Toward a Definition of Internet of Things - tlc.dii.univpm.it · The Internet of Things (IoT )...

Toward a Definition of Internet of ThingsRoberto Minerva, IEEE IoT Initiative Chair – TIMLab

08 - 10 June 2016

Let’s talk about … Tennis ?

My First Tennis Racket

My Next one ?

2

Put a Sensor in it …

3

Some Game Changers (1):Wii Remote - 2005

PUT A SENSOR IN IT

Input • Accelerometer• Gyroscope (Wii Remote Plus

only)• Infrared sensor

Connectivity • Bluetooth• Accessory connector port

(400 kHz I²C)Source: wikipedia

Some Game Changers (2): Nike + iPod - 2006

The Nike+iPod Sports Kit is an activity tracker device which measures and records the distance and pace of a walk or run. The Nike+iPod consists of a small transmitter device attached to or embedded in a shoe, which communicates with either the Nike+ Sportband, a receiver plugged into an iPod (Source: wikipedia)

http://www.tisgoud.nl/blog/2006/05/25/apple-and-nike-an-ultimate-mashup

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Some Game Changers (3): iPhone - 2007

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http://www.spugachev.com/archives/520

PUT A SENSOR IN IT

• Proximity sensor• Ambient light sensor • 3-axis accelerometer• Magnetometer • Gyroscopic sensor

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2418360,00.asp

Module 1: sensors that changed a Biz

Questions:– Can you mention other examples of

sensors application that have changed or created a new business?

– Is IoT only for end devices ?

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Agenda – Internet of Things

The Context of IoTA Definition of IoTA few Challenges of IoTWhat Things are …Networks of ThingsTechnologies of Communications– Access Technologies– Protocols– SW Platforms– Middleware– Standards

IoT Challenges– Identity, Data, and

Ownership– Complex System– Business Issues– Social Issues

Virtual ContinuumIOT ScenariosThe IEEE IoT Initiative

Module 2: The Context of IoT

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Source: Beecham Research

IoT: Application DomainsThe Vertical vs. Horizontal

markets challenge

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The Rise of Softwarization

Softwarization instantiations

Key drivers towards softwarization Commoditization of HW,

i.e., general purpose HW is becoming more and more powerful and cheap. Cloud computing evolving towards the a Fog of very powerful

terminals (smartphones)

Commoditization of communications, i.e., the ubiquitous availability of communications means

Virtualization, i.e., the capability to execute

functions and services on virtual computational

environments

Autonomics and Self-Organization

i.e., the ability of large system to adaptively and autonomously

optimize their behavior

Big data,i.e. the capability to collect data in real time that describe a

phenomenon associated with a resource or a person (or groups of them)

Availability of Application Programming Interfaces for several resources and functionalities (pertaining to the Comm, Stor,

Proc, Sens/Acting realms)

Open Source,i.e., the ability to model resources and functions by means of software

communities that share results and tools

Softwarization of the Telcos

• Software Defined Networks (SDN)

• Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)

• Integration of SDN, NFV with Cloud

Emergence of new Services

paradigms and Biz Models

• Servitization: Anything as a Service (e.g., IoT, IwT)

• Pervasive sensoringand actuation

Virtual Continuum• Creating new Virtual

Worlds bridging the Physical

• WorldMetaverse: Integrating of the Physical and Virtual Worlds

• MicroManufacturing: 3D Printers

Big Data

• Real Time Data management

• The Bank of User Data

• Electronic Money

Processing, Storage and Communication resources will be interchangeable. Their composition will allow to provide high quality services, while virtualization and autonomics will allow for system optimization (aggregating resources where they are needed the most)

Edge as Point of Intelligence Accumulation

• Smart Terminals• Different

connectivity options• Smart environment • ….

