Touch Tutorial (Session 10 for the 2007 SID Display ... · T Touch is (new) fun! SID 2007 Display...

SID 2007 Display Applications Conference – Touchscreen Session 1

WALKER MOBILE

Touchscreen TutorialPresented by a Team of Touch Experts from

3M, Elo TouchSystems, Fujitsu & Walker Mobile


WALKER MOBILE Session Objective

Present practical, vendor-independentinformation that a project engineer

can use to select, buy, integrate andtest a touchscreen for a product today


WALKER MOBILE Presentation Team

T Geoff Walker) Principal Consultant, Walker Mobile

T Frank Lung) Product Manager, Elo TouchSystems

T James Roney) Manager of Touchscreen Development, Elo TouchSystems

T Ken Miller) Global Technical Service Manager, 3M Touch Systems

T Bruce DeVisser) Product Marketing Manager, Fujitsu Components


WALKER MOBILE Agenda

T Part 1) Introduction (Geoff)) How the “mainstream” touch technologies work (Geoff)) How to select a mainstream touch technology (Frank & James)) Q&A session #1 (All)

…Break (15 minutes)…T Part 2

) How the “emerging” touch technologies work (Geoff)) Customization (Ken)) Integration (Ken)) Test plans & methods (Bruce)) Purchasing components (Bruce)) Gotchas (Bruce)) Q&A session #2 (All)


WALKER MOBILE

Touch TechnologiesWe Are Covering

T Mainstream (primary focus)) Analog resistive) Surface capacitive) Surface acoustic wave (SAW)) Infrared (IR)

T Emerging (secondary focus)) Projected capacitive (ITO-based & wire-based)) Optical (camera-based)) Acoustic pulse recognition (APR – bending wave look-up)) Dispersive signal technology (DST – bending wave processing)


WALKER MOBILE

Touch TechnologiesWe Are Not Covering

T Future (not available yet)) Optical waveguide infrared (from RPO)) Force-sensing (from QSI)) In-pixel (light- & capacitive-sensing, from LCD manufacturers)

T Other) Frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR, used with rear projection)) Laser-pointer touch (e.g., from Keytec, used with front projection)) Active digitizers (e.g., from Wacom, used in Tablet PCs)) Haptics (e.g., VibeTonz from Immersion, used in cellphones)) Opaque touch (e.g., from Quantum, used for control surfaces)


WALKER MOBILE

How the MainstreamTouch Technologies Work

(Geoff Walker)


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AnalogResistive

Photo courtesy of Engadget


WALKER MOBILE Analog Resistive…1

Illustrations courtesy of Elo TouchSystems

(ITO)

(PET)

Illustration courtesy of Bergquist



T Types) 4-wire (low cost, short life) is common in mobile devices) 5-wire (higher cost, long life) is common in stationary devices

T Constructions) PET + Glass (previous illustration) is the most common) PET + PET is the thinnest; sometimes used in cellphones) Glass + Glass is the most durable; gaining share in automotive) Film-film-glass, others…

T Options) Surface treatments (AG, AR, AS),

rugged substrate, dual-force touch,high-transmissivity, surface armoring,others…

Illustration courtesy of Schott



T Size range) 2” to ~26”

T Major applications) Mobile devices) Point of sale (POS) terminals

T 2006 market share) 89% by volume) 73% by revenue

T Market leaders) Elo TouchSystems, Fujitsu, Gunze, Touch International…) 50+ suppliers worldwide

Note: All market share numbers in this presentation are estimates byWalker Mobile.


