The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies

International Journal of Social Science

Doi number: http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS1666

Volume 6 Issue 7, p. 815-827, July 2013

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY: DEVELOPMENT

PROCESS, CHALLANGES AND PATTERNS *

TÜRKİYE’DE TURİZMİN GELİŞMESİ: GELİŞME SÜRECİ, SORUNLAR VE

BEKLENTİLER

Arş. Gör. Ayşe OKUYUCU

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Coğrafya Bölümü

Abstrasct

This article reviews some of the developments which, since 1980, have

taken place in the tourism industry of Turkey. Also possible future state of

Turkey tourism were discussed. The topics are placed in their political,

economic and institutional context. The focus is on foreign visitors. Visitor

characteristics, popular destinations and the problems facing the tourism

industry are discussed. Tourism, particularly in developing countries, can

provide important contributions to economic and social development. In

Turkey, tourism has made a great contribution to economic and social

development, since 1980s. However, in Turkey the development of tourism in

the form of mass tourism has led to a variety of environmental problems. For

this reason, recent times changes have occurred in the country's tourism policy

and strategy. The future, for the increase social, economic and environmental

positive aspects of the Turkey tourism, constituted to various attempts.

Accordingly visitor profile of Turkey is likely to increase rather specialized

interest groups. Such developments increases the tourism market of alternative

destinations such as mountainous and cultural-heritage and pilgrimage areas.

This is also encourage domestic tourism. Also various tourism policies are

needed to improve tourism infrastructure, promote the integration of tourist

services, maintain visitor numbers and encourage guests to stay longer, visit

816

Ayşe OKUYUCU

additional locations and increase tourists spending. This is carried out by the

joint of efforts particularly the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and other

stakeholders.

Key Words: Turkey, tourism, tourism development

Öz

Bu çalışmada 1980 yılından itibaren Türkiye’de turizm endüstrisinde

meydana gelen gelişmeler incelenmektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye turizminin

gelecekteki muhtemel durumu ele alınmıştır. Ele alınan konular; politik,

ekonomik ve kurumsal bağlamda değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmanın odağında

yabancı ziyaretçiler yer almaktadır. Ziyaretçilerin karakteristikleri, popüler

destinasyonlar ve turizm endüstrisinin karşı karşıya kaldığı problemler çalışma

kapsamında tartışılmıştır. Turizm özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ekonomik

ve sosyal gelişmeye önemli katkılar sağlayabilmektedir. Türkiye’de turizm,

ekonomik ve sosyal gelişmeye 1980’lerden itibaren önemli katkılar

sağlamaktadır. Ancak turizmin Türkiye’de kitle turizmi şeklinde gelişmesi ve

ilerlermesi çeşitli çevresel sorunların da daha hızlı meydana gelmesine yol

açmıştır. Bu nedenle son zamanlarda ülkenin turizm politikası ve stratejisinde

değişmeler meydana gelmiştir. Gelecekte Türkiye’de turizmin sosyal, ekonomik

ve çevresel olumlu yönlerini arttırmak için çeşitli girişimlerde bulunulmuştur.

Buna göre; Türkiye’nin ziyaretçi profilinde daha çok özel ilgi gruplarının

artması muhtemeldir. Böyle gelişmeler, dağlık alanlar ve kültür-miras ve hac

alanları gibi alternatif destinasyonların turizm pazarını arttırmaktadır. Bu

durum aynı zamanda iç turizmi de teşvik etmektedir. Ayrıca turizm altyapını

geliştirmek, turizm hizmetlerindeki entegrasyonu sağlamak, ziyretçi sayısını

korumak, ziyaretçilerin daha uzun konaklamasını teşvik etmek, ekstra alanların

ziyaret edilmesi ve turistik harcamalarının arttırılabilmesi için çeşitli turizm

politikaları geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu da başta Kültür ve Turizm

Bakanlığı olmak üzere diğer paydaşların ortak çabaları ile

gerçekleştirilebilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, turizm, turizm gelişmesi

