~ J:, • .• • 1ft .. .. I •
o. .. •
' • /;l •
' • • I> 39.8.5 .. .. ~
, . 0 - • •
~ .
.· - ·' .. • •
" :
• •
.. . -. . * 98.2 .. ..
509.4 .. 511.9 31o~o"'* ,•.
'•
540.T 562.2
, .~
,..., . " "'
0
. , I
' .
"
...
. .. . ,
\
..
' ..
: "\
, ..
..
-.....
......
. ':.·~· ....
l.
SiJ?1~ the data of 'effort were combined th·e~e was~~- ''
. necessity to convert·or to standardize these data · to that of
'/ · Buenaventura. This was done becatrse ~1\ of -the f leet worked
from this port. were cambined. ·· ~
'Also, the data of total catch
J In :SJ?ite 9f some variations· in total effort sin~e 1968,
·,the catches per unit of ·effort indicated a progresRive 'increase~
~
This occurJ!'ed with the catch per vessel;-rnonth; the catch per trip)" .
' "'"' and the catc~. per hour which in:· 197 J, ~as four times higher than in
·' 19f58 .• This was an indication .tl;ta't the popula,ti~n ;o.f " titi"·shrimp ... •• to
\ '
'
..
, .
·. · ..
~· 6 was not being affect'ed by, the fishi.ng effort-·, as . is shown in Fig .
21 and ·T~ble XV .
..
-
. . ··· ... ~ ..
-:.
-.
- I· l' I I I
l·
I ..
. : ~
•)
.~
~· . . . ,.
.·
;· . . ' ..
'. ·' ~ ·.
'9 ·~
' ' 'I <#
.. ~
0 •
1/ . , • .
-· '
~ ..
..
..
.. \ ' ...... :.
. \
·' •• , .t
. .
l,,'
'
•' ..
·''
"' .. .;
, , I
~\ ...
.. ... .... ~ ... .
....
•• • • ..
. . Y.· .
..
;K.: ~ .... .~·., . " l · ·
.. '
·.
I ...
..... .. ··.,·
·~.
...
. •
~ ~!,· • .•
•... ..
·. ' • ·. ,..
.. , . ,TABLE >N. · Total , landings.; tC:,ta1 .effort . and catch· per unit of• effort of "titi" shrimp
. of the Pacific coast of C9lombia. ' .. . .
Year
t
.. . ' .
Total. ~nding's Tail-lb • .
~.
700.11
·1, 727 ~ 7
2,·847 .5
3, . 33.6
r/· ... :- .
Ji :
~ . '.
,
'.j
. ~ ..
... ..
I
. ~
·' . .
Unit: 1006 lb.
• TOTAL· EFFORT ,
No. of No ; o; No ... of' V~ssel-months trips ~ours '
.... .. . /2so1 888 1,417 . 1,083 1,891 393,976
l .
· 1,328 1,908 .. . 382 , 597 .
1,288 2 , 038 391,430
~ ·
.•.
. '
.
. ' , . .
. , .. ,.
. ...
I
.·.
..
...
·.
.·
CATCH PER FISHING EFFORT
Catch/ vessel-mont~
' lb.
1_,595 - - .
2,976
,. 0
,
) ·.
• .
· catCh/trip· .. ,. '
lb.
494
. .. 1 , 492
1 , 881
. ..
.. ~ '. ·. ' . .... .
, .
·'
I co · - -..J •
I
. ,
· .
-·
0
' (
'
-~ (
·.
·~· .
~ : . ·
'> '
/
'
,.
( ..
' • /1 •
·'
.. . . · .
4
{I 0 x 1/) ~
· § o • 3()00 ·a.
t,
:§ ·.-:r: 0 t-
~ ...J ' 20 <t
. t-0 t-·
. 1000
' .. 'I ..
. '
... --··--··
. . .
- .
-sa-
Total .. catch ·' .
· Catch I vessel:- mmth ... . ,. ~t-·--··x ·W ofvessets -month ·
. ~
::-·
... ·
., : -, .
t) 0
0
... ..
.•
·.
·. ..
1300
:r: . .,_ z:_ 0
== · t
I fl)
' _.
1000 w Cf) fl)
· W > . u.. 0 0 z ·
' (/'•~:._
~------r---~--.-~~--.-------~--~--~ o· ..
1968 1969 1970 1971
YE ARS
I
.
~.
~ .
, .
. . . ··· ..
..
. .
3o00
Ill "0 c: ::J 0 a.
