1

Geological field work Carried out in parts of Chittaurgarh District,

Rajasthan

Field Report 2011-12

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Science

In

Geology

By

Shivendra Pratap Singh GD-5018 2009-GLB-128

Under the supervision of

Dr. Mahshar Raza

Dr. A.H.M. Hasnat

Dr. Sarwar Rais

Dr. M.E.A. Mondal

Dr. Md. Shamim Khan

Dr. Abdullah Khan

Department of Geology Aligarh Muslim University

Aligarh-202002

INTRODUCTION

As part of fulfillment of BSc (Hons.) in Geology, field training was conducted by the

Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh from 29th January 2012 to 3rd February 2012. The

field training was carried out in and around Chittaurgarh district (Rajasthan)

The main objective of the training was to learn certain basic fundamentals of field geology

such as

(a) Locating oneself in the field with the help of toposheet/toposheet i.e. map

reading,

(b) Identification of lithology,

(c) Study of outcrop,

(d) Measurement of strike and dip with the help of Brunton compass,

(e) Recognition of primary sedimentary structure,

(f) Recognition of structural features such as bedding plane, cross- bedding, joints,

faults, folds etc.

(g) Preparations of geological succession of an area i.e. order of super position.

(h) Geological mapping

METHOD OF STUDY

Geology is essentially an applied science, best studied and understood through extensive

work in the field. A thorough knowledge of the subject therefore demands a good deal of

fieldwork and a proper understanding of the rocks and their structures as seen in the field. It

is thus desirable that a student of geology should be conversant with the usual procedure of

geological fieldwork and the common techniques associated with it. The exercise involves

location, map reading, identification of lithology, determination of structural trends, and thus

to interpret the geology of the area.

For the purpose of fieldwork (geological) a student must equip himself with the following

equipments:

a) Topographical map (toposheet)

b) A Brunton/Clinometer compass

c) A geologists hammer

d) A field note book

e) A haversack

f) A few satchels

Topographical map

For a beginner, who intends to acquaint himself, in the field, with the geology of the area, it

is always desirable to have a geological map or toposheet of the region for his reference.

A toposheet shows the size, shape and distribution of features of the earth's surface. A

toposheet is on a sufficiently large scale to enable the individual features shown on the map

to be identified on the ground by their shape and position. On the other hand, a geographical

map is on such a small scale that strict representation of individual features for identification

on the ground is not possible. A geographical map is intended to give a picture of the country

as a whole. Maps on scales of 1 inch to 4 miles or 1:250,000 and larger are termed as

geographical maps.

Features recorded in the toposheet are classified into three groups:

1. Relief including hills, valley, plains, cliffs etc.

2. Drainage or water, including seas, lakes, ponds, streams,

canals, swamps, etc.

3. Culture including many of the works of man such as

towns, cities, roads, railway, boundaries and names, etc.

Toposheets are used for a variety of applications ranging from camping, canoeing, hunting

and fishing to urban planning, geological mapping, mineral exploration and resource

development.

This utility of toposheet is possible because they accurately represent earth’s features on a

two dimensional surface, that is to say every feature shown on a map is where it

actually is on the earth’s surface.

Toposheets offer detailed information on any particular area. They are an excellent planning

tool and guide and at the same time, help to make our outdoor adventures enjoyable and safe.

A Brunton/Clinometer Compass

Geologists use a special type of compass, invented in 1894 by a Canadian mining engineer

D.W. Brunton and hence commonly referred to as a Brunton compass.

In the Brunton pocket transit, as it is commonly referred to, three basic instruments are

combined-these are a compass, a clinometer and a hand level which together can be used to

make a great variety of surveys and to measure the attitudes of various geological structures.

The Brunton compass is held by hand for most routine procedures however it can be

mounted on a tripod for a more precise measurement.

The compass is made up of Brass and Aluminium materials that will not affect the

magnetized compass needle. When the compass is open, the compass needle rests on the

pivot needle. The compass needle can be braked to stop by pushing the lift pin which is

situated near the rim of the box. When the compass box is closed, the lift pin protects the

pivot needle from wear by lifting up the compass needle.

The round bulls eye bubble is used to level the compass when the bearing is read and

the tube bubble is used to take readings from the clinometer. The clinometer is moved

by a small lever on the underside of the compass box.