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SurfaceCapacitive

Illustration courtesy of 3M


WALKER MOBILE Surface Capacitive…1

Illustration courtesy of Elo TouchSystems

Illustrations courtesy of 3M

Scratch-resistanttop coat

Hard coat with AG

Electrode pattern

Conductive coating(ATO, ITO or TO)

Glass

Optional bottomshield (not shown)

Tail



T Size range) 6.4” to 32”

T Major applications) Gaming & entertainment) Kiosks) ATMs

T 2006 market share) ~5% by volume) ~13% by revenue

T Market leaders) 3M, DigiTech) 16+ suppliers worldwide

Illustrations courtesy of 3M


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SurfaceAcoustic

Wave

Illustration courtesy of Kodak


WALKER MOBILE Surface Acoustic Wave…1

Illustrations courtesy of Onetouch (left) and A-Touch (right)

Rayleigh wave

(45°)

Glass substrate



T Size range) 8” to 50”

T Major applications) Kiosks) Gaming & entertainment


T Market leaders) Elo TouchSystems, General Touch) 10+ suppliers worldwide

Photo courtesy of Euro Kiosks Network


WALKER MOBILE

Infrared

Photo courtesy of IBM


WALKER MOBILE Infrared…1





T Major applications) Kiosks) Large displays


T Market leaders) Elo Touch, IR Touch) 16+ suppliers

50” plasma displaywith infraredtouchscreenfrom Netrax


WALKER MOBILE

How to Select a Mainstream Touch Technology

(Frank Lung & James Roney)


WALKER MOBILE Agenda

T MethodologyT Benefits of touch (review)T Input modelsT ConsiderationsT Application examplesT Touch technology +/-


WALKER MOBILE Methodology

T Focus on existing high-volume technologies) Resistive, surface capacitive, surface acoustic wave & infrared

T Focus on functionality & characteristics rather than specifications) Methods in which a user is interacting with the touch application

is the key factor in considering the best touch technology to beused

T Decision based on usage, application and/or environmental needs) Use-model carries several requirements) There’s no perfect touch technology that meets all requirements) One must consider (and prioritize) the technology which

accommodates the most critical needs


WALKER MOBILE

Designers:Generally Two Types

T I’m just starting) Need to know benefits & considerations) Let me see all the options

T I’m using touch now) I know what I want) And I know what I don’t want!

This presentationfocuses here!


WALKER MOBILE

T Natural input device) Ease of use) Public friendly

T The only interface that is direct vs. indirect) Not distracted by input device) Invisible device) Eyes stay on the screen) Fast!

T Intuitive) Everyone can touch) No experience needed) No manual) No computer literacy) ...Or even literacy needed

GeneralBenefits of Touch…1


WALKER MOBILE

GeneralBenefits of Touch…2

T Guides the userT Limits choices

) Not all options at once; less chance of mistakes

T Reconfigurable by changing the applicationT Mature product T AffordableT Best device for…

) Public) Average employee (non-computer user)) Data retrieval applications, not data entry or general PC use

T Touch is (new) fun!


WALKER MOBILE

T Compact) Takes less space than a keyboard or a mouse

T Self-illuminatingT Learning is easier:

) Reduced training time) More retention

T Works with glove & anything compatible) ADA) Voting

T Rugged) More durable than keyboards, mice, track balls,

membrane keypads…

Not-So-ObviousBenefits of Touch…1


WALKER MOBILE

Not-So-ObviousBenefits of Touch…2

T Easy to clean and sterilizeT Lower total cost

) Reduced training, faster speed, etc.

T Touch systems) 24-hour access and availability) Multi-lingual

Moreengaging

for the user!


WALKER MOBILE Typical Input Models

T Finger-only ) Use for selecting large features with finger) Usage with gloves should be considered

T Finger + available objects) Use for selecting large or small features with common objects) It should allow many common items to be used as a “stylus”

T Stylus-only) The touch system is used for selecting small features with a

stylus and can also be used for other functions such as handwriting recognition

) A special stylus may or may not be acceptableO Consider tethering

) Palm rejection is advantageous


WALKER MOBILE

High-LevelConsiderations…1

T Total cost of ownership) Consider initial purchase price plus long-term costs including

operation and maintenance

T Accepted input devices) Is it important that the application work with a finger,

a gloved finger, a metal stylus, a nonconductive stylus, a credit card, and/or a long fingernail?

T Durability) How harsh is the intended environment?) Will it be used in the public sector (vandal considerations)?