1. Introduction

Tourism is widely seen as an important potential contributor to economic and

social development in Third World countries. Tourism is also relevant to strategies for

sustainable development and environmental rehabilitation in areas with great

landscape and cultural value. (Mazurski, 2000). Over the past six decades, tourism has

experienced continued expansion and diversification, becoming one of the largest and

fastest-growing economic sectors in the world. Many new destinations have emerged,

challenging the traditional ones of Europe and North America (UNWTO, 2012). In the

early 1960s, development spread westwards into Spain and eastwards to the Italian

Adriatic coasts. By the early 1970s, the former Yugoslavian coast was an emerging

Tourism Development in Turkey: Development Process, Challanges And Patterns 817

holiday region and tourism to the Greek islands was becoming well established. In the

1980s, package-based coastal tourism emerged in Turkey (Williams, 1998). Tourism

with regard to pilgrimages, spa tourism and summer resorts has a long tradition in

Turkey. In spite of this, the country entered the international mass tourism market later

than compared to other Mediterranean countries. Because Turkish government began

to regard international tourism as a means of economic development only in the 1970s.

From then on it established some tourism facilities and, more important, incentives

increased for private investments in this sector. The tourism business in Turkey today

has become a mass industry concentrated in the coastal areas in the south-western and

western parts of the country (Seckelmann, 2002).

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the recent developments in the

tourism industry of the Turkey within their broader political, economic and

geographical contexts. Tourism is viewed as a very significant source of foreign

exchange, an attraction for investment from abroad and as having considerable

potential for income and employment generation. Moreover, it is an activity in which,

with limited if any training, thousands of individuals can become involved in

entrepreneurial initiatives ranging from letting a spare room to providing conducted

tours. Tourism is seen by some, too, as aiding economic change through the promotion

of foreign links and contact with 'western' standards (Mazurski, 2001).

In carrying out this particular study, two major methods were employed. First,

library research was conducted, which consisted mainly of content analysis of reports

and available materials of any related literature on tourism development. The second

major tourism statistics were obtained from The Ministry of Culture and Tourism

(MCT), The Turkish Travel Agents Association (TURSAB), and The Turkish Statistical

Institute (TÜİK). The data obtained from these institutions were re-arranged and

important data converted into tables and graphs.

2. The Changing Political Economy

Turkey’s post-war development experience may be conceptualized in terms of

four major policy phases. The 1950s correspond to the liberal turn in Turkish economy

involving an attempt to reverse the statist and protectionist policies of the inter-war

era. The second phase, under successive five-year plans implemented during the 1960s

and 1970s, represents a shift to national developmentalism and ISI-based strong

protectionism of the domestic market. The third phase took roughly two decades. In

this phase, Turkey encountered with neoliberalism, which is key sector of the

economy, and the Washington Consensus in the 1980s and 1990s. The post-2001 crisis

process neoliberalism has continued a regulatory state component (Öniş, 2008).

Political decisions of the third phase are important in respect to the initiation of

tourism in Turkey. With the 24th january 1980 economic decision Turkish economy

818

Ayşe OKUYUCU

began to international expansion. Turkey lived through another military intervention

in 1980 and this administration, eager to set right the perceived ``ailing'' aspects of the

society, prepared a number of ``reform laws''. One was the Tourism Encouragement

Law (law number 2634) of 1982. It heralded a new liberal era and attempted to

overcome some of the obstacles like lack of coordination among various tourism-

related organizations; difficulty in obtaining suitable land for investments; and

discouragingly long formalities. The new law envisaged tourism investments to be

channeled to ``priority zones'' so that scarce resources could be intensified. Formalities

and requirements for the allocation of state-owned land were simplified, reducing the

number of involved bodies (Göymen, 2000).

The new civilian government established after the 1983 and after that created a

market economy, emphasizing private enterprise and aiming to curtail the economic

activities of the state. This meant the substitution of an inward-looking, import-

substitution strategy by an outward-oriented, export-promotion model, with tourism

as one of the new ``growth sectors'' (Göymen, 2000).

Main development of the tourism sector accured during the planned period.