. -'6
2000 =
) .
·1oao·
J: · 1-z 0 . ~ .·: I -:'
..J ~
w · (/) (/)
w > . ' X
: ~ . . '<t 0
FIG. 21 . Tot al catch per veasel:-month and tobl fishing effort
, .
(numbet · of vease 1 - months) for ·• t i ti.. ' i)lrimp Xiphopenaeue rivetf , 1968:- ;1..~7-~
..
.
. .
•
/
. •.
- .. ~
.. ·,
. ,· ' ..
-~
' ' ..
I : .
I ' .
Morphology
·'·
h ...... '
~ -89-: . ..
DlSellSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
" -.
.. ·
'.
.,
.. }
/
,· ·.. Burkenroad (op •. cit. f in studying X. krciy.eri. ~ade sane
morphological cc;mpa!isons o1 ~~e ·_ spec1fe~s from Louisiana and
Brazil silocks. · ,.
He also compared X. kroyeri with X. riveti from . ,)
the west coast of Panaxpa. He conc;iud~d that !!_ riveti is ' a varietal i
.. \
I .
; .
· · forin of. the single . ~pecies of the gen~s. Rioja, (~p. cit:) doing . ) . ' . . -~
..
' ..
studies on secondary "sexual characteristics of X. rivet! considered .·· . . - .. .
' it: to be a su_bspecies and named .i~ .!..:_ kroyer.i riveti Bouvier.
. · , .. ·· ·. • · . _work wil~ .~av~ to be done to definitely di·stinguisp ·· , . .
x. riveti from ~ kroyeri. For the pu:rposes o"f this pape:r., howe~er t
- ' ~ ,riveti has been -treated as a . separate -speciE7s.
,.-:-
Length and Weight Relationships .. ·M<iles showed a gre~ter in"crease. in total leng'th, ~otal weight ,.. . . '
and tail ~eight if?. comparison with females of the same ca~apace • •
leng~h· Females ins~ead in_9reasea more . in total weight-tail weight · ,\ /) • I
re~at~onship than males after 2.5 g in tail w.eight.
. r ... '\
. '
' I
•! • •• :~
: . ...
' p
.. .. .!
.<'
In total weigh:t-total· length relationship, ma~~~eig~ed ·/ . ' ' more than ·females up to 98 mm lin. total ' length and af.t:er this ·length .. ,
h 0
. the si tuatiorl was fhe reverse. . Tilis cnange could be due to increase • ..
in ovary w~ig~s. But, in all · events, fema;les grew larger than
. '
I ' ;
I • .. • I
. ..
'. ,J
, (
\ . ,.
• ' • I
. '
. \
. ' .
,
~ · . ' ' . . . . . ._ '
_,.. .
. ,
I
·'
1 ...
..
:-~ .. tW
..
•,
·:
. . , .
...
• # ,•
. / ... ·.
·"
r:nales,. so se){ual di.morphisni'
was.'c;:uite:· apparent .'.· · ' \ . . . . .
,. •,.'
, Grbwtb
\) ., 0
\ ·'
\ ..•. : . /'\ ~/t.: .·· ... go(- . .·. ' :·
.. .;, .. r/ , ,. ,. ' •
in. size ·and weight in .. "titi" shri.m~ · 'P _,.- .
- ~ - .... : ...
· The estimation of . ~rowth in l~ng~J:l C?f "titi" s~imp i~d~cate<i ,.
as is .cotnmo.I'\ .in wiid ani;mals , tna~~du~ing tl)e first months of life
~-~
. the _ eff~c-t. of the rate of . .. '/.; · ..
. ' /. - \ ' .
I .
grow:th was more prominent.. than wh~n it 0 ·. •
was oldeJ:: ~ · . . il -.
~~~ ' est~ati,on 0~ . 27 months -to ~each the maximl;lill length
.. - . " . does· not mean· that the shr~p ·cannot live longer.'
..- ( I • In _an~case
. there cd~l~' b~ rare cases ·of this because t~ rishi~g' pr~ssure is, ., . . .
. . .f.aklng the"' av~rage sizes and it doe~ not permit sprimps to-grow to ., ' . . -
. ' la~ger sizes: I The e~f.ect of fishirig presspre could be compensated . . . • . . • < : . • .• . fp~ , by the frequ~ncy Of :spawnin.gs Which are CQnsidered. to be ·high
0 •
... .- i~ trop~cal '.wat~rs: ,.., -::f
. '
.·,
_Length 'Frequ,ency Didtributions ·. . ./ . ,
Q
0
>From total a~d carapace' length 'frequencr distributions for ' . . '
males and females . north and · south of Buenaventura, it\wa~·- ?'lot . · · . '•
possible to'--me}ke• a. clear. est-~mati~n of · ~e~~u.i~t of j.uvenile shrimp~ : ~ .~ .
