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Towards a Semantic
City Service Ecosystem
Irene Celino and Alessio Carenini
CEFRIEL – Politecnico di Milano via Fucini 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
{firstname.lastname}@cefriel.com
Riva del Garda, 19 October 2014
5th Workshop on Semantics for Smarter Cities @ ISWC 2014
City Service Ecosystem
City Service Ecosystem
Digital environment in which City Services live
Coordinated and independent Governance of the City Services
Different stakeholders
Legal and business rules
Coopetition (cooperation and competition)
Strong connection with a spatio-temporal context
Services related and insisting on a physical area
Service consumption dependent on the timing and possible co-
occurrences of events
How should such a CSE be shaped and organized?
How can semantics support the life-cycle of City Services?
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 20142I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
City Services
City Services
From public bodies (e.g. social services)
From utilities and private sector (e.g. electricity, water, transport,
telecommunication)
From third sector (e.g. non-profit, mutual aid, cooperatives)
From citizens themselves (e.g. grandparents taking children to
school)
Service does NOT mean Web Service
A City Service does not necessarily have a digital counterpart
A City Service is not necessarily supplied via Web
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 20143I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
Semantics for City Services
Semantics can support the governance of a CSE
Especially if machine-readable semantics!
Semantics can intervene and prove useful throughout the
entire City Service life-cycle
Description of City Services
Distinguishing characteristics of services
Publication of City Services
CSE governance process
Retrieval of City Services
Exploitation of services by citizens
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 20144I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
Describing City Services (1)
Different models to describe services exist
“Good old” Semantic Web Service models (e.g. WSMO, OWL-S) &
some more recent efforts (e.g. MSM, Hydra)
Designed for Web-based services
GoodRelations & Schema.org
For services offered through the Web (e.g. e-commerce)
IPAS model (Italian Public Administration Service)
Specific to public bodies
…
Existing models differ for
scope and level of detail
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 20145I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
M. Castelli, M. Comerio, M. Cremaschi, «Towards the Definition of Value-added Services for
Citizens: a New Model for the Description of Public Administration Services», IJMIT 4(1), 2013
Describing City Services (2)
What’s the best way to describe City Services?
Fit for purpose!
Specificity of cities
Spatio-temporal context: where and when a service is offered
Specificity of citizens
Citizen profile
Citizen context
In our SPAC3 project, we follow a bottom-up approach to
describe City Services offered by municipalities
Existing services of Milano and Bergamo
Different nature of service (informative online services,
transactional online services, at-the-counter services, etc.)
Different target citizens (individual vs. family, child vs. adult,
person vs. association)
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 20146I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
Publishing City Services (1)
A CSE governance process is needed!
Who is responsible for publication?
Public bodies example: Milano Famiglie
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 20147I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
http://www.milanofamiglie.it/
Publishing City Services (2)
Who is responsible for publication?
Private bodies example: E015 with a coopetition approach
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 20148I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
http://www.e015.expo2015.org/
Publishing City Services (3)
Who is responsible for publication?
Mixed approach
Public bodies, for public services
Private and third sector, for private services
Potentially also citizens, for social/community services
Governance board, to manage CSE life-cycle (approve add, access,
update, removal of City Services)
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 20149I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
http://www.spac3.eu/
Retrieving City Services
Service Retrieval != Web Service Discovery
Because a service is not necessarily a Web service
Because there is a human being looking for a service
Applications of City Service retrieval
Browsing & Searching
A citizen proactively looks for a City Service
Personalized recommendations
A matchmaking process retrieves relevant City Services and notifies
them to the interested citizens
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 201410I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
Recommending City Services
Semantic matchmaking to find correspondences between
service description and citizen context
What’s in a citizen context?
Personal context: who you are, what your interests are
Social context: your family, your friends
Temporal context: what is on your calendar
Spatial context: proximity to home/office, vicinity to
events/appointments in your calendar
[ anSWERS recommender for personal/social context-based recommendation D. Dell'Aglio, I. Celino,
D. Cerizza: Anatomy of a Semantic Web-enabled Recommender System, 4th Intl. SMR2 Workshop, 2010 ]
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 201411I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
Challenges for a CSE
Building a CSE
Involving all stakeholders
Agreements and coopetition
Coverage of City Services
Feeding a CSE
Governance process
Participants to the entire City Service life-cycle
Running a CSE
“Closing the loop” with citizens (e.g. if services are not online, how
can a CSE know if a citizen actually used a specific service?)
Riva del Garda, 2014/10/19 © CEFRIEL 201412I. Celino, A. Carenini - Semantic City Service Ecosystem @ S4SC Workshop
Thanks for your attention!
Any question?
Irene Celino – CEFRIEL, Politecnico di Milano
email: [email protected] – web: http://swa.cefriel.it
Slides at: http://bit.ly/sem-cse
Acknowledgment: this work was supported by the SPAC3 project http://www.spac3.eu/
co-funded by Regione Lombardia (POR-FESR 2007-2013)
I. Celino, A. Carenini – Towards a Semantic City Service Ecosystem
5th Workshop on Semantics for Smarter Cities @ ISWC 2014