The planned period can be defined as two sub-period. In the first period between 1963-

1983 the state created the conditions to ensure that tourism development. The second

period from 1983 to present has called the liberalization period. The main objective of

tourism policy in the period 1963-1983 with the tourism revenues to contribute the

balance of payments, increase foreign exchange and create new employment

opportunities. In order to achieve these objectives to be used many tools; such as

organizations, legal and financial arrangements, special projects (DPT, 2007).

3. The Changing Institutional Structure

As a direct consequence of the changing political economy a new institutional

and economic structure within the tourist industry are evident:

In 1972, Turkey Travel Agencies Association (TURSAB) has been established.

In 1982 "Tourism Encouragement Law" came into force. Thanks to the

Tourism Encouragement Law the public land allocated to investor for the tourism

investment, the investor benefited from the low interest rates and long-tem tourism

loans, customs exemptions, investment tax credits, incentive credicts, financing fund,

incentive premiums (DPT, 2007).

Depending on these investments tourism showed the rapid development to

the period of 1980-1990. In this period the number of beds reached from 56 000 to 173

00; the number of tourists visiting the country increased from the 1.2 million to 5.3

million (Table 3).

Numerous travel agencies have been established and have developed their

own associations.

Tourism Development in Turkey: Development Process, Challanges And Patterns 819

Domestic companies and well-known tour operators have opened up

operations in the local market.

Business relationships have been developed between local and international

firms.

In Turkey, the tourist industry has been became as one of the major sectors

for the foreign exchange.

New hotels have opened in Antalya, Muğla and other cities.

Other changes include a transportation systems. The airports was established

Antalya and Dalaman (Muğla) two major touristics cities. Thus two major tourism

destinations has become more accessible. Although the industry faces considerable

problems, opportunities do exist for the further development of the tourist potential of

the two cities to enable them to move higher up the world league of tourism earners

(Johnsons, 1995).

4. The Market Response

There has been a great increase in the number of visitors to the Turkey in the

last three decades. Despite a dip in 1960, 1999 an upward trend has been apparent

since about 1970. Nevertheless, the main increase, as Table 1 shows, followed the of

late 1988. Turkey has an exceptional wealth of tourism assets which compare

favourably with those of competing countries in the Mediterranean region and

elsewhere, Its natural attractions include a vast, varied and unspoiled landscape with

forests, rivers and mountains as well as an extensive selection along its 8333 km of

coastline (vs 2753 km of landline) extending on three sides.12 Turkey's geographical

location forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, giving it the role of a transition

culture between East and West. Turkey, owing to her position as a Mediterranean,

Middle Eastern and Balkan country, is situated on the most important main

development axis of international tourism activities. Turkey is at the juncture of the

Asian, European and African continents. Because of this geographical position, it is a

prime site for major international tourism development (Alipour, 1996). Table 1: Total Visitors to Turkey 1955-2010 and Annual Increase

Years Number of Visitors Variation (%)

1955 107.248 -

1960 124.228 -

1965 361.758 57.6

1970 724.284 4.3

1975 1.148.611 38,7

1980 1.057.364 -15.4

1988 4.172.729 46.1

1990 5.389.308 20.9

1995 7.726.886 15.8

2000 10.428.153 39

820

Ayşe OKUYUCU

2005 21.124.886 20.6

2010 28.632.204 5.74

Source: (MCT, 2011a); (TURSAB, 2011)

Ministry of Culture and Tourism Statistics shows that in 1990 average length of

stay 2.70; in 2010 average length of stay increased 3.30. (MCT, 2011b). This is related to

increase of number of beds and accomodation establishment. In Turkey currently, the

tourism business is focused on the coastal areas of the Mediterranean and the Aegean

Sea in Turkey (Tosun, Timothy and Öztürk, 2003). So today this areas attracting

numerous tourist and tourism investment.

Turkey has done well in attracting foreign visitors in recent years, although

there have been changes in origins. In 2010 number of visitors, as the dependent

variable, covers the total number of tourists coming from the 10 European countries

and neighbouring states; Germany, Russia, England, Iran, Bulgaria, Georgia,

Netherlands, France, Syria and Italy (Table 2). Their main purpose of travel was

recreation (relaxation entertainment, VFR, health, congress and convention, sports,

etc.) (İçöz, Var and Kozak, 1998).