.... to the fis_hing grounds. However , they permitted gro~h of £.~ale . . . .
.shrimps . to· be estim~~ed. · . . ._ · ·. 1 ' ,I ' • • . ) ..
·, #,:
. .._ The length f_~eqUen<;:Y distributions were' polymoda<;ll and :i..t . ·. . . . . . ' '· ~- •, . . -~
was an indiq~tion that gro~~ is rapid , or oth~wise recruitment ()
. , I •
.. ~..~ .. \
. · . __, .· :-,t ·,
- ~ ..
•. .
. . . .
., . .,
·. ·.' · ,·
.. · ..
' .
,.
·'
0
. '
0
.. .)
.. 0
..
. • .. . o , .
.. -.
\
·~ '· .
. '·• . . . "
' '
. -91-
,ha~ almo~t -a continuous occurrence. r.:J I ~ ·
·-
\ ; '
-This statement could he true . I
. ~
9
.. if i~ is consid~r.ed t~at the food supply do~s n?t change t;hrough6ut
. the year' because-there are no seasons, a-nd also the 'reproductive
() ·• ~ . potential of ·t.ropic.al .~rustac~an;;rs great .
Sexual. Maturity·
In males there. is · a continuous production of spermatophores
and t~ey do not have'cycles of maturation as females do . It was
difficult to explain why spermatophores were unequai in size ana
~ith ovo~dai. or s~peri~.U· sha~e, but. ~n any-lase ;ost. of them were
' ovoidal and; independent·'-of si~e , all had well developed spermatozoa .
In the ~ase of female. sexuat maturation of crustaceans in •.
tropi·cal water·s·, oo9enesis at;1d embryogenesis occur faster than Jn . " . . . . . . ~ .. . . ... ,;
. temferate or'cold w~t~rs (Berxy, i9~1~ but' with intermediary~esting . . .
periods b.etween each 'ovulation: Considering that maturation of the
ova is cyclical( .there· must be periods in which the percent~ge of . ' mature females is higher than during the "resting period" 'or
' . . " . '\ synchronization of maturity could occur as is common i~ biological
.. .. systems .. , For this reason'· if we s~pled a population ·every week •.
,. the resul t would be more.·accurate in ·showing the cycle t;:han if the
sampling was done ~ith~the time more spaced, as was.done in the
,present study. Although the sampling_ was done only rnontply, the · a \
~~suits~errnit~~d us to conclude that ~ riveti spawned each 2 . 3
.. •'
, . · .
. ' .
·~
.,
..
..
. ~ '
. '
' l
· "
.· . ')
. .. - 92-
months~ or five .times a yeqr because the average percen~age of '-....
ripe shrimp in each monthly sample w~s,re~atively high.
Parasitism
r
As Cestoda parasites complete their life cycles by going
t~~ug~.two or more hos~t certain-~eriods of their lives , the;
" . have to •abandon their hosts and find another one·. In the case of -~ \ -
marine Cestoda , ther~ are two ways of doing this: first being in v
the p~ey .of birds or fishes, and second the parasites get· free a'nd , i~to the water if ecdysis or spawnings occur . In' X. riy~~at 15 ,
· 1 7 , 21 , 24 and 26 mm carapace length~ it was found· that the numbers
of pa~a~ites was·minimum and the explanation for this minimal
incidence at those lengths could be that spawnings or ecdysi~ had '
'- d d I 'ed f h 1$$ • o~curre an carr1 away some o t e paras1tes .
:· . r Food and Feeding • •
Q
under consideration. The niche is defined as "the nutritional role
of the animal in its ecosystem, that is, its relations to all the
. "
food available to it~· {Weathe.rley , 196~) . Barona (MS i97·2) in :.ludyi~~· ~ occidentalis dembnstra~ed that- the usual food eatert by this .shrimp·
) w was pelecypods • . The "titi" and "white" shrimps were frequently.
....
) ..
..
. ..
f
,·
.·
' II
..