A compass should be checked to ascertain that (1) both the levels have bubbles (2) the hinges

are tight enough so that the lid, sighting arm and peep sights do not fold down under their

own weight and (3) the point of the sighting arm meets the block axial line of the mirror

when the mirror and the sighting arm are tuned together until they touch. Other adjustments

that may be required are described below.

Taking bearing with the compass

A bearing is the compass direction from one point to another. A bearing always

has a unidirectional sense for example if the bearing from A to B is N 30°W, the bearing

from B to A can be only S30°E. Using the Brunton compass, the correct bearing sense is

from the compass to the point sighted when the sighting arm is aimed at the point. The

white/red end of the needle gives the bearing directly because the East and West markings

are transposed.

To read the bearing accurately three things must be done simultaneously (1) the compass

must be levelled (2) the point sighted must be exactly in the sight and (3) the needle must be

brought nearly to rest.

With practice bearings can be read to the nearest ½º provided the needle is steady.

Measuring strike and dip with a Brunton/Clinometer Compass

The measurement of strike and dip requires an outcrop that shows at least one bedding

surface in three dimensions. If the bedding surface is smooth and planar, no more than a

square foot or so of surface needs be apparent, but if it is irregular, several square feet must

be visible. Where road-cuts or stream banks truncate beds smoothly, a hammer can be used

to expose and to clean off bedding surface. The measurement is made by stepping back ten

feet or so from the outcrop to a point from which the bedding surface can be seen clearly.

The observer then moves slowly to the right or left until he is in that one position where the

bedding surface just disappears and the bedding appears as a straight line. In this position,

his eye is in the plane that includes the bedding surface. Using the Brunton compass as the

hand level, the pint on the edge of the bedding surface that is level with the eye is found.

This horizontal line of sight is the strike of the bed and its bearing is determined and plotted.

To measure the dip, clinometer of the Brunton is placed perpendicular to the strike of the

bedding plane. The clinometers lever is rotated until the tube bubble is centered and the dip

is then read from the graduated scale of the clinometer and recorded to the nearest degree.

If the bedding line contains no distinctive feature that marks the point on a level with the

observers eye, it is necessary to mark the point with a pebble stick or some other object

otherwise the reading will be approximate only.

A clinometer compass

It is the most useful and essential equipment for geological fieldwork of any type. It is rather

a simple instrument made up of a suitably graduated circular dial. At the centre of this dial

there exists a suitably graduated circular dial. At the centre of this dial, there exists a suitable

pivot on which a magnetic needle can rotate freely and do the work of on ordinary compass.

From the base of the compass, a pendulum hangs freely and is provided with a pointer,

against which readings in the 0-90° scale can be taken conveniently. The pendulum is used in

the determination of dip of rock beds, joints, fault planes schistosity etc. The free movement

of the magnetic needle and pendulum can be stopped with the help of an arresting key on the

body of the instrument. The instrument is provided a bridge, which can be rotated about the

north south axis of the dial and is kept vertical when the instrument is in use as a compass.

Again, when the equipment is used as a clinometer (i.e. for determination of the amount of

dip of an inclined surface) the bridge lies in contact with the instrument and is used as the

base on which the instrument rests on the inclined surface. Obviously, at this position, the

dial lies in the vertical plane-lf the base lies parallel to the direction of maximum slope of the

inclined surface. At this position the pendulum can oscillate just freely and its pointer reads

the dip amount of there of the plane. For purpose of use as compass, the southern pier of the

bridge is provided with a narrow vertical opening while the northern pier contains an opening

with a thin vertical strip of metal. In determining the bearing of an object correctly it should

be viewed through the slit and is brought in alignment with the vertical wire, it is thus

apparent that the clinometer compass is an essential equipment of geological fieldwork.

Geological Hammer

A geologist's hammer differs radically from those used by blacksmith, carpenters and other

technicians. Geologists hammer has one chisel end and another flat end and are generally

provided with wooden handles. The flattened is commonly used for breaking the rock where

the chisel end is used for trimming and sizing of the specimen. Hammers of better quality are

generally made up of tough steel. Common geological hammer weighs about one kilogram.

A field Note book

A field notebook is used for keeping a record of observation made in the field. Ordinary or

ball pointed pencils are very suitable for asking down notes regarding the observations made

in the field. Field notes should be written in such a manner that they may be understood and

interpreted conveniently after the field work is over and during the course of the laboratory

work which follows the fieldwork.