Turkish republic have always taken a large proportion of their visitors and

tourists from neighbouring states. Beside neighbouring states such as Germany, France

and Belgium European countries many Turkish workers employed. These workers in

such countries increases the demand for Turkey tourism. The statistics show some

significant changes since the 1991 revolution. Major growth is apparent in both

absolute and percentage terms for visitors from Russia and from 'Other' areas, namely

non-contiguous states. The figures for Germany are esier to interpret other countries.

Noticeable growth in absolute terms arises from the increasing numbers of people from

Germany. Germany also in the last thirty years almost all the years of ranked first

among tourist-sending countries of Turkey (Table 2). In the last decade from Russia to

Turkey tourism demand increased. Russian tourists come for vacation and

entertainment and especially prefer the shores of the Mediterranean. Also in recent

years tourism demand has increased neighboring countries such as Iran, Georgia,

Bulgaria, Syria. This increase is also related to the commercial relations.

Table 2: Visitors to Turkey, 1990, 2000, 2010

Years 1990 2000 2010

Number Country of Origin Tourist Number Country of Origin Tourist Number Country of Origin Tourist

Number

1 Germany 973 914 Germany 2 277 502 Germany 4 385 263

2 Romania 377 275 Great Britain 915 285 Russia 2 673 605

3 Great Britain 351 458 Russia 676 958 Great Britain 2 673 605

4 Yugoslavia 325 703 U.S.A 515 090 Iran 1 885 097

5 France 310 809 France 449 545 Bulgaria 1 433 970

6 Iran 253 452 Netherlands 440 290 Georgia 1 112 193

7 Greece 227 709 Bulgaria 381 697 Netherland 1 073 064

8 Poland 206 682 Iran 380 877 France 928 376

9 U.S.A. 205 831 Austria 320 582 Syria 899 494

10 Austria 196 561 Israel 312 304 Italy 671 060

11 Hungary 172 357 Yugoslavia 285 930 Greece 670 297

Tourism Development in Turkey: Development Process, Challanges And Patterns 821

12 Italy 156 342 Romania 265 175 U.S.A 642 768

13 Netherlands 150 337 Belgium 256 881 Ukrainia 568 227

14 Syria 112 716 Italy 218 785 Belgium 543 003

15 Sweden 110 204 Greece 218 670 Austria 500 321

Total 4 131 350 Total 7 915 571 Total 21 093 781

Other Countries 1 257 958 Other Countries 2 512 582 Other Countries 7 538 423

General Total 5 389 308 General Total 10 428 153 General Total 28 632 204

Source: (MCT, 2011a).

One of the important factors in the concentration of tourist activity in relatively

developed regions seems to be the use of air transport for travelling to Turkey.

Airports of international standard were built only in large cities, most of which are

along the coast (Tosun, Timothy and Öztürk, 2003). Official statistics indicate that

68,3% of all foreign visitors entered by air in 2010 (Figure 1). The statistics also shows

that 24,3% foreign visitors entered by land and 7,2% by sea (MCT, 2011a). There is

almost none railway preference.

Figure 1: Distribution of Foreigners Arriving in Turkey by Means of Transport-2010

Source: (MCT, 2011a).

5. The Potential for Development

At present tourism licenced accommodation establishments 3,524 and the stock

of overnight accommodation amounts 882,449 beds (Table 3). Tukey has 457 five-star

hotel and 761 four-star hotels providing 65 % of all hotel beds. Only 0.2% of beds are in

pensions, but numbers are increasing. Meanwhile camping places are 10% of beds

(MCT, 2011b).

In Turkey most of the accommodation is to be found in attractive coastal,

lakeland and mountain districts and is in a relatively good condition, but sanitary

conditions are poor in some centres with only seasonal use. At the same time there are

constraints on the growth of tourism. There is a lack of hotels in many areas and

68,3

24,3

7,2 0,2

0

20

40

60

80

Air Land Sea Train

%

Means of transport

822

Ayşe OKUYUCU

inadequate comfortable, but affordable, accommodation in the middle range

(Mazurski, 2000).