-93-
. , • t\
caugnt .together but this did not mean that they were ~ympatric in , P
~ ~he stric~eaning of the word. It is possible that these two
species go from .one plac.e ~o ·anotheyn .t~eir search~ng fo~ :o~
in sma~l school s which'a~ campo~ed ohly 'o! o~e of ~~e two species .
TJ?.en, cpmpetition for food or space would not take .[lllace . The case
: seems• to be that- when the net is on the bottom, it takes a mixture ... of species from possibly ' different··. h~bitat:s •.
-..
-~ Se~a1 .Ratio
The monthly variatio{i:n se.xua\, ratio· obsed~d. f~r "ti~_i" , ... . .
. ..
~ • • <r .. .. .. ' shrimps was possibly due to sel ectivity·of the net,since females
\ . . were• bigger than males, a:nd ·also due to changes .i:n tne po.P~:tlatipn . ..
/
itself. · ,As females are said to moye to. deeper· waters in order t~
" ~ . lay the~r eggs, this fact could infl~ence•the sex composition. ~f
the population~ ·These movements, have to b.e cyclical and ·i~fluence~
by hormonal factors· dr otherwise influensed b~hanges _i~ wa~er
• conditions such as temp~rature (movement of the thermocline) or ·
salinity. due to the runoff from the rivers.
' • I
. Local Ge?lraphic Distribution
The aifferences between produc~i~it~ from the differ$jrt
fishing areas could be d~e to loca~ ecological fact~~ such af
tem~rary lack of ' food arid~igrations to areas with poor fishing ~ . . .
bottoms and therefore the shrimp population was not available to
the trawl.
-,.
·.
..
:' . .•
,·
I .
" .
\
-·-. ..
. ·: ..
. ·
./.
0 .•
. - 9_9.-:-. .,
' Bathyritetric Distribu(ions
. . Th~ variation in the concentration according to bathymetric
· distri.bution north and south of Buenaventura . {f~om 3 , 5 to 5. 0 . t
fath~ms ' 90rth and from 5.5 to 10 fathoms . SOUth) could possibly .be • • r•
attributed to the fact that'in the northern zone' it was impossible I'
to ~ish near .~he c·oa.st i.n some places due to. ir;eg~larities in the
bottom and also tp the narrowness of the continental platform: •. • l •
<l
South . of Buenaventura, alth~ugh the platform is wi~e, it is not all
fishable 'and the shrimp vessel could not fish near the ~oast · (in
·, water shallower than three fathoms) .
population seemed. to be concentrated
In any case , although tne
at :c-~rtain dept~s: it oould
'<:I> -
that occasionally it spread out uniformly, _ for example , over a
large area from less t.~~m two to ten fathoms deep.
The fact that tqe popu~ation was fished once at 20 and 30 ~ ·
fathoms could indicate that'a mig~ation of the older individuals ·· • • *'
to spawn in deeper water, o~. a ohan~e in the thermocline, had occurred I
Variations in the mon'thly · landings . obserVed in the last .. '. . \ . . .
four x~ars dq no~ se~ ~0 be correlated with fishing effort in any .. •
oue year but with cycli~al • oscillations in· the papulation itself~
to lack . of prep.ipitation ~ata it was not possible to do comparisons
~etween the two phenomena.
. . ' 'V
, · .
' :
' '
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.. ,
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, I .
,
I ~
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... \) '
,, I
..
~ .
'.•
. I
.. I •
-95- .·
Annual Landings I • • •
The annual .landings showed the increas~ng ~portance every.
year of '"titi" shrimp. on the Pacific coast of co'!oll!bia. Before, 1968··
the annual landings•were lower than 500 thousand*t~il-pound~, but in
1971 3,834,0.00 tail-pou~ were landed,· exceeding -\:he white shrimp . I fl
. I '-- . . • !endings which for all the time of . ~ploitation' of the shrimp .(
resources on the ~a~ifi; -cots( :ad Occupied th.e firsr posi tion·• 17· /<~ . weight and value • ..
The increase in the figures of ~andings for .the last four·· .
y~~rs. could be explained by the -increase in the prices in the
interl'lational market since ·l96B:...l.969 and because captains were I o . .
oblig~d to land -all t:-he shrimps caught.. Another reason that
obviously ~nfluence~ the .total increase in landings was ' the . ' ..
. ·introduction of small fishing boats (9-12) known locally as ..
. '
"titiceros"' o~ ;,mosquito~ch op~r~te from Guapi cntd TUmaco • ...