WALKER MOBILE

High-LevelConsiderations…2

T Image quality of the underlying display) Are clarity, brightness and readability of the display

important to the application?) If it will be used in very high ambient light, consider the effect

of glare and contrast

T Sealability and Chemical Resistance) Is the screen/device likely to be subjected to spills and/or

cleaning with harsh chemicals?

T Reliability) What is the impact of any downtime for repair?


WALKER MOBILE

Functionality& Characteristics

T Lifetime/MTBFT Mobile/handheldT Multi-touchT Non-glass substrateT Object size recognitionT Optical clarityT Reliable light touchT Scratch resistanceT SealabilityT Screen sizeT Stylus independenceT Vandal resistanceT Weather resistanceT Z-Axis measurement

T Ambient light sensitivityT Calibration stabilityT Controller chipT CostT Curved substrate T Debris/contaminationT DesignT Drag performanceT DurabilityT Ease of integrationT Flush surfaceT Handwriting recognitionT HID interfaceT Hover

Anticipate undiscovered needs!


WALKER MOBILE

Characteristics& Scoring…1

Characteristic Res

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Ambient Light Sensitivity 5 5 5 5 3Calibration Stabilty 2 4 3 4 5Controller Chip 5 5 5 0 5Cost 5 5 3 4 1Curved Substrate 0 0 0 0 0Debris/Contamination 5 5 4 1 2Drag Performance 3 3 4 2 3Durability 1 3 4 4 5Ease of Integration 5 5 1 3 3Flush Surface 4 4 4 3 1Handwriting Recognition 4 4 1 1 1HID Interface 0 0 0 0 0Hover 0 0 0 0 0Lifetime/MTBF 2 3 4 5 3Mobile/Handheld 5 3 0 0 0

0 = Not applicable1 = Least appropriate5 = Most appropriate

) Weight & rank based on relevance to the application

) There will be trade-offs!


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Characteristics& Scoring…2

Characteristic Res

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Res

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Multi-Touch 0 0 0 0 5Non-Glass Substrate 2 2 0 0 5Object Size Recognition 0 0 0 0 0Optical Clarity 1 1 3 5 5Reliable Light Touch 3 3 2 2 1Scratch Resistance 1 3 2 4 5Sealability 4 4 4 2 4Size >50" 0 0 0 0 3Size 30" - 50" 0 0 0 3 4Size 12" - 28" 4 4 5 5 5Size 2" - 10" 5 3 2 0 0Stylus Independence 4 4 1 3 4Vandal Resistance 1 3 4 4 3Weather Resistance 2 2 3 2 2

) Weight & rank based on relevance to the application

) There will be trade-offs!

0 = Not applicable1 = Least appropriate5 = Most appropriate


WALKER MOBILE

TransactionalT UntrainedT Optional users

T Image clarity) Attract and sell

T Vandal &scratch-resistant

T Others?

ObligatoryT FamiliarT Required users

T Based on past usage) Untrained

T Any stylus) Gloves, pen, fingernail,

credit card, etc.T IP65, NEMA 4 sealableT Others?

Prioritized for Each Application


WALKER MOBILE

T Kiosks) Point of information

(POI)) Merchandising) Tourism & museums) Gift registries) Digital photo

printing stationsT Ticketing & vendingT FinancialT TransportationT Gaming/amusement

T Telecommunication) Web phones) Internet terminals

T Outdoor) Gas pumps) ATMs) Outdoor vending machines) Store window applications

Transactional Applications


WALKER MOBILE

T Point of sale (POS)) Restaurants) Hospitality) Post offices

T Industrial/process controlT Medical equipmentT Office equipment

) Time clocks) Copiers

T RetailT Automotive

) Navigation) Diagnostic systems

T Personal mobile device

Obligatory Applications

Photo courtesyof Engadget


WALKER MOBILE

T General) Easy employee training) Fast, simple transactions) Rugged, durable, reliable) Watertight seal) Small footprint & floor space