Do It Yourself Paradigm

Module 2: the Context of IoT

What are the major applications domains of IoT What is the meaning of Vertical application domains? Do you know the concept of siloing? Do you deem interoperability between different application domains and platforms useful? What is softwarization? Why it is important

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The Context of IoTA Definition of IoTA few Challenges of IoTWhat Things are …Networks of ThingsTechnologies of Communications– Access Technologies– Protocols– SW Platforms– Middleware




What is Internet of Things ? “Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications is the communication between two or more entities that do not necessarily need any direct human intervention. M2M services intend to automate decision and communication processes.” - ETSI oneM2M

IoT as “A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies” – ITU

“Internet of things” as: “A network of items—each embedded with sensors—which are connected to the Internet.” IEEE Institute. March 2014

“The basic idea is that IoT will connect objects around us (electronic, electrical, non-electrical) to provide seamless communication and contextual services provided by them. Development of RFID tags, sensors, actuators, mobile phones make it possible to materialize IoTwhich interact and co-operate each other to make the service better and accessible anytime, from anywhere.” – IETF

“Cyber-physical systems (CPS) – sometimes referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT) – involves connecting smart devices and systems in diverse sectors like transportation, energy, manufacturing and healthcare in fundamentally new ways. Smart Cities/Communities are increasingly adopting CPS/IoT technologies to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of their operation and improve the quality of life.” – NIST

“A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects through the exploitation of data capture and communication capabilities. This infrastructure includes existing and evolving Internet and network developments. It will offer specific object-identification, sensor and connection capability as the basis for the development of independent cooperative services and applications. These will be characterized by a high degree of autonomous data capture, event transfer, network connectivity and interoperability.” - CASAGRAS

Internet of Things is a buzzy phrase

It has to be interpreted according

to the needs and assets of the proponents

What Internet of Things is (a simplistic view)

Aggregator/GatewayAggregator/Gateway

Sensors

InternetInternet

ServiceService ServiceService ServiceService

Aggregator/GatewayAggregator/Gateway

Sensors

EventsEvents

Com

m.Com

m.

UsageUsage

What Internet of Things is

Aggregator/Gateway

Sensors &Actuators

Internet

Service Service Service

Events

Aggregator/Gateway

Sensors &Actuators

Events

Com

mands

Com

mands

InterworkingInterworking

InterworkingInterworking

Com

m. C

omm

.

Usage

What Internet of Things is

Service Service Service

NetworkingNetworking

Usage

VirtualizationVirtualization

Data harmonizationData harmonizationData DistributionData Distribution

Different Administrative Domains

What IoT is: two different views

Internet of Things envisions a system comprising sensors/actuators, aggregators and gateways, service control. These components use Internet protocols and/or specific sensor protocols to communicate. These systems could be quite large in size and complex in technologies (even if they will tend to use a few of them), but they are homogeneous from a management perspective and in ownership

IoT envisions the integration of several heterogeneous systems (i.e., networks of networks), each one using different technologies, interfaces and protocols and governed/managed by different Actors by means of several processes and managements functions. IoT in a multi domain envisions a self-configuring and adaptive complex system made out of networks of sensors and smart objects.

Single Administrative Domain Multiple Administrative DomainsThe Internet of Things (IoT) envisions systems made out of networked sensors and smart objects whose purpose is to measure/control/operate on an environment in such a way to make it intelligent, usable, and programmable and capable of providing useful services to humans.

An IoT Definition(http://iot.ieee.org/definition.html)

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Smart Objects and SensorsNetworks of ThingsSelf-organizing systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions a self-configuring and adaptive complex system made out of networks of sensors and smart objects whose purpose is to interconnect “all” things, including every day and industrial objects in such a way to make them intelligent, programmable and more capable of interacting with humans by providing useful services.