These vessels are of low draught and ' their,len~th rapge·is between
30 to 40. feet. ~he mesh opening is the· -~~e as. that ~f the b.igger
. vessels. · (3~") but they can op~rat~ nearer to· the coast than can the
I
latter. #The inclusio~ Qf these boats and also a great number of
larger one~ had increased the f~shing.effort · along the entire ~ • • 0 •
coast. • I
Due to incomplete . information on the data of landings and \ ·:..
fishing effort before 1968, it was difficul t to make curves of
( -
~' . ' ,
. .
I •
.: .
·1 .• .,
I
.. .. ..
'•
· ...
•
. ''\
,'
·'
.. . ' .
. .
. ~.
·.
' . ... . ~ ··-
. -96-
abundance t~e effect o~ the fishi ng effort.on ' this ' . . . .
resource . . Neverthel~ss , it r&:apparent that the pdpulation .is, at
the ~oint ·of needing ranagem~nt by lbmiting the number of vessels ' ..
especially small ves~els - ' fishing o~. this ~oast~
. '
I ' • .. ,.
,,
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' . ' 0
..
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\.. . .......
: I
I
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.,
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,, ''· .. . .
"' ... - 97- 0
i ; · ' I REFEP.ENCES · ·
"'·
\ .. . · AceV'edo, E.
· ~
1 9&=7 Ath:ls · de Colombi.a; . Bogota; . ':inst. Geog.1 J}.gus~fn
Codazzi: p. ix • 0 . ,
.,
' •
. ' . . ' · .
. · Avil a; Q ., ·y Loesh, · H~·
.. . . - ,:
. ·.~ ·
... ,. . : .
... . ..
: <Q.
I •
..
'. ' '
1 965 Identjfic~cib~ de los camar ones (Pena~i~ae)
-· juvenil.~s de l o s· esteros del Ecuador. Bol. Cient-:,·
. I~st ~ Pesca, Ecuador, 1 (-3), 24 p .
,
Banco Gana dero . '· , . " .
~967 Estud.io Socio- economico ~.costa sur del Pacifi-
' · · co (cauca. y Narifio) Bogota, Ed •. T.erc;:er Mundo 'Y ~co . . .
de Rep., ~967, p~ .8-12 (El Dedo en la Heri.~.!. · Nq. ··
15) • . : '.·
Baer, J . E . J' ••
'
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.. . . . ·· I llinois Pres's', '224 .p.. ·
~ • . n
' ' . Barona, . M. o.
. . .
. . I '
.· \ . . . .
1 972 Fishery a nd Biology of · t he " langost i no" Penaeus ~ · • . ' .. . ' . . occidentalis on t he - Pacific : Coast of . Colombia .•
\ ' ' . . .,
·. • .. ·.
' .
\ ·,'o I , . .
. t
.·
•.
:ff, :
· ...
. I
, .
'I ..
.: ..
. .
I ·
•
. .. I : -9~-
' · (Ms) / · Master of Science Thesis (in prcpar~tion)
Memorial university ·?f NG\\Ifoundlahd.
. Berry, P . :F.
1971 The biology of t}';e ?Piny .lobster Panulirus . ' . '· tJ '
homarus {Linnaeus) off the East Coast' ·bf . ' •
Southern. Africa. Qceanog. Res. Inst. Invest .
Rep. No. is , p. 75 .
" ·.·
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194:7
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: (Rio de J .) · N. s ., Zool:- ,· No . ·7., 22 P:
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Estudio biologico. pesquero del camaron Artemesia .
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Biol. " t1ari~ia, Mar del Plata, 18 : 1...:47 .
Bouyier , E . L .
1907 Crustaces decapodes nouveaux recue'il1es a Pait,:a
(Perou) . · Bull. Mus .P Hist . Nat .. , Paris\· No . 2 pp.
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. .. Bur~enroad, M. D. . .
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The Penaeidae ·?f Louisia-~a · with a discussion of
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, .
.. Bull.- Amer.• M.us. Nat:
' ..
.·.
. ' - ~ . . ..
. . ..
...
'.
I. .-
.·
~ . .
· .. I A• .. •
·-
. . .·
. .. •' I
I' 0 j
. .
. ~ .·
.,
· .
• \,!,' •
.. '
. . .
,
• \'-
.. .. .
- 99- -~ -~-
... .... ~ I' . .. Ui3t. 68 (2} 102-lOJ. · .... . ..
.. . ' Cardenas, F. t-1. ).