T POS) Any stylus (credit card,

fingernail,etc.)) Works when wet

T Medical) Gloves) No glass) Easy to sterilize

T Industrial ) Gloves) Fast alarm acknowledgements ) Wash-down) Specific agency approvals

O NEMA 4; IP 65� High-pressure hose

O NEMA 12: IP54� Dust-proof, splash-proof

O Factory Mutual (FM)� Intrinsically safe

) No glass in food processing

Market Needs: Examples


WALKER MOBILE 4 & 5-Wire Resistive…1

T Advantages ) Size ranges

O 4-wire: 2” – 15”O 5-wire: 6.4” – 26”

) Can be activated with any device or stylus) Highly resistant to screen contaminates) Sealability (NEMA) ) Low power consumption (4-wire)) Multiple vendors for screen, controller & chip solution) Cost of solution: Lowest (4-wire)


WALKER MOBILE 4 & 5-Wire Resistive…2

T Disadvantages ) Lower durability compared to other technologies,

especially considering cosmetic wear ) Poorer transmittance and overall optical quality

due to plastic overlay and multiple layers) May require periodic recalibration (4-wire)

T Take-away) Used in more applications than any other touch technology) Input flexibility, sealability (NEMA) and cost


WALKER MOBILE

T Applications) Light industrial, portable medical devices,

access control terminals, portable devices for field automation, wearable computers, home appliances, office equipment

T Requirements) Battery operation – Must be low power) Small size – < 6”-8”) Low cost – % of total system cost, high-volume) Small footprint – Small borders, thin) Drop test – No glass allowed?) Lightweight – Plastic?) Highly customized) Stylus – Signature capture?) Outdoor usage -- Sunlight readable, waterproof?) Simple controller chip – Or no controller?

Typical Applications for 4-Wire Resistive


WALKER MOBILE

Typical Applications for 5-Wire Resistive

T Applications) Hospitality & retail) Medical ) Industrial ) Voting machines) Office automation

T Requirements) Large displays >10”) Indoor, controlled environment) Touch response & stylus flexibility) Liquid and residue resistance) NEMA sealing) Calibration stability (over 4-wire)) Low cost



T Advantages ) Size range: 3” - 32”) More durable than resistive because the top layer isn’t plastic ) Higher light transmission vs. resistive (fewer layers)) Highly sensitive (touch & drag)) Liquids & common contaminants don’t impede performance) Multiple vendors for screen & controller; chip solution limited) Cost of solution: Moderate



T Disadvantages ) Accepts input from finger only (or a tethered conductive stylus)) Susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI)) Accuracy may be affected by environment) May requires periodic calibration

T Considerations ) Common in bar-top, casino & amusement gaming) Sensitive, resistant to everyday contaminants


WALKER MOBILE

Typical Applications for Surface Capacitive

T Applications) Casino &

amusement gaming) Self-checkout) Ticketing & vending

T Requirements) Displays >15” to 32”) Indoor, high contaminate) Dirt and spill sealed) Sensitive, light touch) Good optics for games


WALKER MOBILE

Surface AcousticWave (SAW)…1

T Advantages ) Sizes Range from: 6” to 50”) Very high transmittance

O Only glass between end-user and image

) Very high durabilityO No wear mechanismO Functions even with scratches

) Finger, gloved hand and soft stylus activation) Vandal tempered or chemically strengthen glass) Multiple vendors for screen & controller; chip solution limited) Cost of solution: Moderate



T Disadvantages ) Sealing is challenging) Requires “soft” input device ) Surface obstructions or water can cause a false touch

T Considerations) Widely used in kiosk, gaming and home/office automation) No wear mechanism) Very high transmittance


WALKER MOBILE

Typical Applications forSurface Acoustic Wave

T Applications) Photo kiosks ) Airport & hotel

check-in/out) Gaming) Home automation

T Requirements) Large displays >15”) Very high transmittance ) No wear mechanism) Indoor, controlled-to-low

contaminate environment


WALKER MOBILE Infrared (IR)…1

T Advantages) Sizes Range from: 8” to 50”) Can be activated with almost any device ) Very high transmittance