Haversack & Satchels

It is used for carrying specimens collected in the field.

PROCEDURE IN GEOLOGIC MAPPING

INTRODUCTION

The geologic mapping requires the following three procedures (i) the examination of the

rocks (ii) determination of outcrops or points where observations are made and (iii) plotting

of the field data on a map. All three of these procedures are important, but the extent to

which each is carried out depends upon the nature of the country, the kind of rocks and the

rate at which mapping must be done.

Traverse

In studying an area a geologist proceeds along the route which he thinks will show him most

in the time at his disposal. His course, known as the traverse is a line, or a system of lines,

connecting outcrops or stations where observations are taken. The observation at an outcrop

involves the measurement of the dip and strike of the particular beds with a Brunton or

clinometer compass.

Traverses across and along the strike

Unless the underground structure of a district on sedimentary rocks is exceptionally complex

and irregular, a brief study of two or three outcrops should suffice to show in which direction

one should walk in order to follow along or to cross the strike.

In a flat country eroded upon folded strata, and in a hilly country where the strata are

vertical, the geologist would keep the same bed if he travels, parallel to the strike but if the

topography were rugged and beds dipped less than 90°, he would come on to a younger strata

on climbing the hill and to older strata in descending into the valleys. The object of a traverse

along the strike is to assist in determining (i) the distributions of strata, (ii) whether the strike

curve and so indicate plunging structure (iii) whether the strata are continuous or have been

faulted and (iv) the constancy of the dip of a given stratum.

In traverses across the strike in regions of folded sediment whether the topography be flat or

rugged, successive strata are met. The objective of this kind of traverse is to ascertain (1) the

breadth of outcrop (2) the nature of folding (3) the position of anticlines and synclines and

(4) variation in dip.

FIELD WORK AT CHITTAURGARH

Introduction

The term Vindhyan Super group derives its name from the great Vindhyan Mountains, a part

of which is found to form the prominent plateau like range of sandstone occurring to the

north of Narmada valley, particularly in Bundelkhand and Malwa of Central India. The

Vindhayan rocks have been assigned a position between the Cuddapah period and Cambrian

system in the Indian Stratigraphy.

Extent and Location

The Vindhyans cover a large part of the Peninsular India, an area about 1,04,000 sq. km and

spreading over in part of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan from Dehri-on-son in Bihar

to Choti-Sadri South of Chittaurgarh in Rajasthan. Another 78, 000 sq. of area comprising of

the Vindhyan rocks, lie concealed below the lavas of Deccan trap and the area over which the

Vindhyans lie hidden under the Gangetic alluvium is possibly of greater order.

The Vindhyan Rocks consists of about 4200m thick sedimentaries comprising a sequence of

sandstone and shale in almost equal proportion and a subordinate limestone.

Vindhyan rocks of Rajasthan have a comparable thickness of about 3200m and form the

Western Past of the main Vindhyan basin occupying on area of 24,000 sq. Km, representing,

roughly one fourth of the entire exposed area of the Vindhyan basin. The area occupied by

Vindhyan rocks fall in Chittaurgarh Bhilwara, Bundi, Kota, and Sawai, Madhopur districts of

South Eastern Rajasthan.

Geological Set up

The basements for the Vindhyan rocks are pre-Aravalli rocks, referred to as the Bhilwara

super group which comprises shale, slate and phyllite intercalated with dolomite /limestone

and quartzite.

The contact between two sequences is that of distinct composite unconformity marked by

Khairmalia amygdaloidal Andesite, Khardeola conglomerate or by a mega lineament called

the Great Boundary Fault.

Lithostratigraphic column

The Vindhyan sedimentation started with Khairmalia volcanic activity. The lower part of the

Basal Satoia group-Khairmalia andesites and pyroclastics, Khardeola and Kannauj sandstone

and shale represent the coastal facies where as the upper part of this group viz. Bhagwanpura

limestone with conglomerate represent the tidal flat deposits.