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1952 Descripcion _de~ · espermatoforo de Penaeus ' . . ...
stylirostris Stiinpsc,m. -Rev • . soc. Mex~ ' Hist·. Nat~ · I .
.. 13 ( 1:' 4) : 35 - . 43 • . ..
.. . : ~rC?ke~, · R. .s •.
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196? · The snr~~p ind~s~ry of Central America, the
caribbean se~ · an~· northe~n South America, U~ S. " . . .. . .
· ·Fish liildl. Serv., Fishery Lea£1. No. 74, 127 p · •.
\
·cummings, w.. c. ·. : . • J
1961 · f.laturation and. spawn~ng of _the pink shrimp . .
Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad. Tran~. Amer. Fish.
Soc. 9.0: 462 468.· I I
· Chin, . E.~ and All.en, D. N~ .
4
1959. A -list of references on the biology of shrimp
(family Penaeidaa) .• u •. ·s. Fish Wildl. " Serv.·, _ . .. _ I • .
Sci. Rep. Fish •. 276'~ ··. 143 ·P·~ . ..
; '
1964 . .
The ~hrimp fishery in· western· Venezuela·, . Proc. . . . . ..
) · . .
Gulf Carib. Fish. ~nst., 17th Annu. Sess., pp~ ..
0 • -
' " • ·.c .. ·
' .
. I
. . ;
' ·
. I 6
\
,
I .
. .
) '
·I
\ .
·.
( . - 101-
• •
. Hyman~ L. H. .. I i •
' ' 1951
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.. . ~~ynchocoela: Me. ~11 Book co •. 2: 311
. . . I
417. ' .
1948 A study of reproductive organs of . the common
· ; · . . . ·marine shrimp, Penaeus setiferus (Lennaeus). · -·
Biol. Bull. 94· (3) 244 - 262,.
. . -'Klima, F. E.
. . , . . .. . ~ .... .. ..... ·:- i969
. ..-1 . . 1:, Length-weigpt relation and conversion of whole
. ' . (~ and, headless weights of r~yal red. shrimp, .
. ·· ·Hyrnenopenaeus. robustus . . (Smith). u.s. Fi.'sh.
Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep • . Fish S85, 5 p • . ') . ,
o. I Kruse, D. N. '·
- 1959 Farasit~s ! of the commercial shrimps ·Panaeus . . .
Aztecu~ Ives, f• duorarum Burkenroad and P . . .
s~ti~e~~s (L.i~~eus) • _In Tulane s~l,ldiJ ~n
Zoology. Tulane university Press. 7 .' ·(4): · . .
123 144. ' · Kubo, I.·, HC?ri, s.,. Kumemura, "M., y soedjono, J .•
I • . .
·1959 . k biological study ?n a japanese edible mantis
• £1'-i de Haan. J. Tokyo
I ·~ , •
.. . ~ . . .. '
.,
I I
' . .
• • • o .
, . .
' ............ . ..
.... • ··'J
..
'.
..
I. . . .:. l
., ...
·.··
. .
... .,.;
.. . ·
. . .
... -.
-102-:-... • I . . . .
-. . Univ. Fishl45 (1): '1-25 •
I<uthuhn~ J. H. e
, I • .. • .r .... --1 ... '-:<- ':0!1)<.• . 1966
/ I
Dynamj.cs of per.aeid shrimp population a:nd ~ ... _..;~:, ~ .. I .:>~- . .L;../ ' . . '
man~gement i~plications . Fish. Bull. V~1 • . 65,
· No. 2, p. 3x3 338.
' Lindner, H.J • .
.. ~
.. . . 1957. Survey of shrimp fis11eries o f Ceritrai a·nd Squth · •.· . . . . .
·Amer~ca. u.s. Fisb ~·lildl. Serv ·speq. Sci • . Rep • .
' . F~sh.~ · 235: · 111 p. . ' ~ . .
. :..· ..: ..... ···-.. -. .. .. · .. .
.. 195..4
.. ! •
Claves p~r~ ia~ntif±cacio~ · ~e camarones pen~idos . '
I • ; , • • • • ' c <040 •
e~ . o l : ~cuador·~·· ·aol. · Cie~: ~:~ ~ :·.:.~:·:.~·::..: ... ·. : .... ,. (Guayaqui:1) 1 (2): 1 - 29. ··. '· ~ · ··
de interes comercial . .
Tee •
. )' -. . ·N~iva G. anQ Wisa, J.
· ! ~ . . . . . . . . .