O Only glass between end-user and image

) Very high durabilityO No wear mechanism

) Sealability (NEMA) ) With acrylic overlay, sole solution for glass-free applications ) Multiple vendors for screen & controller; chip solution limited) Cost of solution: High (tooling & time)



T Disadvantages) Lower resolution than other technologies) Surface obstructions or “hover” can cause a false touch) Industrial design (bulkiest bezel)

T Considerations) POS, in-car/flight entertainment) Input flexibility, sealability (NEMA)


WALKER MOBILE

Typical Applicationsfor Infrared

T Applications) POS) Automotive) In-flight

T Requirements) Large displays >15”) Very high transmittance ) No wear mechanism) Glass-free applications) Stylus flexibility


WALKER MOBILE Summary

T Know your users

T Weight & rank touch technology characteristics based on relevance to the application

T Understand trade-offs

T Touch technology is advancing all the time


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Question & AnswerSession #1


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How the EmergingTouch Technologies Work

(Geoff Walker)


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ProjectedCapacitive

Photo courtesy of Apple


WALKER MOBILE Projected Capacitive…1

(Apple iPhone & iPod Touch)



T Technology variations) Two-layer sensor (X-Y grid)

O “Imaging” or “mutual capacitance” [Apple’s term] (iPhone)O “Non-imaging” (Synaptics notebook touchpad)

) Single-layer sensorO “Self capacitance” [Apple’s term]

T Sensor variations) Glass with ITO traces on both sides (iPhone & iPod Touch)) Two pieces of PET with ITO traces on one side each, laminated

together, or a single piece of PET with traces on one side only(3M, Touch International, others)

) 10-micron wires laminated between two sheets of glass or PET(Zytronic, Visual Planet)



T Size range) 2” to 100”+

T Major applications) Apple iPhone and iPod Touch (2007)) Signature-capture POS terminals) Outdoor ATMs, “through-glass”

interactive retail signage, military devicesT 2006 market share

) 1% by volume) 2% by revenue

T Market leaders) Balda/TPK/Optera, 3M, Synaptics, Wintek,

Touch International, Zytronic) ~12 suppliers as of 9/07 (rapidly increasing)

ExtremeTouchfrom Touch

International

Omni 7100 MPDPayment Terminal

from Verifone


WALKER MOBILE

Optical

This picture was drawn on a 46" LCD equipped with a NextWindow optical touchscreen by a visitor to the AETI Exhibition in London on January 24, 2006.

Illustration courtesy of NextWindow


WALKER MOBILE Optical…1

Illustrations courtesy of NextWindow


WALKER MOBILE Optical…2


T Applications) HP TouchSmart

(19-inch all-in-one “family computer”)) Large displays


T Market leaders) NextWindow, Smart Technologies

(only 2 suppliers)Illustration courtesy of NextWindow

Illustration courtesy of HP


WALKER MOBILE

APR & DST (Bending

Wave)



WALKER MOBILE Bending Wave (APR)…1


Method: Table look-upof 10ms touch “signatures”


WALKER MOBILE Bending Wave (DST)…2


Method: Real-timeanalysis of bendingwaves (“time of flight”)


WALKER MOBILE Bending Wave…3

T Size range) Elo/APR: Currently 15” to 19”; future expansion smaller & larger) 3M/DST: 32” to 60”

T Major applications) Elo/APR: Currently POS; could eventually replace most resistive) 3M/DST: Large displays in interactive digital signage

T 2006 market share) Elo/APR: < 1% (first production in 9/06)) 3M/DST: 0% (first production 4/07)

T Market leaders) Elo, 3M (only 2 suppliers)


WALKER MOBILE

Customization(Ken Miller)


WALKER MOBILE Custom vs. Standard

T Standard products) Off-the-shelf, inventory part number) No NRE (non-Recurring Engineering) fees) Low or No minimum quantity requirements) Less expensive on a per unit basis

T Custom products) Customer-specific request

O Purchaser bears responsibility for defining requirements) Longer leadtimes) NRE fees can range from $2,000 - $10,000 (supplier-dependent)) Minimum quantities often required) Typically more expensive on a per unit basis) Single-source limitation) Ownership and control