Intelligence at the edgeMassive DataNew communication paradigmsServitizationVirtual Continuum






5 Challenges The IoT Presents To Manufacturers – Forbes– http://www.forbes.com/sites/ptc/2014/09/10/5-challenges-the-iot-presents-to-manufacturers/

IoT Challenges - Rob van Kranenburg and Alex Bassi– http://www.muxjournal.com/content/1/1/9

Five challenges for the Internet of Things (IoT) - Rolph Haspers– http://blog.leaseweb.com/2014/07/17/five-challenges-internet-things-iot/

IoT Challenges – Texas Instruments– http://www.ti.com/ww/en/internet_of_things/challenges.html

Opportunities: Back To The Future – IoT & Smart Systems Evolution Challenges – Harbor Research

– http://harborresearch.com/iot-evolution-challenges/

5 Challenges of Internet of Things Connectivity – PubNub– http://www.pubnub.com/blog/5-challenges-of-internet-of-things-connectivity/

IoT ChallengesAlso the Challenges are pretty related to assets and specific views

IoT implies a lot of Challenges

• Definition of Things and «Identity of Things» Challenge

• Complexity Challenge• Communication

Paradigms Challenge• Data Challenge • The Software Platform

Challenge

• Silos vs. HorizontalApplication Domains

• The revenue challenge• Per device• Connectivity• Data

• The Value Chain Challenge

• New Biz Model Challenge

• Privacy Challenge• Ownership Challenge• Security Challenge• Easiness of Use

Challenge• Social Cooperation

Challenge

Regulation

Module 3: another definition of IoT and its challenges

What is Internet of Things? Give us your definition..Is there any difference from IoT applications in a single administrative domain and applications over several distinct application domains?List a few issues in dealing with management of sensors and platforms in different applications domains What are the major challenges of IoT ?With respect to technical challenges, what are the challenges you deem more important for a wide deployment of IoT ?

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The Context of IoTA Definition of IoTA few Challenges of IoTWhat Things are …Networks of ThingsTechnologies of Communications– Access Technologies– Protocols– SW Platforms– Middleware– Standards




What are the Things of «Internet of Things» ?

A Measure


A Measure An action


A Measure An Identity An action


A SensorA sensor is an object whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment, and then provide a corresponding output [Wikipedia]Properties • it is sensitive to the measured property,• it is insensitive to any other property

likely to be encountered in its application, and

• it does not influence the measured property.

Flex Sensor [source:sparkfun]

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response.

A Tag

A Measure An Identity


An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts upon an environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or electronic system), software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), a human, or any other input.

An ActuatorA device capable of executing an action

An action


Smart Objects: A combination of measuring and acting

A hw and sw system capable of making measures, execute rules, and subparts

capable to execute tasks

Are we there yet ?

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.

Source: http://courses.ece.msstate.edu/ece4723/dissect/328785509007/journal.html

We have sensors, actuators, processing and possibly storage … Is this Internet of Things?

Module 4: Things

What is a Thing? Is Internet of Things a large embedded system?

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What is Missing for IoT ?

Measurement(Sensing)

Actuation

Processing Storage

Distribution of Components of the System

Internet

THINGS

What Comes with Distribution ?

Message

Communications

What networks and nodes ? What protocols ?What formats? What communication paradigm? …

What Comes with Distribution ?Objects Identity !!!

IPv6 Address

QR CodeEPC Global

http://www.impinj.com/resources/about-rfid/how-do-rfid-systems-work/

http://an.authority.org/sensorlist/sensorXhttp://www.slideshare.net/arneb/meaningful-ur-isforlinkedsensordataforpublic

12345678910111213

<gml:description>A solid state Gamma measurement module</gml:description><gml:identifier codeSpace="UID">urn:heath:gamma2070</gml:identifier><gml:name>Health Physics Instruments 2070 Gamma Detector</gml:name><sml:keywords>

<sml:KeywordList><sml:keyword>CBRNE</sml:keyword><sml:keyword>gamma</sml:keyword><sml:keyword>insitu</sml:keyword>

</sml:KeywordList></sml:keywords>

http://www.sensorml.com/sensorML-2.0/examples/description.html

SensorML

Actually Identity is a primary constituentof Things

Essentially a pointer to anobject description

A Tag

An Identity

RFiD example

Data(e.g., Object_Id) Antenna

RFiD TransponderRFiD Reader

Control UnitControl Unit

InterfaceInterface

Computer System

Data

Clock Speed

Power

Data is essentially the Object Identifier!

….

