Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence

The End of Empire in World History

Imperial breakup was a new concept

Fall of many Empires in 20th Century

Explaining African and Asian

Independence Explanations for decolonization

Independence was contested everywhere

Comparing Freedom Struggles: India and

South Africa

The Case of India: Ending British Rule

Before 1900, few people thought of themselves as “Indians”

British rule prompted a growing sense of identity

The Case of India: Ending British Rule

1885: Establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC)

The Case of India: Ending British Rule

The role of Mohandas Gandhi (1869 – 1948)

Gandhi embraced efforts to mobilize women

The Case of India: Ending British Rule

Not everyone agreed with Gandhi Jawaharlal Nehru

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Independence in 1947 created two countries

The Case of South Africa: Ending the

Apartheid Background

White population split between British descendants

Dutch descendants – Afrikaners (Boers)

The Case of South Africa: Ending the

Apartheid By the early 1900s, South Africa had a mature

industrial economy

Issue of race was overwhelmingly prominent

The Case of South Africa: Ending the

Apartheid 1912 African National Congress (ANC) founded

Underground nationalist leaders turned to sabotage and assassination

The Case of South Africa: Ending the

Apartheid Growing international pressure

Negotiations began in the late 1980s

The Case of South Africa: Ending the

Apartheid 1994: National elections brought the ANC to

power