WALKER MOBILE General Substrate Product

R General substrate product (Includes resistive, surface capacitive,projected capacitive & surface acoustic wave)

) Cable exit location) Cable length) Size and aspect ratio


WALKER MOBILE

Custom ProductSpecifics…1

T Resistive) EMI shielding) Gaskets) Graphics) Membrane switches) Palm rejection

O Stylus only

) Extended touch life) High light transmission) Product differentiation

O Branding, logos,company colors

Custom Product

Adjust spacer dots to accommodate

palm rejection or pen


WALKER MOBILE


T Resistive (continued)Silk-screened graphics

Brand with logos or product names

Membrane switches

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X = Custom feature typically available

Custom Feature ResistiveSurface

CapacitiveProjected Capacitive

Surface Wave

Infrared Optical

Touch Screen Size x x x x x xCable Exit Location x x x x x x

Cable Length x x x x x xGaskets x x x x x x

Surface Treatment x x x x x xRuggedized x x x x x x

EMI Shielding x - - - - -Graphics x - - - - -

Membrane Switches x - - - - -Palm Rejection x - - - - -

Cable Connector x - - - - -

Touch Technology


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Integration(Ken Miller)


WALKER MOBILE Integration

Touch system includes touch sensor, controller and software

Sensor and controller

Software drivers


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Substrate Technology Integration Basics…1

R Touch screen fitR Gasket sealR Touchscreen alignmentR Touchscreen mounting

Bezel

LCD

Gasket SealTouch Screen

Mounting Tape


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Substrate Technology Integration Basics…2

T Route the touchscreen cable away from the LCD backlight inverter

T Eliminate stress in the touchscreen cable through handling and integration

T Design your touchscreen integration with the cable exiting from the top or sides of the display. ) Cable exits from the bottom may allow spills to accumulate

in the tail attachment area, causing electrical shorting

T Apply tape or other insulating material to sharp edges to protect the cable) Route the cable away from sharp edges whenever possible;

if this cannot be avoided, secure the cable to prevent movement


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Resistive Integration Considerations

T Mount the touch screen to the LCD – not the bezel) Thermal coefficient difference in the materials can cause stress

to the touch screen’s top sheet, causing a pillowing effect

T Alignment or registration of the touchscreen to the bezel is critical) Bezel pressure exerted to the active area of the touch screen will

cause a constant touch condition.O Apply gasket material to the non-active portion of the

touchscreen to guard against bezel misalignments


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Surface & Projected Capacitive Integration Considerations

T For the use of touchscreens without a rear shield, ensure that the touchscreen is fixed into position and has no movement

T Metal bezel (includes bezels containing conductive paint)) Ensure the bezel is secure and does not move) Ensure the bezel is grounded) Ensure the bezel does not come into direct contact

with the touchscreen


WALKER MOBILE

Surface Acoustic Wave Integration Considerations

T Ensure there is sufficient room in the display to allow for the piezoelectric transducers and wires

T Bezel to touchscreen sealing) Select a gasket material that will not attenuate the SAW signal

O A closed-cell polyolefin base foam is recommended

) Position the gasket material within the active area of the touchscreen

O The gasket material should not contact the reflector array border pattern

) Bezel pressure exerted on the active area of the touchscreen may effect performance.


WALKER MOBILE

Infrared and OpticalIntegration Considerations

T Infrared) Mount the Infrared bezel assembly at an angle to prevent

moisture or liquid collection) Select good sealing material of the bezel to ensure there is

no particulate buildup on the IR LEDs and phototransistors) Recommended gasket materials are polyester, urethane

and silicone

T Optical) Ensure there is sufficient room in the display to allow for

the optical sensors and reflectors or LED arrays


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Controller vs. Chipset Considerations

T Chipset) Design and qualification) Design flexibility) Support) Supply chain management) Lower cost) Reduced space requirement) Minimum order requirements