TABLE-1 Revised Lithostratigraphy of Vindhyan Supergroup

Groups Formations Members Thickness

(in metre)

BHANDER (121 5M)

Upper Dholpura (Upper Bhander)

Shall

________ 40-60

(310m) Balwan (Upper Bhander)

Limestone (Stromatolitic)

_________ 120

Maihar (Upper Bhander)

Sandstone

_________ 130

Lower

(905m)

Sirbu Shale

Limestone

(Stromatolitic)

5-15

Bundi Hill (Lower Bhander)

Sandstone (250m) Upper sandstone 30-130

Upper Shale 15-30

Middle Sandstone 30-40

Lower Shale 5-30

Somria Shale (133 m) Upper Shale 60-15

**(Lower Bhander) 10-20

Dolomitic limestone

(Feebly Stromatolitic

lower Shale)

15-45

15-5

Lakhari (Lower Bhander)

Limestone ________ 150

Ganurgarh Shale ________ 200

Rewa (285) m Gvoindgarh (“Upper Rewa”)

Sandstone Limestone 5-10

Jhiri Shale _________ 40-120

Indargarh (“Lower Rewa”)

Sandstone _________ 10-60

Panna Shale

With limestone in upper part ___________ 20

Kaimur (110 m) Akoda Mahadev (“Kaimur”)

Sandstone

___________

100

Badanpur Conglomerate ___________ 8-10

(In Bundi-Indargarh area)

Chittaur Fort (“Kaimur”)

Sandstone ____________ 20-70

Khorip (475 m) Suket Shale

(In Jhalawar area)

Jhalrapatan

Sandstone

+30

Limestone (Kota-

stone)

50-60

Nimbahera Limestone ___________ 148

Bari Shale ___________ 45

Jiran Sandstone ___________ 60

Khori-Malan

Conglomerate

120

LASRAWAN (2/2m)

Binota Shale ____________ 250

Kalmia Sandstone ____________ 3-22

Sand (210 m) Palri Shale ____________ 75

Porcellanite 15

Sawa Sandstone ___________ 100

Conglomerate 20

Satola (835 m) Bhagwanpura Limestone

(Stromatolitic)

___________

30

Conglometrate with

coarse sandstone

30-60

Khardeola Sandstone ___________ 200

Shale 60-160

Khairmalia Andesite ___________ 40-100

Pyroclastics: tuffs 2-15

Pre-Aravalli Bhilwara Supergroup) Berach Granite (Late tectonic)

(Archaean-II,>2550 m.y) Emplacement

Bhadesar Formation Shale, slate & Phyllite with

Quartizite and dolornite.

The Sawa group represents the flood plain deposits with the transgression of the sea and the

Lasrawan group represents sedimentation under neritic facies. The Khorip group of rocks

was deposited again under near shore conditions with the regression of the sea at the on-set

of the deposition of the rocks of this group followed by transgression during the period. The

red colour in the sandstone of Kaimur group and the sedimentary structures in them indicate

again semi-arid conditions and deposition in continental to intertidal zone. Sawa rocks appear

to be deposited in littoral zone where as the Bhander rocks under fluctuating subaquous to

slightly deeper water conditions.

The Satola group is arenaceous and calcareous. Sand group is arenaceous, Lasrawan group

argillaceous and Khorip group is argillaceous and calcareous. The Kaimur group is

arenaceous, Rewa group, arenaceous and argillaceous and Bhander group arenaceous,

argillaceous and calcareous.

The sequence of the Vindhyan super group established is as given below, Satola, Sand,

Lasrawan and Kharip groups correspond to the Semri series or lower Vidhyan and Kaimur

Rewa and Bhander groups to the upper Vindhyan.

Unconformity

LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE ROCKS EXPOSED IN AND AROUND

CHITTAURGARH

The following groups of rocks are exposed in and aground Chittaurgarh district from

Kharmalia to Chittaurgarh Fort sandstone.

TABLE-2

Chittaur Fort (“Kaimur”)

Sandstone

(In Chittaur-Jhalrapatan

area)

__________

20-70

KHORIP (475 m) Suket Shale ___________ 120

(In Jhalawar area) Jhalrapatan

Sandstone

+30

Limestone (Kota-

stone)

50-60

Nimbahera Limestone _________ 148

Bari Shale _________ 45

Jiran Sandstone __________ 60

Khori-Malan

Conglomerate

120

LASRAWAN (272

M)

Binota Shale _________ 250

Kalmia sandstone _________ 3-22

Sand (210) Palri Shale _________ 75

Porcellanite 15

Sawa Sandstone __________ 100

Conglomerate 20

Satola (835 m) Bhagwanpura Limestone

(Stromatolitic ) _________ 30

Conglometrate

with coarse

sandstone

30-60

Khardeola Sandstone _________ 200

Shale 60-160

Khairmalia Andesite __________ 40-100

Pyroclastics: tuffs 2-15

Pre-Aravalli (Bhilwara Supergroup) Berach Granite (Late tectonic)

(Archaean-II, > 2550 m.y.) (Emplacement)

Bhadesar Formation Shale, slate & phyllite with quartzite and dolomite.