1963 ' t:he biology and fis_~ery of th~ sea bob shrimp ' ·
, of .Sant?s Bay,· Brazi~ .• . Pro.c. Gu}..f. carib. . . Fish • . ·. \ · : , .. .. . . . . . . l:nste., 16 th :.Annu, Sess., pp. 131 - 137.
Neiva .· G. Santos, E.P .. , and ja~aukis, . v • . ~ .
1'971 · Analise prelirni nar. da popul<1cao · de camarao
Penaeus schmitti. ~urken~ad~ 1936, na Bahia de ·. .. ., . ·.·; \
' , ' \~ \ . ' ...
; \ ! • •• :0' . '
·' ' . . . .
.: · - ...
,. ,. ...
, , \. . .oo .: . • . ·,<:a '···
•.
-
0
' ·~
• . . .. ,
- 0
I .
. ·
'
··' ·.: I • · 'II
. :
-103-~
. ' .
~
. . '\. Santo~ 3rasil. Boi. do Inst. ·de Pesc~. S.
Paulo •. vol. 1. Ko. 2, p. 7 - 14 •.
·' ' . \
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1.972
•o o
qlsson, A • . .A.
. • .·.
.. .
Pe:t:ez, . A. ·. ·
1964 . .,..
Evaluacip'n•prelimina,r de la· pesq\leria,de arras,·
tre del ·camaron en la zona nor~ri~~~a~ ~e ; ' Venezuela • . Proye_cto de Investigacion y ,Desarro...:._. .
.,
llo P?s.quero. t1AC PNUD-FAO. Inf~ Tee No~ 42,
.· 24o. Caracas. . . . .
Ho.l lu~ks of the tropical ea~tern Pac;ific :·. . ~.
oY
Pana~ic-Pacific faunal· pr~vi?c.~ .: (~al:'la~~ to. Pari;) ' . ~ . .
I',
Pa·narnic -:- Pacific ~elecipoda •. lthaca N .• Y • . ·5.74 p~ ·
~ _<!.
. . . . .,
Informe al·· Hinisterio d~ Agricu,ltura,· Divisio.n·· .
...
. • b
. .
de Recursos Natura.les, · ·s~hr:e Re.~ursos cam"\r~ne' .:. ' ' . -.. . . .
'/ . ·. ..,
. ., 'ros del Pacifico Colombiano. · Himeo. p. i - 58. · - . .. . f
Perez Farfante, ·.I ·. .. . .. f) ·, ' . '
\ . . i970
. "' claves ilustradas para la ident'i~·ic~cion de los. .
.'~. . .. , ,: . ·: :· . . . -~ .. ,., \. .. camarones marinos c~merciale~ de_A~etica Latina.
.·
. ~ .
.:. •. . ·. \17.. I • ~ • • o •' ', !'.. ,-· • ~ \ . '
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•• 1, .. .. . ' . .... 0 (
·.~ ' . . , ... .. . . . . ·' ..
. . · . • c ....... . •.
: .
/ / . .. , -(
/ .. .
f . •
.. ,•'
I I> :
.. ...
0
/
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. ,• ..
·~ .
r
.. · ..
·· .
' .,
0 I ' o
.. -..
....
. -;:.. (!;)
. ,. '.
_/ '· ~ .. . ,
.. ~
'
' .
, . •
(ioja, E.
l942
.f.····
Rosa, rr:
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. · . " ,I . ' ·' ..
-104- . ~
:..
I ' .· q;. I '
., Di vulgacion ... Inst~uctivco ( 3¥: 50 . '•
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, I
, ' • . the b~ology of species· of.
•
- ,I •
. · ...... . ,
• '\: • I ,
livi~g aquatic org?nisms. FAO Fish·. Synopsis, .1 (Revisiqn -- . ~
' ' .
~ 1). Z.1iroeo., · .. .. •
; . '•
Santos;' oa'~r'E~ P. and .R. Da Co·st.a.
1964 Growth of the· spiny lobster Panulirus ··~rgus (Ltl;') .,
.. , ,. , . ' quantitative as~ect. Arq. Est. Biol. Mar: Un'iv .. Ceara
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.. ,
.,
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. ' 1968
I ' '
'
. . . ' . •• • • I. .. '
Di~a.Il!ica. de' ~a po~lacion d'el.. camaron ;!'Se~~e:r •, I • • II
xiphop~ntieus' kroyerf ·. (Reller)·~ ad la, Bahia .?e ' . .. \ . ' . .