Authentication and Authorization Attributes

Location and Other Objects Relations Attributes

Identity and more …

Basic Object Attributes (what type of sensor,

what measures,…)

Object Id

Object DiscoveryI need a

Blue Sensor

Give me the value of a Blue

Sensor

Give me the value

The value is X

Centralized (and mediated) Topology

This is a gateway, an aggregator

Object Discovery

Are you a Blue Sensor?

I need a

Sensor

I need a Blue

Sensor

Are you a Blue Sensor?

I’m a Blue Sensor

Here is a Blue Sensor

Non Hierarchical Topology(Gnutella Style)

Object Discovery

Zhang, X.; Dong, L.; Peng, H.; Chen, H.; Zhao, S.; Li, C. Collusion-Aware Privacy-Preserving Range Query in Tiered Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2014, 14, 23905-23932.

Hierarchical Topology

(Skype Style)

REGISTER

I need a

Sensor

I need a Blue

Sensor Where is a Blue

Sensor?

Here is a Blue Sensor

Master Node = Gateway?

Object Discovery 1. REGISTER: I’m a Blue Sensor

REGISTER

2. Where is a Blue Sensor?

I need a

Sensor

I need a Blue

Sensor

3. Here is a Blue Sensor

Repository Server

The Repository Server could be distributed(e.g., DHT Table)

4. What is the Value?

Object Discovery Topologies (main ones)

http://www.bestprojectcenter.org/Wireless_sensor_network_projects_ideas_in_java_dotnet.html

Communications and Distribution

Server FarmGateway

Telecommunication Network

Telecommunication Network

Internet

Services and ApplicationsServices and Applications

Users

Gat

eway

Sens

ors

and

Actu

ator

s

Sensors and Actuators

Long Range Communications• Public networks

(mobile networks M2M)

• Access to Internet

Long Range Communications• Public networks

(mobile networks M2M)

• Access to Internet

Short Range Communications• Wireless Communication is preferred over cable• Sometimes no TCP/IP communication

Short Range Communications• Wireless Communication is preferred over cable• Sometimes no TCP/IP communication

Distributed systems and FunctionalitiesDistributed systems and Functionalities

Service Layer• Front end and back

end functions• Big Data

Service Layer• Front end and back

end functions• Big Data

Module 5: Internet of things

Why communication is important ? What major issues communication introduces? Is identity of objects important? Is Discovery of objects important? Describe an example in which Identity and Discovery are not important What different type of communication you see between objects?

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The Things Cycle

Things

Service(s)Users

Command

Event

Observe

Inform

Inform

Command

Internet orlow rangecommunications

Internet through public networks

Service to Gateway by means of Internet through public networks Gateway to Things by means of low range communicationsSometimes Internet communications between services and Things

Example of IoT Cycle

http://volansys.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Untitled.jpg

What are “Things” ?

https://ibmcai.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/iot-network.jpg

Smartness refers to the ability of the object to provide some formsof Sensing/Actuation together with processing, storage and communications

Evolution of Smart Objects

RFiD scenario

Smart Metering

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Wearable Devices ...

http://www.octavetech.com/blog/

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What is a wearable computerA wearable computer is a computer that issubsumed into the personal space of the user, controlled by the user, and has both operational and interactional constancy, i.e. it is always on and always accessible. Most notably, it is a device that isalways with the user, and into which the user can always enter commands and execute a set of suchentered commands, and in which the user can do so while walking around or doing other activities. http://wearcam.org/wearcompdef.html

We and the Wearable ...

the wearable computer can encapsulate us

the signal flows between the user and a computer

http://wearcam.org/wearcompdef.html

What are Internet-Connected Things?Active/passive, with/without context

Generic Info Contextualized Info

Passive Objects A Tag,A Pointer to someinformation

Info + a location

Reactive Objects A switch at home (turn it on/off),A smart meter

Home Automation (when temperature reaches 20 C stop heating)

Autonomous Objects A Vending Machine,An Intelligent Fridge

A Cleaning Robot

How Many Things?

http://tarrysingh.com/2014/07/fog-computing-happens-when-big-data-analytics-marries-internet-of-things/

Module 6: More on smart things

What kinds of things do you identify? Are things a computational evolution of computer systems? What is the IoT cycle? – What communication paradigm do you see? Client

server? Message based? Others?How many things will monitor your life ?– 1000 per square meter? More ? Less?