Unconformity

Satola group

The rock of this basal group on Western margin occurs overlying Bhilwara metamorphic or

Berach Granite with profound unconformity and extends from West of Chittaurgarh to

Siakheri.

It consists of Khairmalia andesite, Khardeola Sandstone and Bhagwanpura limestone

formation.

Khairmalia Andesite: The Khairmalia intermediate amygdaloidal andesitic flows including

pyroclalstic occur uncomfortably over the Berach granite.

The Khairmalia andesitic rock is mainly fine grained and dark purple, pink, greenish and

greenish brown in colour.

These rocks mark the Western edge of the Vindhyan basin. The rocks have been dated to be

1250 m yrs. by Crowford.

Khardeola Sandstone: Heron (1936) named the formations Khardeola and Kannauj

grit after the villages Khardeola and Kannauj in Chittaurgrah district.

The sandstone shows considerable variation in grain size varying from siltstone to coarse

grained sandstone. The sands stone is also conglomeratic at places. Fine cross bedding is

seen at same places.

The rocks are pale pinkish, brownish, dark purple and brown in colour.

Bhagwanpura limestone: The Bhagwanpura limestone overlies the pre-Aravalli shale or slate

or Bhadesar Quartziie in the north and the Khardeola shale in the south.

The formation consists of thin patchy conglomerate and associated coarse sand stone.

The Bhagwanpura limestone is impure, mainly dolomitic and siliceous. It is very fine

grained, hard and pale white, cream grey, pink and reddish pink in colour. The limestone

which is massive is stromatolitic at places.

Sand Group

It comprises of sawa sandstone and Palri (Sawa) shale formation associated with

conglomerate and Porcellanite members respectively.

Sawa sandstone: It occurs from 3 km west of Chittaur to 0.5 Km, West of Balota, and south

of Kalmya. It generally overlies conformably the Bhagwanpura rocks. There is a minor

erosional unconformity north of Bhujanda and South of Sawa represented by a conglomerate

at the base.

The coarse to medium grained sandstone is pale and ash grey and is thick to very thin

bedded.

In general, the grains diminish in size upwards; except for few inter beds of coarser

sandstone in higher horizons. The beds show well developed cross bedding indicating

younging eastwards and local inversions. At a few places symmetrical and asymmetrical

ripple marks are seen.

Palri Shale: The porcellanite member of the Palri shale overlies conformably the fine

grained Sawa sandstone and occurs in discontinuous hillocks on the eastern side of the low

lying ridges of the Sawa sandstone. The porcellanite is thin and even bedded. It thins and

thickens along the strike. It is dull white, pale yellow or grayish while. The typical Palri shale

occurs over the porcellanite with a gradational contact and are exposed only at a few places.

This shale is generally soft.

Lasrawan Group

It comprises Kalmia sandstone and Binota shale. Except where there is a basal sandstone or

quartzite of the kalmia Formation, the Binota shale shows a gradational contact with the

underlying- Palri shale.

Kaimia Sandstone: It overlies unconformably the Bhagwanapura limestone or Palri shale in

kalmia arc. It is followed upward by the Binota shale with gradational and conformable

relationship. There are also fine grained sandstone siltstone intercalations in the overlying

Binota shale.

Binota shale: This formation occurs from about five kilometres east of Dholopani upto

Berach river about 1 km west of Chittaurgarh and extends north-eastwards upto 2.4 km west

of Dollakhera.

On the west of Chittaurgarh there is strike swing in Binota shale from N-S to NE-SW. This

formation comprises predominantly of shale with intercalatory silt stone and fine grained

sandstone. Carbonaceous and calcareous intercalations are observed in the lower beds. The

shale is typically olive green and locally brown, pink or purple.

Khorip Group

This group consists of Khori-Malan conglomerate member at the base folFowed by Jiran

sandstone, Nimbahera shale. Nimbahera Limestone and Suket shale successively overlying

Binota sha e of Lasrawan group.