Table 3: Number of Tourism Licenced Accommodation Establishments and Beds

Years Number of Establishments Number of Beds

1970 593 54 226

1975 623 70 913

1980 773 82 332

1985 1 190 157 516

1990 2 047 498 742

1995 3 127 482 946

2000 3 124 568 962

2005 3 451 326 588

2010 3 524 882 449

Source: (MCT, 2011b)

The statistics also demonstrated level of expenditure by visitors. Average

expenditure per visitor increased nearly 8 times from 1970 to 2010. Table 4 for the

Turkey alone indicate that its 28 million foreign visitors in 2010 generated the receipts

equivalent of US $ 20 806 707 million.

Table 4: Balance of Tourism Receipts - Expenditure and the Average Expenditure Per Person

Years Number of

Visitors

Receipts

(1.000 $)

Average Expenditure

Per Visitor ($)

Expenditure (1.000

$)

Balance (1.000

$)

1970 724.284 51 597 71,2 47 738 3 859

1980 1.057.364 326 654 253,6 114 738 211 916

1990 5.389.308 3 225 000 621,3 520 000 2 705 000

2000 10.428.153 7 636 000 764,3 1 711 000 5 925 000

2010 28.632.204 20 806 708 630,0 4 825 214 15 981 494

Source: (TÜİK, 2012).

6. Tourist Destinations

Turkey, situated at the junction point of Asia, Europe, and Africa, occupies

some 780,000 square kilometers of land and is surrounded by 8,000 kilometers of

coastline. Climatic conditions vary considerably from region to region. The peninsula

creates natural attractions which include varied and unspoiled landscapes with

mountains, forests, rivers, and lakes. Because of its unique geography and strategic

location, it has attracted civilizations for thousands of years, including the epochs of

prehistoric times, the Hittite period, early iron epoch, Greek period, Byzantium period,

the Seljuks, and Ottomans (Tavmergen and Oral, 1999). Turkish landscapes are varied

and attractive. Turkish tourism with scope for both summer and winter tourism

(Figure 2).

Tourism Development in Turkey: Development Process, Challanges And Patterns 823

Figure 2: Location of Most Important Tourist Localities in Turkey

The destinations can be grouped into four categories:

i. The most important tourism attractiveness in Turkey sea, sand and sun.

During the last two decades tourism in Turkey has become a mass industry

concentrated in the western and southern coastal areas. Not until during the 1980s did

the Aegean as well as the Mediterranean coast become a significant region of interest

for domestic and foreign investors (Seckelmann, 2002).

ii. Turkey’s eastern and south-eastern provinces will, of course, never

replace seaside holidays, but they offer a more diversified tourism product. These

regions have an abundance of historical sites and cultural heritage as well as many

natural highlights. Till today few planners and economists have given proper attention

to this fact, but there are some attempts to promote the regions under the aspects of

sports and culture (Seckelmann, 2002). Safranbolu, Beypazarı, Avanos, Ürgüp,

Bergama, Midyat, Cumalıkızık is important destinations for cultural and heritage

tourism. But the most important destination is İstanbul for cultural and heritage

tourism.

824

Ayşe OKUYUCU

iii. Mountains provide opportunities for outdoor pursuits including

walking, hiking and climbing in summer whilst in winter many of them have resorts

and infrastructure for appropriate sports especially skiing (Mazurski, 2000). Uludağ,

Erciyes, Kartalkaya and Palandöken is the most significant areas for mountain and

winter tourism.

iv. Tourism with regard to pilgrimages, spa tourism has a long tradition in

Turkey (Seckelmann, 2002). But especially the spa tourism in Turkey, a new type of

tourism. Spa tourism still domestic tourism sectors.

Turkey would include very much locations and features. It would recognize the

Mediterranean climate and beautiful beaches. Besides Turkey has the historical and

cultural attractions. Especially there are many historical artefacts Christian era many of

which stem from the period of Byzantium influence.