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Networks of Things

Networks of Networks

http://netonets.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/AS-network1.png

About the pictureThis picture represents Internet at Autonomous System level. It has been obtained by the MOTIA Consortium.An Autonomous System (AS) is an Internet Network in which an Authority is solely responsible to assign ip’s and names.The picture dates April 2011, when about 36000 AS where identified toghether with their 400000 physical links.Each node represents an AS and hence a network. The different coloursare tags referring to the Nation where the AS owner is registered.The whole system may be regarded as a prototype of Network of Networks.The data have been obtained by CNR-IIT merging results from both traceroute projects datasets (such as DIMES and CAIDA) and BGP datasets from gataways. The graphic presentation has been achieved by Antonio De Nicola through a software application based on the java libraries available with the Prefuse information visualization toolkit6.

http://netonets.org/about-the-picture/

Networks of Networks

Wireless Sensor NetworksM2MCapillary NetworksMobile Networks (5G)Edge Networks

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Characterization of Communication in IoT

GatewaySensor Server

► A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.

► Wireless sensor networks are used in many industrial application areas: including industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and traffic control.

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► Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with one or more sensors, a radio transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, and an energy source, usually a battery. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth.

► A sensor network normally constitutes a wireless ad-hoc network, meaning that each sensor supports a multi-hop routing algorithm (several nodes may forward data packets to the base station).

Wireless Sensor Networks (def. from wikipedia.org)

Machine to Machine

http://www.tcam.com.sg/index.php/Solutions/Machine-To-Machine-M2M-Control-Project.html

http://www.omnitronics.com.au/images/AFU_3_001.jpg

Machine to machine (M2M) refers to the ability of autonomous machines to exchange data through a Mobile Network in order to control some

actuator or sensor

“Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications is the communication between two or more entities that do not necessarily need any direct human intervention. M2M services intend to automate decision and communication processes.” - ETSI oneM2M

Capillary Network

Source: http://www.ericsson.com/news/140908-capillary-networks_244099436_c

Capillary Network - SigFox

http://sigfox.wip-demo.fr/static/media/partners/Intesens_iDiag_architecture.png

Capillary networks are Wide Area Networks (WAN)

Capillary Network – an example

http://www.slideshare.net/Reseauxetservicestpa/rs-10-juin-2015-sigfox-christophe

Capillary Network Paradox ?

http://www.slideshare.net/Reseauxetservicestpa/rs-10-juin-2015-sigfox-christophe

Long-range Wireless IoT Protocol: LoRa

68http://postscapes.com/long-range-wireless-iot-protocol-lora

Within the sub-GHz spectrum, LoRa chips use a spread-spectrum strategy to transmit at a variety of frequencies and data rates. That allows the gateway to adapt to changing conditions and optimize the way it exchanges data with each device.

LoRa chips transmit in the sub-gigahertz spectrum (109MHz, 433MHz, 866MHz, 915MHz), which is an unlicensed band that has less interference than others (like the 2.4 GHz range used by Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other protocols). At those frequencies, signals penetrate obstacles and travel long distances while drawing relatively little power --ideal for many IoT devices, which are often constrained by battery life.

Network - Sensors and Capillary vs Telco Network – The Network Challenge

Capillary Network – connecting sensors & actuators to:• “wired” (cable, xDSL, optical, etc.)• wireless cellular (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, 3G, LTE-M, WiMAX, etc.)• wireless “capillary”/short-range (WLAN, ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.4x, WMBUS, etc.)

Gateway – connecting access and backhaul/core networks:• concentrating• network address translation• packet (de)fragmentation; etc.

CapillaryNetwork

Objects

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IoT on Public Networks or on other specialized Networks (e.g., SigFox in France) ?