· · CARPA::;. IV Periodo Sesiones. D. Teq.
.~· F
. . : . ~ . . ·' . ,, W. L. ' .
crustacea Macrura and • • t ~'
': Q •
barbas" , . Santo~ . -
. '
' ' .
. ~. . .
I , ... ; · .
~ ·.· . ..
the Virgin !slands. . , .
. l • • ~ ~ ~ ."' a- 1 .. .. .,
~ci·: Surv. 'Porto ~ico and: V;i.rgin. ~ .. .. ,, .· j · . 4' I ' , - ' .
.· ... .:.·
/
-.. .. ··:·· . . . . . .
. .. # ... ·,· 4 , ,·· ... . 1> . '
;; ~ . • I ' • ' . . ...
• •• • 1 ., I ' .. ...
'· .
.. '
•'
. ' . .
-106-. ' · .
· . . ·1971
.. Results of ,cruises 6907- 6911 arid 7001
·' . ,., of the charter.ed vessel 11 cacique" on the Pa~ific' •, .... . .· ~
.. - . ..
• coast of Colombia. Bo_gota, Pro:yecto p,ara el
Desarrollo de la Pesca Nar!·tima en coiombia;
INDE~m-FAO (Estudios e ·Investigaciones No. .. ~
.s) 42 .1·p.
Squireslt ~· J .. ~ · . · ' ..
1971 Estimate·s · of· spawning incidence in decap9d . ' .
crustacean 9r otAer species. (in the print.)
.. viaterman, T. H;·, and Chace, F . A.:,
. . . 1960 Genera'l Crustc,ice~n_-:Bj,olo~. Syste~~ics. In:
The · Phy~iolog~ of Crustapea, · Vpl I,
' . Hetabolism. and Gro.,.,th, pp. 23 . - 26. Academic
Press, New Yor(: and ·L9ndon, pp. 1
i t'leatherley, A .... H • .
670.:
- ,
' "' . • • 0
~otions of niche and competition among animals~ . 1963 J
I ' A , with spectal reference to freshwater fish.
.. Nature, ~ol._ 197,
,;)
'\
P. 14-16. ·
111Ynne, E.dwards, · V. c. •
1'967 Animal dispersion in relation .to social behavio-r: ..
~ .
Edimburg ,and Boyd, xi; 653 ~· ., .
,
·-'"' "'"' .--" II
.' ... ' ~ -<.-!___.
•• 0
..
..
. ' .
.. ' . .
• • 0 -.... -·_
·"'
I .
• • w ~ . -
I , • . . " . .
4
\ .. . .·
.. . . . .
' .. . ' .. ~ . .
-105- . '! . ., ·-
. Simpson~·· G·~ G.·, Roe, .A.' a'nd J.ew_antin, R.C. ·. I '
19&.0 r
..
•J
· < • '
.. Quantita~ive zool?gy •. Harcourt, Brace & · \•7Qld
p •
Inc~ N. Y. Chicag9, san Francis):!o. Atla_nta_; pp~ · ,1)
1 .. _ . 4.40 .• • 0 I
•, ;smith, s. I •
1885
...
. ~ On some . g~nera and spe.cies of Penaeidae mostly . ' I "- t ...
from-recent dredg{ngs of the~ un(ts sf~tes Fish . . "' . . . . ' . ' ;,. .. •
. Commisio?;. l?ro"c. u ..... ~ · .r.tus., 87 17_0 ..,.. 190. _ .. : . . '•':.·
Squires, ·H. J.
1970 · . .Lobster ·.' (H~ma1:us americanus) fishery _and
ecology _in Port ·au ·Port Bay, Newfoundland, ..
' .. -
1960- '6S • . Na~iorial Shellfisheries Association ., 60: 22-39. .. ' ... --
Squ~~~s, H. J.~ Ben-Tqvia, A .~ and Mora, d., Barona, o., .. ". Arroyo, o.
.. PrelimiJ?.ary results Of ·OrUises 6901 6906 of
. . .
..
I
~ ~ 1 ,
the ch~rtered 'sbr imper. II cacique II I ~ogot~: Proyecto ..
., . .. para ~! . Desarrollo de la Pesca Maritima en
Colombia~ INDEREN~-FAO' (.Es_tud~os e :J;.nvestigaci'ones . . . . . 1\ .
No. '2.) • 97 P• \..
Squires, H • .. J.;~ Mora o., Barona,·o., and ' Arroyo, o • . ,
' . . '.
. .
. -
