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Towards a better understanding of Social Machines
Alvaro Graves
Outline
Part 1: Cognitive processes involve (sometimes) the use of the Web
Part 2: The Web can (sometimes) be enhanced by the human mind
Part 3: Our current initiatives to study this interaction
<part1><!-- The Web in Cognition -->
Cognition is not onlyin the mind
• The Extended Mind (Clark & Chalmers, 1998)
– “... beliefs can be constituted partly by features of the environment”
– Otto's notebook
• Organism-Centered Cognition (Clark, 2007)
– Cognitive process extended to the environment
– However, centered in the organism
Cognition and the Web
• Cognitive Extension and the Web. (Smart et al., 2009)
Otto's Web-based notebook?
“Wikipedia is down, I'm ignorant again”A. Cadiz, 2010
Conditions for Cognition
If Web is part of Cognition, several conditions must be fulfilled:
Availability (reliable and invoked frequently) Trust (information as trustworthy as bio-memory) Accessibility (can obtain information efficiently) Conscious endorsement (information endorsed
in the past)
Availability criterion
• More and more people take action after consulting the Web
• Increased ubiquity of the Web– Laptops– Cellphones– Game consoles
– TV– Refrigerators
Trust criterion
• Google Maps?– Grocery shops in Troy, NY.– GMaps shows me how to get there
• Medical information from PubMed?
Accessibility criterion
• “Wristwatch example” (Clark, 2003)
– Do you know what time is it?
• Information doesn't need to be consciously known
• However is important to being able to (efficiently) access it.
• Access Wikipedia?
Conscious endorsement
• A weak criterion (Clark, 2008)
–What about implicit knowledge?
• User-provided content– Revisiting articles– My Weblog
Conclusions part 1
• Can be part of cognitive processes– Not all the Web– Not all the time
• However it seems this is becoming more and more part of it.
</part1>
<part2><!-- Cognition in the Web -->
Motivation
Lots of human computational power
9 billion human-hours of solitaire were played in 2003
– Empire state building, 7 million human-hours (6.8 hours of Solitare)
– Panama canal, 20 million human-hours (less than a day of Solitare)
Social Machines
• Social Machines are mechanisms where:
– Humans do the creative work
– Machines do the administrative work
What are we good at?
Humans Computers
Discover patterns
Good Bad
Creative thinking
Good Bad
Information Management
Bad Good
Data communication
Bad Good
Types of Social Machines
• There is a range of mechanisms available, but we can classify them in two groups (Haythornthwaite, 2009)
– Heavyweight
– Lightweight
Heavyweight
Smaller audience, long-term commitment, democratic/meritocratic
•Examples:
–Wikipedia
– F/OSS projects
–W3C Working groups
– Fansub groups
Lightweight
Bigger audience, short-term commitment, non-democratic
Examples:– Fold.it (http://fold.it)– ReCaptcha (http://recaptcha.net/)– GalaxyZoo
(http://www.galaxyzoo.org/)
Conclusions part 2
Different types of Social Machines Heavyweight Lightweight
Human cognition is key in these Social Machines
</part2>
<part3><!-- How to study SM -->
How to study this phenomenon?
Limitations Access to information (logs, database) Privacy concerns
Solution Create framework for Social Machines Incentives are important
Motivation 1:Public Safety
Interest for individuals, policy makers, law-enforcers
Provide “official” information (TroyPD, RPI public safety)
Also allow users to include relevant information
Enable establishing trust relations between users and belief on data
PublicSafetyMap.org
Next steps
Annotation on events
Ability to put ANYTHING with geolocation
Connect with well-known social networks (Facebook, MySpace, etc...)
Motivation 2: Geoannotation
User can mark areas (polygons) in a map (Sage bldg., my office, home, etc...)
Allow users to operate and search over these polygons
“Give me all chinese restaurant that delivers to my place”
Conclusions part 3
Don't compete with Google
Opening data so others can use it for their own applications
But most important: A Framework where we can study Social Machines
</part3>
<conclusions>
Conclusions
Cognition is (sometimes) related to the Web
Web2.0 has made available incipient Social Machines
What can we do with Web3.0 technologies?
How to improve trust, collaboration, privacy, efficiency in this and new SM's?
</conclusions><questions/>
<references/>
Clark and Chalmers. The extended mind. Analysis (1998) vol. 58 (1) pp. 7-19
Clark. Curing cognitive hiccups: A defense of the extended mind. (2007)
Smart et al. Cognitive Extension and the Web. (2009) Clark. Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the
future of human intelligence. (2003) Clark. Supersizing the mind: embodiment, action, and cognitive
extension, 2008 Hendler and Berners-Lee. From the Semantic Web to social
machines: A research challenge for AI on the World Wide Web. Artificial Intelligence (2010) vol. 174 (2) pp. 156-161