7. Problems

Although tourism is one of the most important growing industries of the

Turkey there are a number of problems arising from environment and the

transformation to a market economy. Main problems in the tourism based on

seasonality and its caused by environmental pressures. Seasonality tourism activities

lead to problems in terms of economic and environmental sustainability. Seasonality

can negatively affect profitability of operations, employment, environment, natural

resources and aslo local resident (TÜSİAD, 2012). The last three decade with the

development of tourism in Turkey increased the importance of the protection of

natural and cultural heritage, especially in the tourism regions. However, in recent

years, the rapid development of tourism can be revealed that harm applications the use

of natural and cultural heritage. Conservation of resources important to maintain

tourism attraction. Extreme concentration of the tourism regions leads to over

structuring in the coastal touristic towns. For this reason, significant touristic centers

such as Alanya, Kusadasi began to be boycotted by the most important tour operatör.

Therefore, the density should be considered and produced new tourism areas. Second

homes environmentally the most serious problem in Turkey. Second homes necessarily

must be limited (DPT, 2001).

Major problems of the existing infrastructure are; waste water, purified water,

deep sea discharge, solid waste storage, clean water requirement of the problems

experienced in electrical energy, upgrading of roads, airports, tourist area and near to

the opening of the new requirement. Other problems include the financial leakages

inevitable when hotels and other services attract foreign capital, and the shortage of

funds for the conservation of city centres and historic buildings and monuments

(Johnson, 1995). One another problem is related to average annual occupancy rates and

prices. Tourism enterprises seen as the most important problems, the lack of effective

marketing and publicity, promotion and marketing activities (DPT, 2001). To increase

the competition should be given to weight in tourism promotion and marketing. The

future of the tourism industry depends on the quality of service. On the other hand in

Tourism Development in Turkey: Development Process, Challanges And Patterns 825

tourism another problems are unemployment, high job turnover rate, large seasonal

employment problems.

8. Prospects and Conclusions

A number of conclusions may be drawn from this brief review. Undoubtedly

there is a need for improved statistical evidence. Methods need to be adopted or

developed to estimate with reasonable accuracy how many of the visitors to the

republics stay overnight and for how long in unregistered accommodation. More

detailed data are required, too, on the regional distribution of tourists and their

expenditure, on seasonality and on the attitudes and intentions of visitors (Johnson,

1995).

If statistical data is registered in proper planning activities related to tourism

becomes easier. In addition, the regional pattern of tourism can be better understood

and regional investments are made according to the needs. As well as coastal tourism,

Turkey has many attractiveness in terms of alternative tourism. Among the most

prominent alternative tourism types rank among; health and thermal tourism, winter

sports, hiking and nature tourism, mountain tourism, rural and eco-tourism the

congress and fair tourism, cruise and yacht tourism, golf tourism. Excessive

agglomeration, tourism and urbanization, lack of infrastructure are most prominent

problems of the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts of Turkey. On the other hand

alternative tourism attractiveness and regions is not evaluated adequately. Linked with

this there is a need to encourage alternative tourism and also planning coastal tourism

again. In this context, Ministry of Culture and Tourism carries out various studies.

Tourism Strategy of Turkey recommend long-term strategies about; tourism planning,

investment, organization, domestic tourism, research and development, service,

transportation, infrastructure strengthening, promotion and marketing, education,

urban scale branding, tourism diversification, rehabilitation of existing tourism sites

and destinations (MCT, 2007).

World Tourism Organization statistics indicate that Turkey in 2011 ranked 7th

in the World for tourist arrivals but in terms of tourist receipts the ranking was 10th

(UNWTO, 2012). Turkey, is clearly the dominant magnet for tourists. Although the

country provides an all-year-round destination for foreign visitors, in the summer

months it can be unpleasantly crowded.

Its popularity has brought increased accommodation provision in five stars

hotels. The growth in hotel construction has increased the number of beds in Turkey

and the supply is now as greater than demand. With the increase the number of hotels

and beds, the prices also come down. These circumstances are especially effective on

coastal tourism. There is a need to encourage tourists to include many of the other

attractions of Safranbolu, Beypazarı, Avanos, Ürgüp, Bergama, Midyat, Cumalıkızık in

826

Ayşe OKUYUCU

their itineraries. At present for many tourists the only visits coastal areas such as,

Alanya, Manavgat, Antalya, Kemer, Fethiye, Marmaris, Bodrum, Didim, Kuşadası,

Çeşme, İzmir are a week excursions to a limited number of destinations.