T Controller board) Reduced design and qualification time) Higher cost) Increased space requirement


WALKER MOBILE Software

T Touchscreen software drivers) Windows 2000, XP, Vista, XPe, CE) Linux support) Custom

T Control panelT CalibrationT Utilities and diagnostic tool


WALKER MOBILE Summary

T Custom vs. standard product selection

T Touch system considerations

T Understand product specifications and integration requirements

T Cost of ownership


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Testing Plans & Methods(Bruce DeVisser)


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Testing Plans& Methods…1

T Reference: The use-model you developed initially) What form the user’s interaction takes

O Touch selection, tapping, dragging, writing, signature capture

) Methods of interactionO Bare or covered finger, stylus, other implement

) Use environmentO Indoor, outdoor, temperature, humidity, air quality

T Test model) Two levels of test: Component and system) Component (qualification) test

O Test to manufacturer’s specifications

) Unit or system testO Ensure proper overall operation after integration


WALKER MOBILE


T Test parameters) Normal use: Intended use-model) Extreme condition: Not required, but nice to know in some cases

O If it exceeds manufacturer’s specs, results are not reliable

T Test development) Use all resources available

O Experience: Yours and others in your organizationO Vendors: Use supplied parameters and methodsO Customer: Learn their expectationsO Marketing: Product performance claims

) A comprehensive use-model combined with testing that covers all aspects of the technology will provide a reliable test tool


WALKER MOBILE


T Test environment) Lab testing versus unit or system testing

O Lab is good for specific metrics related to components� Use repeatable setups, vendor methods, industry standards (NIST, etc.)

O More testing is needed if the vendor is less reliable

) Unit or system testO Replicate the user environment

� Lighting, weather, special conditions

O Replicate user interactions, including error states

) MonitorO Input detection reliabilityO Performance degradationO Wear itemsO Initial field performance


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T Unit or system test examples by technology ) Resistive

O Proper response to various actuating implementsO Signature-capture / edge-scrolling performanceO Surface wear (Taber wheel)

) Surface capacitiveO Positive actuation, calibration

) Projected capacitiveO Actuation distance above surface; multi-touch

) Surface acoustic waveO Sealed applications need to test for compression effectsO Use OEM diagnostic tools to test and optimize performance

) InfraredO Use OEM diagnostic tools to determine beam width


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T Common test elements) Function

O Touch responseO Touch accuracy

) Optical performanceO TransmissivityO ReflectivityO Optical artifacts

) Wear itemsO Surface degradation


WALKER MOBILE

Purchasing Touch Components(Bruce DeVisser)


WALKER MOBILE

PurchasingComponents…1

T Establish your needs) Estimated annual usage (EAU)) Schedule steps: Prototype, EVM, PVM, pilot, production units

T Purchasing route – who’s buying your parts?) OEM, integrator, VAD, CM/CEM

T Purchasing locations) Identify for each schedule step

T Quantification) Establish economic purchase quantities) Identify needs for each phase and best purchasing route


WALKER MOBILE

PurchasingComponents…2

T Common purchasing issues) Which path? - OEM direct, distribution, or other

O OEM direct availability depends on value, which varies by OEMO Distribution offers application support, stocking, lower financial bar,

integration service, other related components, lower purchase mins.O Others offer specialized integration service and assembly

) Longevity of supplyO Custom: Varies by OEM, but offers the best availabilityO Standard: Normally at the maker’s discretionO Real world: Depends on level of business, negotiation

) Risk issuesO Global supply: Production required for most firms O Product support: Anything can fail


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Gotchas!(Bruce DeVisser)


WALKER MOBILE Avoiding Mistakes

T Know your user: Most critical itemT Design is a team effort: ID, EE, ME, SW, supportT Test for the unexpected: Your users certainly will!T Test the whole design: HW, SW, UI, ease of useT Test the system: Timely response to input is crucialT Set customer expectation level: No surprisesT Warranty support vs. product life: Clear understandingT Serviceability: Has to be designed in at the startT Customer applications: Training and support are keyT Expect the unexpected: Be prepared