Capillary network: opportunity or threat ?

Water metersBuilding Automation

Gas meters Distributor A

Gas meters Distributor B

Distribuited pollution WSN

Mobile Gateway

FixedGateway

Landline and mobile network

Smart cities and Utilities Infrastrutucture

Service Layer

Short range Technologies (ZigBee, Wireless M-Bus, …)

App App App …

Capillary layerDirected or routed connected device. Gateways and routers are needed where sensors and M2M devices do not connect directly to the network

DSS Technology

Capillary Networks as an enabling infrastructure for smart cities and smart grid to allow bundled access and aggregation of data stream from capillary nodes

Module 7: Networks

Can you make a difference between local (and short range networks) and wide area network? What are their intended usage? What is LoRa?

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5G

TSP/MSC Communication Networks and Services (ComNETS)

5G in a nutshell The move is from a Mobile broadband network (e.g., 4G) to a lifeline network very similar in certain characteristics and capabilities to the fixed network. A few foreseen features could give the flavor of the differences:

• More than 50 Mbps everywhere• Support to dense areas and crowds (up to 150.000 people/km2)• Support to fast moving vehicles (cars, high speed trains, and airplanes)• Coverage of Indoor areas with shared bandwidth of up to 1Gbps • Ultra low-latency (latency less than 1ms) and Ultra-High Reliability • Resilience and support to surge of traffic • Support to massive low-cost/long-range/low-power Machine Type

Communication• And many more…

More on: http://iot.ieee.org/newsletter/september-2015/internet-of-things-and-the-5th-generation-mobile-network.html

5G Architecture (source:METIS)

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Two Issues in 5G

http://www.slideshare.net/zahidtg/thinking-networks-by-prof-simon-saunders

Ultradense Network– Many Antennas– Interworking with legacy– Heterogeneous access

Softwarization of the Network– By means of SDN and NFV

Reuse of existing architectures or new approaches? IMS or evolution to other software architectures?

An Example: Orange Vision

http://www.eurescom.eu/news-and-events/eurescommessage/eurescom-message-1-2014/orange-5g-vision.html

Using Cloud Technologies ….

77

http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/endata/magazine/ztetechnologies/2014/no1/articles/201401/t20140123_417139.html

SDN + Virtualization: Two possible Strategies for Telcos

Evolutionary: for the development of current networks – Seamless integration, compatibility with

legacy,…– Solutions from traditional Vendors (or some

Start-ups) …– Costs Reductions (CAPEX, OPEX), probably– Competition

Revolutionary: for the deployment of new (low costs) networks for new service– Disruptive low cost architectures using

standard h/w– Focus on Edge and Terminals capabilities– Integration with Overlay Networks and P2P

technologiesNew

Net

wor

ks

Virtualization and Softwarization: some issues to tackle

Mastering of software will be a differentiator also for communications services

– Telco architectures should be redesigned for this

The ability to control simultaneously storage, processing, communications (and sensing) will be a strategic advantage

– Current focus mainly on connectivity

The ability to integrate different environments will play a major role in service differentiation and service deperimeterization

– Network and services are perimeterized with the Telco domain

Behind the C – S front end, there are fully distributed systems with increasing complexity

Security of the environment will be a major issue

Two Disruptive Factors in ICT Industry

1. More and more functions from HW to SW– General Purpose HW is usable also in mission critical systems

– Think to WebCompany Data Centers

2. Extensive Virtualization of Systems From virtualization of Operating Systems to virtualization of entire Networks

(e.g., Peer to Peer Networks)

This leads to: – Strong separation of sw solutions from hw ones (disruption of the

current ecosystem of Vendorship similar to what happened in computer industry)

– Need to Master the Software (Programmability will became the differentiator for many companies)

Software Defined Networks

CloudInfrastructure

• SDN fullydecouplesnetwork controlplane (a clean-slate approach)

• SDN offersprogrammableinterfaces (API)to the network(i.e., “Control” isprogrammable)

Source: http://blog.sflow.com/2012/05/software-defined-networking.html

Network Function Virtualization

Independent Software Vendors

Standard High VolumeEthernet Switches

Standard High Volume Storage

Standard High Volume Servers

Orchestrated,automatic &remote install.