Jiran Sandstone: This sandstone overlies the Binota shale conformably The Jiran Sandstone

shows at places gradational contact with the Binota shale. It is observed that there is a

gradual depositiona! variation from pale slaty shale to siltstone to ferruginous sandstone and

finally to grayish and purplish, fine to medium grained quartzitic sandstone. Coarse cross-

bedding and asymmetrical ripple marks are seen at places indicating easterly current

direction. Suncracks are noticed along the upper surface of sandstone beds.

Nimbahera shale: They are natnad after the town of Nimbahera in Chittaurgarh district. The

name Nimbahera has now been changed to Bari shale after the village Bari in Chittaurgarh

district east of which the shale is well developed. The shale is thinly bedded with thin

laminations, showing at places colour bandings. It is typically purple or greenish purple. At

places it is arenaceous in the lower part and calcareous towards the top.

Nimbahera Limestone: The Nimbaharea limestone occurs from one kilometers north of

Dallakhera to Nimbahera and to Boman barra on the south conformably overlying the

Nimbahera shale. The limestone crops out near Sainti, Sawa, Khorip,

Binota etc. It is massive hard, compact and regularly jointed.

Nimbahera Limestone is a fairly high grade limestone and CaO content various between 43%

and 47% with low MgO content and hence is quite suitable for the manufacturing of cement.

Suket shale : It comprises mainly of shale and bands of limestone and among its lower

member hard siliceous and micaceous flagstone and Jhalra par tan sandstone. The suket shale

roots conformably on the Nimbahera limestone and is conformably overlain by the Kaimur

sandstone.

It occurs 25 Km north-west of Chittaurgarh to 6 Km south of Jawad for 40 Kms and extends

further east wards. As the shaie is very soft outcrops are scarce. The exposures of suket shale

are confined to stream courses viz. Gambhir nadi and flanks of the Kaimur sandstone ridges

as seen in Western side of Chittaurgarh Ridge. This shale is generally silicieous, micaceous

and calcareous at places towards the base. It is pale green, bluish grey or purple in colour. It

is fissile, fragile and often well jointed. Ripple marks are common.

Kaimur Group

The Kaimur, Rewa and Bhander groups have been referred to as the upper Vindhyan

but in the south eastern part in Chittaurgarh area the passage from Khorip group

to Kaimur Formation of earstwhile upper Vindhyan is conformable and thus the term

upper Vindhyan ceases to signify defined stratigraphic ranks. The Kaimurs are best

developed at the eastern part of the Vindhyan area.

Kaimur sandstone/Chittaur Fort sandstone: The Chittaur Fort sandstone occurs 6 km

southewest of Mandalgarh for 20 km south west ward exposed in the care of Gowta anticline

and from Bilor north east of Chittourgarh to Aleda. Isolated exposure of the sandstone occurs

just east of Chittaurgarh on which the famous fort is built. Current bedding, ripple marks and

mud cracks are seen at places. Chittaur Fort sandstone is grayish or pinkish white, fine to

medium grained quartzites sand stone. This sand stone is generally thickly bedded.

DETAILED FIELD WORK AT CHITTAURGARH

Day-01 Date- 29.01.2012 (Sunday)

Location-1 1 km away from railway Bridge (Berach river) (Danet Kalan) GPS Reading- N24°53.436` E74°36.625`

Accuracy- 20 meters, Elevation 378 MSL

Pressure- 1011mb

Topography: Huge bodies of granite are exposed as hummocky structure

Colour: Generally pink but coarser variety is showing grayish

colour

Texture: Coarse grained, it has intrusive relation with fine grained or

microgranite.

Structure: No bedding plane/foliation is visible. The out crop is

severely jointed with 2-3 sets of joints no. of dykes ranging

in texture from Basalt to dolerite are observed.

This rock association is considered as the basement of the Vindhyan Supergroup. This

granite is said to syn-kinetic granite and referred as Berach granite.

Age- 2.6-2.9 B.Y.

Day-02 30.01.2012 (Monday)

Location-2 Rithola GPS data- N24°55.166` E74°34.324`

Accuracy- 12 meter

Topography A outcrop of Breccia is exposed as hummocky structure.

Colour Grayish red,

Texture Angular to sub angular coarse grained, poor sorting

Structure Outcrop indicating a fault zone. It is indicated by slicken sides

and the orientation of slicken sides is 24º towards NE, indicating

the direction of movement of fault

Location-3 Near Rithola School

Topography- An outcrop of sandstone is exposed having high relief.