WALKER MOBILE Real-Life Gotchas

T Toronto airport, winter blizzard, -31°C) Multiple resistive failures from dropped scanners

T University of New Mexico, magnetics lab) Capacitive calibration failures

T Factory automation, unwanted(!)) Infrared interference

T Radiology lab, loss of function) SAW and sweating radiologists

T Broken machines) Failure to recognize input in a timely manner


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Question & AnswerSession #2


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Appendix(Information on some of the

touch technologies that we didn’t cover in the tutorial)


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OpticalWaveguide

Infrared


WALKER MOBILE Optical Waveguide IR…1

Illustration courtesy of RPO


WALKER MOBILE Optical Waveguide IR…2

T Size range) 2” to ~17”

T Target applications) Mobile devices

T Market leaders) RPO and partners (unannounced)


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ForceSensing


WALKER MOBILE Force Sensing…1

Metalplate

Touch-panel mounting frame

Strain gauge (4)

Cut line for replacing innermetal piece with glass

Touch-panel (pink)

Slits in metal plate Opening for straingauge mounting



QSI’s Demo Box from SID 2007

Irregularly shaped,raised, textured,wooden touch surface

Glass-covered LCD integrated into touch panel with “soft keys” printed on back of glass

Raised, marbletouch surface with toggle switchespenetratingtouch panel

Multi-page “book” withtouchable metal pages

“Snap-dome” keys attached to touch panel; removable padded andtextured keys; speaker attached with holes through the touch panel.

Motor attached toand penetratingtouch panel withprinted speedcontrol keys andpush-pull controllever

4 strain gaugessupporting one

touch panel




T Target applications) “Architectural” applications such as an elevator control panel

made of steel, glass and stone containing floor “buttons”, an embedded LCD with “soft keys” and a speaker

) Possibly other applications requiring high durability

T Market leaders) QSI (sole supplier, for now)


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Photos courtesy of TMD

In-Pixel


WALKER MOBILE In-Pixel…1

T Light-sensing) Integration of an array of TFT optical

sensors into the LCD’s backplaneO Like a “camera without a lens”O Works with finger, stylus, light-pen or

laser pointerO Works as a scanner (e.g., for business cards)

) TMD was the first to do it (4/03)O Can auto-switch between shadow & reflectionO No announced commercialization date

) Sharp announced the same concept 8/07O No mention of working light rangeO Sampling now; mass production in 2Q08

Display TFT

Pixel aperture

Light-sensing

TFT

(Conceptual drawing)

Sample captured image on2.6” VGA (300 ppi)

Image courtesy of Sharp



T Capacitance-sensing) Alternative in-pixel method uses display’s ITO

electrode structure as a “self-capacitive” sensorO Integritouch (a Swedish startup) seems to have

fairly strong IP in this area (filed in 2003)� Method: Periodically switch electrodes

to connect to sensing circuit; driveelectrode with square wave andmeasure change in rise time due toadded capacitance of finger to ground

O Samsung is experimenting witha variant approach

Sensor array data obtained byplacing an object on the LCD.Image courtesy of Samsung



T Size range) Light-sensing: 2” to 12” (Sharp’s stated current limit)) Capacitance-sensing: Unknown

T Target applications) Light-sensing: Mobile devices) Capacitance-sensing: Unknown

T Market leaders) Light-sensing: TMD, Sharp, Planar & AUO) Capacitance-sensing: Integritouch, Samsung


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FrustratedTotal

InternalReflection

Illustration courtesy of Jeffrey Han, NYU


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Frustrated TotalInternal Reflection…1

Illustrations courtesy of Jeffrey Han, NYU

Multiple touch points(Image taken without a diffuser)


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Frustrated TotalInternal Reflection…2

T Size range) As described, ~32” and up

T Target applications) Interactive “video walls” and digital signage

T Market leaders) Perceptive Pixel (sole supplier, for now)


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LaserPointerTouch


WALKER MOBILE Laser-Pointer Touch

Illustration courtesy of Keytec

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