The development of the tourist industry in the Turkey in terms of enhanced

length of stay, greater variety of locations visited and increased visitor expenditure is

related to improvements in infrastructure. This will be particularly important to the

increasing number of independent visitors arranging their own individual itineraries

(Johnson, 1995). Tourism - both inward and outward – has been a major contributor to

the Turkey. However, during the three decade there are numerous problems to be

addressed and investment for infrastructure needs to be found. Tourists to the Turkish

Republics are likely to continue to be the rather more specialized interest groups and

the authorities and organizations involved will need to seek ways of maintaining

numbers and encouraging their guests and clients to stay longer, visit additional

attractions and spend more over a longer season (Johnson, 1995).

In case of completion of the work as stated the Document of Turkey Tourism

Strategy, in 2023 is foreseen about, 63 million tourists, 8 billion $ foreign tourism

revenue and 1350 $ expenditure per tourist (MCT, 2007). These works maintains this

topics: tourism planning, organizing, research and development, service,

transportation, infrastructure, promotion and marketing, branding, diversification of

tourism.

REFERENCES

ALİPOR, H. (1996) “Tourism development within planning paradigms: the case of

Turkey” Tourism Management, 17 (5): 367-377.

DPT (2001). Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, Turizm Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu

(2589 . ÖİK: 601). (10.12.2012). http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/turizm/oik603.pdf

DPT (2007). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı 2007-2013 Turizm Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu.

Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı.

GÖYMEN, K. (2000) “Tourism And Governance In Turkey” Annals of Tourism Research,

27 (4): 1025-1048.

İÇÖZ, O., VAR, T., KOZAK, M. (1998). Tourism Demand in Turkey. Annals of Tourism

Research. 25 (1): 236-240.

JOHNSON, M. (1995) “Czech and Slovak Tourism Patterns, problems and prospects”

Tourism Management 16 (1) : 21-28.

MAZURSKI, K.R. (2000) “Geographical perspectives on Polish tourism” GeoJournal.

Vol. 50: 173-179.

MCT (2007). Tourism Strategy of Turkey-2023 (3090). (10.11.2012).

http://www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/genel/text/eng/TST2023.pdf

Tourism Development in Turkey: Development Process, Challanges And Patterns 827

MCT (2011a). Tourism Statistics, Number of Arriving-Departing Foreigners and

Citizens. (10-07-2012). http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,36567/tourism-

statistics.html.

MCT (2011b). Tourism Statistics, Accommodation Statistics (15-07-2012).

http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,36571/accommodation-statistics.html.

ÖNİŞ, Z. (2008) “The Nature of Post-War Econoic Growth” Turkey’s Politcal Economy, 9

(3): 45-61.

SECKELMANN, A. (2002) “Domestic tourismFa chance for regional development in

Turkey?” Tourism Management, 23: 58-92.

TAVMERGEN, I., ORAL, S. (1999). Tourism development in Turkey. Annals of Tourism

Research. 26 (2): 449-451.

TOSUN,C., TIMOTHY, D.J., ÖZTÜRK, Y. (2003). Tourism Growth, National

Development and Regional Inequality in Turkey. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,

11( 2/3), 133-161.

TURSAB (2011). Number Of Tourists And Tourism Revenue By Year. (10-07-2012).

(http://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/istatistikler/turist-sayisi-ve-turizm-geliri/1963-sayi-

gelir-ve-degisim_68.html, Dü.)

TÜİK (2011). Tourism Statistics 2011 (No:3682). (15-07-2012). http://kutuphane.

tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0021456.pdf

TÜSİAD (2012). Sürdürülebilir Turizm (531). (10.11.2012). http://www.tusiad.

org.tr/__rsc/shared/file/SurdurulebilirTurizm-rapor.pdf.

UNWTO (2012) Tourism Highlights. (16.06.2012). http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/doc

pdf/unwtohighlights12enhr_1.pdf,.

UNWTO (2012). Tourism Highlight. (10.02.2013). http://mkt.unwto.org/en/publication

/unwto-tourism-highlights-2012-edition.

WILLIAMS, S. (1998). Tourism Geography. London and New York: Routledge.