Colour: Grayish colour

Texture: Coarse to fine grained

Structure: Well defined bedding plane has been observed on the basis of

colour banding, Trough cross-bedding and graded on the basis

of variation of gram size also have been observed.

The outcrop shows anticlinal plunging fold having trend N20°W

and plunge 6º .Breccia indicating a fault zone is shown in

following figure.

Strike- N60ºE/S60ºW

Dip Direction-S20ºE

Dip-25º

The Sandstone is referred to as Sawa sand stone.

Day-03 Date-31.01.2012 (Tuesday)

Location-4 Bhujanda Near – Saras Dairy

GPS data- N24°50.342` E74°35.008`

Elevation-413

Topography: An outcrop of Breccia is exposed as hummocky structure.

Colour: Buff coloured

Texture: Angular to sub angular grains having size ranging from few mm

to few cm.

Angular fragments of quartzite and dolomite are cemented

together by iron which has leached out from the quartzite.

Location-5 500m away from Bhujanda

Topography: Outcrop of stromatolytic limestones are exposed.

Colour: Earthy brown

Limestones are hard and compact, massive in nature, stromatolites are of many types

including spherical, conical, columnar, elliptical and branching types. Convexity becomes

reverse i.e. from E-W. The stromatolytic limestone shows invasion of strata

Location-6: 1.5 km from Bhujanda

A small outcrop of coarse grained sandstone which is gradually passing into calcareous

materials and ultimately becoming stromatolitic limestone. The thickness of the squares is

about 200 mts. The outcrop show trough type cross-bedding and herringe bone cross

bedding.

Strike-550º W / N 50ºE

Dip direction – 515º E

Dip – 33º

The sandstone referred to khardeota sandstone.

Day-04 Date 01.02.2012 (Wednesday)

Location-7: Western side of Chittaurgarh fort (At Padmini

Mahal)

Topography: The lithology consists of sandstone showing high relief.

Colour : Greyish or pinkish white.

Texture Medium to coarse grained sandstone

Structure : Sedimentary structure in the form of thick and massive

bedding planes, ripple marks (mega ripple marks also),

small scale to large scale cross bedding (both planar &

trough), type mud cracks and joints/sets). Herring bone

structures are present which implies shallow water

conditions during formation.

The double plunging synclinal fold is observed at the top of Chittaurgarh fort

South end:

Trend- N15ºW; Plunge varying from 10-15º

North end:

Trend-S10ºE; Plunge varying from 9-14º

The formation-Kaimur Sand stone (Chittaurgarh Fort Sandstone) Attitude of beds-

N12ºW/26ºW

Day-05 Date- 02.02.2012 (Thursday)

Location: 8 About 100 kms away from Chittaurgarh Near Khemli Village

District (Udaipur)

Topography: Banded Gneissic Complex

Color: White, Fleshy Pink, Black

Texture: Coarse grained mafic rocks and gneissic texture.

Structure: Mafic rocks and Granitoids, feldspar(pink) , quartz and TTG exposed.

Day-06 Date- 03.02.2012 (Friday)

Location 9: 400m away from railway bridge near railway track

Topography: The outcrop of impure limestone shows low profile topography.

Colour: Grey

Texture: Massive & compact with fine grains. Individual minerals are not seen;

dark colour accessory minerals have been observed.

Structure: It is thickly bedded and bedding planes are well observed. It has got alternately

impure bands particularly of iron (Fe) bearing limestones of Nimbaheda Limestones are

repeated which become more thick toward N-E.

Strike- N16ºE / S16ºW

Dip direction- S35ºE

Dip- 16º

Conclusion

Chittorgarh area represents rocks of Vindhayan Supergroup having Berach Granites at its

base matching with the world wide exposed episode of magmatic intrusion (latest 2.5Ga)

Episodes of reducing and oxidizing environment are represented by alternate layers of

Banded Iron in the outcrops of the limestone of Berach river. Presence of stomatolites

and dolomites represent episodes of tropical and evaporative environment respectively.

All the sequences pass from argillaceous to arenaceous as we move upward rock sequences

present here are highly folded and faulted and scarp of GBF is often encountered near

Rithola village ridge. Mafic intrusion are also present along this fault zone.

References-

A Textbook of Geology by P. K Mukherjee

Structural Geology by Marland P. Billings

Engineering Geology by Parbin Singh

Field Project Report of previous year students