Virtualization:The ability to run multiple operating systems on a single physical system and share the underlying hardware resources** VMware white paper, Virtualization Overview

A network wide virtualization (usingthe same paradigm used for ITresources) would allow: To optimize the use of physical resources To integrated deeply IT and Net resources

in virtual networks tailored to appsrequirements

To operate independent virtual networks“dedicated” to different Users and migratethem if when necessary

Operator A Infrastructure ProviderOr Operator B

Profile

PolicyRouting

Cloud

Control Downloader

NodeLogic TE

SDN + NFV: a disruptive example, the Network Control Upload

Downloading ControlSW from Operator A toanother infrastructureProvider (beyondroaming)

Each Operator(through agreement)could upload controlnodes in othernetworks for betterserving its customers

Entering new markets with low investments

Slicing Concept form Next Generation Mobile Network Forum

https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf

Virtualization Infrastructure Other InfrastructuresEdge Infrastructures

Core Resources and Networks

Southbound API

North bound API

IoT Services and Application5G Slicing

IoT Slice

Virtu

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esou

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(IoT

Slic

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Res

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IoT

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Service API

Virtualized FunctionsPossibly defined according to a standard Architecture (e.g., oneM2M, P.2413)

Virtualization Infrastructure Other InfrastructuresEdge Infrastructures

Core Resources and Networks

Southbound API

North bound API

IoT Slicing

IoT Slice

Virtu

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esou

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(IoT

Slic

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Res

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IoT

Serv

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Virtualized FunctionsPossibly defined according to a standard Architecture (e.g., oneM2M, P.2413) and highly distributed

Service API

IoT Services and Application

An Example of an important Functionality for IoT

Sensor 1

Ingress Queue A

Aggregator a

Aggregator b

Aggregator c

IngressQueue B

Events

Events

Security Monitoring

In aggregation nodes at the edge of the 5G Nework

EgressQueue Y

EgressQueue Z

Policing

Control and ManagementSensor 2

Sensor 3

Sensor n

Sensor n+1

Sensor n+2

Sensor n+3

Sensor n+m

Aggregator d

Aggregator e

Aggregator f

• Intelligent Routing of Events and Messages thanks to SDN

• Transaction Management• R.T. extraction of Knowledge

Data Flow

Events

Events

Control Layer

We need to bring Intelligence at the Edge of the Network

5G Network

Do you remember WiMax?

88 Source Nokia, LTE-M – Optimizing LTE for theInternet of Things

overlay of existing LTE

• LTE-M, an evolution of LTE optimized for IoT in 3GPP RAN. First released in Rel. 12 in Q4 2014 and further optimization will be included in Rel. 13 with specifications complete in Q1 2016.

• EC-GSM (Extended Coverage GSM) is an evolutionary approach being standardized in GERAN Rel. 13 with specifications complete in Q1 2016.

• A new narrowband radio interface (Clean Slate Cellular IoT) is also being discussed as part of RAN Rel. 13 standardization starting in Q4 2015 with specifications to be completed by Q2 2016.

89

NB-IoT requirements

• Deployment in a very small bandwidth (200 kHz)• Optimizaton for ultra-low terminal cost (< 4$)• Optimization for very long terminal battery life (10 years)• Extended coverage compared with existing cellular (20 dB enhancement)• Support for massive connections ( 50K devices/cell)• e-SIM

Main requirements targeted by 3GPP standardization for NB-IoT are:

Long terminal battery life

Massive number of devices per cell

+20 dB compared to GPRS

10 years Battery life 50K

devices/cell

Extended Indoor Coverage

Source: R.Gavazzi

Module 8: 5G

Is 5G relevant for IoT? What is the relationship between 3G/4G/5G networks and LoRa and wide area networks? Cooperation or competition? What is Software defined networking? What is Network Function Virtualization? – Can you describe the benefits of virtualization?

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